Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of familial dyslipidemias, degree of lipid control and relationship with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population of Galicia. GALIPEMIAS Study","authors":"José Luis Díaz-Díaz ,&nbsp;M. Eugenia Ameneiros ,&nbsp;Rosa Argüeso Armesto ,&nbsp;José María Mostaza Prieto ,&nbsp;Xavier Pintó Sala ,&nbsp;Avelino Rodríguez González ,&nbsp;José Antonio Díaz-Peromingo ,&nbsp;Alberto del Alamo Alonso ,&nbsp;Pablo Fernández Catalina ,&nbsp;Manuel Suárez Tembra ,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Názara Otero ,&nbsp;Marta Pena Seijo ,&nbsp;Javier Muñiz García ,&nbsp;Teresa Rosalía Pérez-Castro ,&nbsp;Antonio Pose Reino ,&nbsp;Juan Pedro-Botet Montoya","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>GALIPEMIAS is a study designed to determine the prevalence of familial dyslipidemias in the adult population of Galicia, evaluate the degree of lipid control according to the criteria of current clinical guidelines and analyze its association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional study carried out in the general population over 18 years of age residing in Galicia and with a health card from the Galician Health Service (N = 1,000). The sample was selected by random cluster sampling. The prevalence of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH), hypercholesterolemia with dominant inheritance pattern (HC-DI) and familial hypertriglyceridemia (FHTG), as well as suspected familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FDB) and the joint prevalence of familial dyslipidemias with dominant inheritance (FDL-DI) were analyzed. For the assessment of cardiovascular risk (CVR), the criteria of the 2021 European guidelines for cardiovascular prevention were followed. The LDL-C control target required according to the CVR level was defined according to the 2019 European ESC/EAS guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of FCH was 15.9% (95% CI: 13.6–18.4%), that of HC-DI 5.9% (95% CI: 4.5–7.6%), that of FHTG 1.7% (95% CI: 1.0–2.8%) and that of subjects with suspected FDB 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.6%). The joint prevalence of FDL-DI was 23.5% (95% CI: 20.8–26.3%), also present in 1 in 3 subjects with ASCVD. Overall, 60.5% of participants with FDL-DI had high or very high CV risk and 4.6% of them were on target for LDL-C control.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The presence of familial dyslipidemia with dominant inheritance is the majority among the adult population living in Galicia with dyslipidemia, with FCH being the most prevalent of them. These subjects are underdiagnosed, are generally at high or very high cardiovascular risk, hardly receive lipid-lowering treatment (1 in 3) and the degree of LDL-C control according to guidelines is very poor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"38 1","pages":"Article 500804"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No association between LDL cholesterol levels and cellular membrane integrity assessed with phase angle: Insights from the MALIPID study","authors":"Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction has demonstrated significant cardiovascular benefits, concerns have emerged regarding potential adverse effects of very low LDL-C on cellular functions, particularly membrane integrity as cholesterol constitutes an essential component of cellular membranes. The phase angle (PhA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) reflects cellular membranes integrity and nutritional status. The MALIPID study aimed to assess if LDL-C levels are associated with PhA in high cardiovascular risk patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 140 patients matched 1:1 for age, sex, and body mass index, stratified by LDL-C levels (&lt;55 vs. ≥55<!--> <!-->mg/dL). Laboratory parameters, anthropometry, and BIA measurements were collected with PhA at 50<!--> <!-->kHz as the primary outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Median PhA values were comparable between LDL-C groups (4.88 vs. 4.93; <em>p</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.67). LDL-C was not significantly associated with PhA multivariable regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and biochemical parameters. PhA significantly inversely correlated with age (<em>R</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->−0.60, <em>p</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.0001) and positively with eGFR (<em>R</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.38, <em>p</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.0001), but not with LDL-C. Subgroup analyses in patients aged &gt;75 years also presented lack of relationship between LDL-C and PhA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>No association was found between LDL-C levels and cellular membrane integrity assessed by PhA. These findings potentially support the physiological safety of intensive LDL-C reduction and highlight the dominant role of age and body composition in determining PhA. Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 6","pages":"Article 500846"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of therapeutic inertia in lipid-lowering therapy in patients at very high cardiovascular risk","authors":"Juan Cosín Sales ,&nbsp;Carlos Escobar Cervantes ,&nbsp;José Javier Gómez-Barrado ,&nbsp;José Manuel Andreu Cayuelas ,&nbsp;Abel García del Egido ,&nbsp;Jorge Joaquín Castro Martín ,&nbsp;Ana Isabel Huelmos Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Miguel Corbi-Pascual ,&nbsp;Ariana Varela Cancelo ,&nbsp;Rafael Vidal-Pérez ,&nbsp;Leticia Fernandez-Friera ,&nbsp;Enrique Santas Olmeda ,&nbsp;Almudena Aguilera-Saborido ,&nbsp;Antonio Fernández Romero ,&nbsp;Antonio Sánchez Hidalgo ,&nbsp;Francisco Pérez-Sádaba ,&nbsp;Román Freixa-Pamias","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>A high number of patients do not achieve the therapeutic goals set by clinical practice guidelines, despite the therapeutic alternatives that currently exist in lipid-lowering treatment (LLT). This study aimed to estimate the proportion of patients who have recently suffered an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who do not meet the therapeutic goal with LLT and the proportion of routine follow-up visits where therapeutic inertia (TI) occurs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective study chart review was conducted in 13 Spanish centres. Patients aged ≥18 years who suffered an ACS event in the last two years and had received LLT were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, treatment and participating centre/physician-related variables were collected. TI was considered when a visit did not result in a change in the patient's therapy despite the non-achievement of therapeutic goals. Descriptive analysis was performed, and factors associated with TI were evaluated using logistic regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>159 patients were included (mean age 63.08 years old, 80.5% male) and 338 follow-up visits were analysed. Over 50% of the patients did not meet the therapeutic target and TI was estimated in 39.13% of visits. Some factors were associated with a lower risk of TI: professional experience, number of vessels affected, and diabetes. And others with higher risk: being female, previous CV pathology and a complete revascularisation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The management of patients after ACS is still suboptimal. The importance of clinical inertia in ACS remains a real awareness and active strategies will help mitigate this phenomenon due to the risk of recurrent ACS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 6","pages":"Article 500773"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usefulness of visceral fat assessment for the early stratification of atherogenic risk: From conventional anthropometry to more accurate measurements","authors":"Francisco Martín Luján ,&nbsp;Rosa Solà Alberich","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500874","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 6","pages":"Article 500874"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms: A model of the journey from clonal hematopoiesis to cardiovascular disease and cancer","authors":"Santiago Redondo","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last decade, the coming of next-generation sequencing and its application to large human populations is breaking the barrier between inflammation and cancer. Indeed, acquired mutations in key genes that regulate hematopoiesis and thus confer a selective advantage in the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors have established the concept of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential or CHIP. A growing body of clinical and experimental evidence is highlighting the link between CHIP and adverse outcomes, in particular atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancer. The apparent surprise about how these two different entities share common mechanisms can be explained by myeloproliferation and inflammation. These mechanisms are involved not only in the development of myeloid tumors but also in atherogenesis. Myeloproliferative neoplasms or MPN are a type of myeloid tumors where thrombotic risk is increased not only by higher blood counts but also by means of an accelerated atherosclerosis. Therefore, myeloproliferative neoplasms are a model of the link between clonal hematopoiesis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The concept of CHIP has important clinical applications. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may pave the way for the future early diagnosis and potential pre-emptive treatments of these two major causes of death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 6","pages":"Article 500767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usefulness of body and visceral fat determined by bioimpedancemetry versus body mass index and waist circumference in the identification of elevated values of different atherogenesis risk scales","authors":"María Gordito Soler ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent ,&nbsp;Pedro Juan Tárraga López ,&nbsp;Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá ,&nbsp;Hernán Paublini ,&nbsp;Ángel Arturo López González","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><span>Obesity and atherogenesis are two highly prevalent </span>pathological processes worldwide that also share several pathophysiological mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Descriptive and cross-sectional study in 8,590 Spanish workers, 4,104 men and 4,486 women with an average age of 41.5 years, in which the usefulness of four scales of overweight and obesity such as body mass index<span><span> (BMI), waist circumference and percentages of body and visceral fat determined by bioimpedance measurement to identify high levels of atherogenic risk determined by atherogenic </span>dyslipidemia<span> (AD), lipid triad (LT) and several atherogenic indices is assessed.</span></span></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All the overweight and obesity scales show a predictive value between moderate and good, determined by the AUC of the ROC curves, with values ​​ranging from 0.727 to 0.886 in women and 0.676 to 0.885 in men. Of all of them, the one with the highest AUC is visceral fat with values ​​exceeding 0.800 and the lowest are for BMI. In all cases, the AUC is higher in women.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The overweight and obesity scales analyzed: BMI, waist circumference and percentage of body and visceral fat show AUCs for predicting atherogenic risk between moderate and high, with visceral fat being the most useful of all.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 6","pages":"Article 500772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of lipoprotein (a) determination in a selection of Spanish Clinical Laboratories. Batary study","authors":"Teresa Arrobas Velilla ,&nbsp;Salomon Martin Perez ,&nbsp;Carla Fernández Prendes ,&nbsp;Maria Jose Castro Castro ,&nbsp;Silvia Camos Anguila ,&nbsp;Antonio Leon Justel","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Lipoprotein a is considered an independent factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with high prevalence, but the availability of real and updated data in Spain as well as determination protocols are limited.</div></div><div><h3>Main objective</h3><div>Analyze the current state of the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical process of Lp (a) and assess the relationship with other variables.</div></div><div><h3>Material and method</h3><div>Retrospective, observational, multicenter, anonymized study carried out in 2022 by survey of clinical laboratories.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>21,926 determinations were obtained corresponding to 49 Laboratories. The values ​​obtained were: Lp(a)&gt;30 mg/dL = 46.87%, Lp(a)&gt;50 mg/dL) 35.31%, Lp(a) &gt;70 mg/dl = 26.8% Lp(a) &gt;90 mg/dl = 19.3% with predominance of superiority in female gender in all established cut-off points.</div><div>Almost 30% of primary care doctors do not have access to their application. 56.9% do not have a rejection criterion. 70.6% do not have protocols for its determination.</div><div>There are two predominant analytical techniques, Immunophelometry (40%) and immunoturbidimetry (60%), 24% use nmon/L, 68% mg/dL and 8% report both.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is a low number of patients who have Lp(a) measured and of them the percentage of patients according to risk cut-off points are higher than those described. There is a lack of uniformity in pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical processes in which it is necessary to work in a multidisciplinary manner to avoid future cardiovascular events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 6","pages":"Article 500798"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habit of physical-sports practice and the healthy lifestyle among Spanish adults from 22 to 72 years of age","authors":"Pedro Luis Rodríguez García ,&nbsp;Juan José Pérez Soto ,&nbsp;Eliseo García Cantó ,&nbsp;Pedro Javier Tarraga Marcos ,&nbsp;Pedro Juan Tárraga López","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Physical-sports habits in adulthood constitute one of the predictors of physical, psychological and social health within healthy lifestyles.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale was applied to a sample of 788 subjects between the ages of 22 and 72 and the dimension that makes up physical-sports practice habits was analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>74.4% of adults have habits of physical-sports practice that are not healthy or unhealthy, 18.8% tend towards health and only 6.9% are healthy. Pearson's 2 tests show a significant association between men and healthy habits, without observing changes associated with the age variable. The <em>t</em>-Student and one-factor ANOVA tests confirm the relationship between the level of health and physical-sports practice habits depending on sex and age.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It is necessary to promote preventive programs to increase participation in the practice of physical and sports exercise in the adult population that has unhealthy or unhealthy levels of lifestyle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 5","pages":"Article 500756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) modulates phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells and pathological vascular remodelling","authors":"Julius Soudant ,&nbsp;Raquel González-Blázquez ,&nbsp;Abraham Merino ,&nbsp;Constanza Ballesteros-Martínez ,&nbsp;Raquel Rodrigues-Diez ,&nbsp;Rosa Moreno-Carriles ,&nbsp;J. Francisco Nistal ,&nbsp;Susana Guerra ,&nbsp;Juan Miguel Redondo ,&nbsp;Mercedes Salaices ,&nbsp;Ana M. Briones ,&nbsp;Ana B. García-Redondo","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><span>Inflammation is a major determinant of abdominal aortic aneurysms<span> (AAA). Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) has a role in </span></span>vascular remodelling<span> in AAA. This study investigates the mechanisms whereby ISG15 might affect vascular remodelling and function.</span></div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><span>We used vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from wild type (ISG15</span>^+/+) o ISG15 knockout (ISG15^−/−) mice, aorta from ISG15^+/+ and ISG15^−/−<span> mice infused with angiotensin II (1.44</span> <span>mg/kg/day, sc, 14 days), and human AAA. We also performed a model of recombinant ISG15 infusion (rISG15, sc, 100 and 500</span> <!-->ng/day, 14 days) in mice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In VSMC, ISG15 deficiency increased the expression of contractile (<em>Acta2</em>, <em>Tagln</em>) and synthetic (<em>Fn1</em>, <em>Col1a2</em>, <span><span>Col3</span></span>, <em>Col4</em>) markers and decreased the expression of the calcification marker <em>Spp1</em>. Ang II infusion changed the expression of phenotype markers differently in aorta from ISG15^+/+ or ISG15^−/− mice. ISG15 expression showed a negative correlation with expression of contractile markers (<span><em>ACTA2</em></span>, <em>CNN1</em>), and with <em>COL3a1</em><span>, in human samples from patients with AAA or with stenotic aorto-iliac pathology. rISG15 infusion induced hypotrophic vascular remodelling in mesenteric arteries without affecting vascular mechanics. Aorta of ISG15</span>^−/− contracted more to thromboxane A₂<span> analogue U46619, compared to ISG15</span>^−/−<span> mice. Both aorta and mesenteric arteries from rISG15-treated mice showed less contractility than control mice.</span></div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ISG15 participates in pathological vascular remodelling probably by modulating VSMC phenotype. These changes could also impact in the vascular function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 5","pages":"Article 500769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COPD and cardiovascular risk","authors":"Carlos Santiago Díaz ,&nbsp;Francisco J. Medrano ,&nbsp;N. Muñoz-Rivas ,&nbsp;Luis Castilla Guerra ,&nbsp;M. Belén Alonso Ortiz ,&nbsp;on behalf of the COPD and Vascular Risk working groups of the Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2025.500757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<span><span> (COPD) usually presents joined to other pathologies we call comorbidities. The more frequent of them are those related to cardiovascular risk, either its risk factors or its clinical manifestations. Cardiovascular risk of these patients grows up with the severity of the airflow obstruction<span>, specially during and after an exacerbation of COPD. Patients with COPD have between 2 and 5 times more risk of ischaemic heart disease than people without COPD, even after adjusting for cofounding factors. Cardiovascular diseases are up to the second cause of mortality in these patients, close to those due to the </span></span>lung disease. Although COPD is associated to several cardiovascular risk factors such as tobacco, arterial hypertension or Diabetes Mellitus, they don’t explain all the excess in cardiovascular risk these patients have. Despite that excess of cardiovascular risk in COPD patients, most widely used cardiovascular risk scores don’t include COPD as a risk factor itself, so global risk is understimated in these patients. In this review, we make a bibliography revision of the avaliable evidence about COPD and cardiovascular risk factors as well as the excess of cardiovascular risk COPD itself involves.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"37 5","pages":"Article 500757"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}