For several years, the authors of this paper have been providing an extended commentary on the Scandal in Academia - a fictional case-study intended for use as a teaching and discussion aid for educational practitioners looking to introduce elements of computer ethics into their curricula. Inspired by Epstein's Case of the Killer Robot, it is a full-cycle scenario involving many individuals, concepts and considerations. It touches upon the complexity and interrelations of modern computer ethics. It has been trialed and evaluated as a teaching tool by the authors and with multiple groups since then. However its utility as a general resource is limited without the academic context that supports deeper investigation of the material. It is to address this issue that the authors offer this final commentary on the Scandal, with a focus on the thirteenth and fourteenth newspaper items presented within. This paper focuses primarily on the articles Student Journalism Outs Senior Academics and Resignations All Around at University of Dunglen.
{"title":"Things Fall Apart - Concluding the Scandal in Academia","authors":"Michael James Heron, Pauline Helen Belfort","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625676","url":null,"abstract":"For several years, the authors of this paper have been providing an extended commentary on the Scandal in Academia - a fictional case-study intended for use as a teaching and discussion aid for educational practitioners looking to introduce elements of computer ethics into their curricula. Inspired by Epstein's Case of the Killer Robot, it is a full-cycle scenario involving many individuals, concepts and considerations. It touches upon the complexity and interrelations of modern computer ethics. It has been trialed and evaluated as a teaching tool by the authors and with multiple groups since then. However its utility as a general resource is limited without the academic context that supports deeper investigation of the material. It is to address this issue that the authors offer this final commentary on the Scandal, with a focus on the thirteenth and fourteenth newspaper items presented within. This paper focuses primarily on the articles Student Journalism Outs Senior Academics and Resignations All Around at University of Dunglen.","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135771905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motivated by the Free-Nets, Santa Monica PEN, Berkeley Community Memory, and the Big Sky Telegraph system in Montana, the Seattle chapter of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) --- of which I was an active member --- launched the Seattle Community Network (SCN) in 1994 [11]. SCN provided training, computer donations, free web pages and free email ---a full decade before Gmail arrived on the scene. But we did not sell ads or surveil our users. And our volunteer pool of over 100 volunteers couldn't have imagined that they would be competing in the future against gigantic corporations with untold billions at their disposal.
{"title":"I Still Think We Had it ( <i>Almost</i> ) Right: Community Networking, the Forgotten Gene of a New Better Internet","authors":"Douglas Schuler","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625674","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by the Free-Nets, Santa Monica PEN, Berkeley Community Memory, and the Big Sky Telegraph system in Montana, the Seattle chapter of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) --- of which I was an active member --- launched the Seattle Community Network (SCN) in 1994 [11]. SCN provided training, computer donations, free web pages and free email ---a full decade before Gmail arrived on the scene. But we did not sell ads or surveil our users. And our volunteer pool of over 100 volunteers couldn't have imagined that they would be competing in the future against gigantic corporations with untold billions at their disposal.","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Once upon a time on Tralfamdore there were creatures who weren't anything like machines...And these poor creatures were obsessed by the idea that everything that existed had to have a purpose...And the machines did everything so expertly that they were finally given the job of finding out what the highest purpose of the creatures could be...The machines reported that in all honesty that the creatures couldn't really be said to have any purpose...The creatures thereupon began slaying each other...And they discovered that they weren't even very good at slaying. So they turned that job over to the machines, too. And the machines finished up the job in less time than it takes to say, 'Tralfamadore'" [45].
{"title":"What Pausing the AI Arms Race is and isn't: the Right Side of History or Wishful Thinking","authors":"Richard Blumenthal","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625678","url":null,"abstract":"\"Once upon a time on Tralfamdore there were creatures who weren't anything like machines...And these poor creatures were obsessed by the idea that everything that existed had to have a purpose...And the machines did everything so expertly that they were finally given the job of finding out what the highest purpose of the creatures could be...The machines reported that in all honesty that the creatures couldn't really be said to have any purpose...The creatures thereupon began slaying each other...And they discovered that they weren't even very good at slaying. So they turned that job over to the machines, too. And the machines finished up the job in less time than it takes to say, 'Tralfamadore'\" [45].","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"331 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Take a Look around You","authors":"J. Hanlon","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625677","url":null,"abstract":"By joining SICCAS we have expressed a concern with the impact of computers on society. But how many of us have extended that concern to our own work?","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"479 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"[We have] really finally started to look at why we build things the way we build them, which is very archaic. I mean, the way we built structures and roads is ancient, you know, we're finally questioning do we have to do it this way? Like we're doing it just because that's the way we did it before. But then how we run them. No one has asked that same question. The way that we influence the people within these cities still stems back to feudal and pre feudal systems. I am the magnificent Lord, and I know how you should behave. So do this, or I will punish you." carry someone from A to B to make the right choices? What if we applied that at a civic level? What if we applied that in cities, because for the most part, [directing behavior takes place via] negative reinforcement. Do this, [you get a] fine, do this [you face] incarceration, but there's not a lot of positive design in civic or urban environments. I mean, there's very little, if any, at all. And so that's where I jumped in and really became fascinated in merging these ideas of art, entertainment and video games with this, behavioral activation, incentivizing the lay citizen to make good choices based on things they don't even know we're doing." IoT program for parks and recreation for cities. Their slide deck was very focused on 'this is how much you could save as a city. This is how you could respond faster to vandalism or requisite services. This is how you can monitor if it's being used when it's not supposed to or without permits'. And it was so authoritarian. I mean, it was really genuinely like, you know, you're not using the way we told you to. And it took me about 30 seconds. I just said what if that exact same technology was just reused and reframed and said hey, the park is too busy considering COVID restrictions. You shouldn't go with your family. Here's a park less than half a mile down the street that's completely empty and probably safer for younger children. The exact same technology for a completely different purpose."
{"title":"Thinking Outside the Box about What it Means to Be a Citizen Centered Smart City","authors":"Lisa Kaczmarczyk","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625672","url":null,"abstract":"\"[We have] really finally started to look at why we build things the way we build them, which is very archaic. I mean, the way we built structures and roads is ancient, you know, we're finally questioning do we have to do it this way? Like we're doing it just because that's the way we did it before. But then how we run them. No one has asked that same question. The way that we influence the people within these cities still stems back to feudal and pre feudal systems. I am the magnificent Lord, and I know how you should behave. So do this, or I will punish you.\" carry someone from A to B to make the right choices? What if we applied that at a civic level? What if we applied that in cities, because for the most part, [directing behavior takes place via] negative reinforcement. Do this, [you get a] fine, do this [you face] incarceration, but there's not a lot of positive design in civic or urban environments. I mean, there's very little, if any, at all. And so that's where I jumped in and really became fascinated in merging these ideas of art, entertainment and video games with this, behavioral activation, incentivizing the lay citizen to make good choices based on things they don't even know we're doing.\" IoT program for parks and recreation for cities. Their slide deck was very focused on 'this is how much you could save as a city. This is how you could respond faster to vandalism or requisite services. This is how you can monitor if it's being used when it's not supposed to or without permits'. And it was so authoritarian. I mean, it was really genuinely like, you know, you're not using the way we told you to. And it took me about 30 seconds. I just said what if that exact same technology was just reused and reframed and said hey, the park is too busy considering COVID restrictions. You shouldn't go with your family. Here's a park less than half a mile down the street that's completely empty and probably safer for younger children. The exact same technology for a completely different purpose.\"","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135771904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the rise of ChatGPT has attracted enormous attentions around the world. This breakthrough AI capability, represented by ChatGPT, signifies that AI may have reached a tipping point for large-scale commercialization, and has opened the doors of many monetization opportunities. For instance, a recent report indicates the potential of ChatGPT revolutionizing the search engine business [1]. In addition, Microsoft already plans to integrate ChatGPT technologies into its search engine Bing as well as Office 365 products.
{"title":"The Need for a Global Standard of Artificial Intelligence Regulation","authors":"Weiyue Wu, Shaoshan Liu","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625675","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the rise of ChatGPT has attracted enormous attentions around the world. This breakthrough AI capability, represented by ChatGPT, signifies that AI may have reached a tipping point for large-scale commercialization, and has opened the doors of many monetization opportunities. For instance, a recent report indicates the potential of ChatGPT revolutionizing the search engine business [1]. In addition, Microsoft already plans to integrate ChatGPT technologies into its search engine Bing as well as Office 365 products.","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Students in my grad CS ethics course recently led class discussion in an examination of the intersection of vulnerable populations and AI. They decided that they wanted to focus on the elderly. It was a great presentation. They raised issues specific to different cultures across the globe, and they reminded the class that vulnerable populations have vulnerable data too. At one point, one of the presenters instructed the class to remember that the point of bringing technology into the homes and lives of elderly humans is to *increase* their agency, not to restrict it. They reminded us that as we age, stereotypes and family fears will conspire to restrict our choices, under the guise of keeping us safe. However, if AI can be harnessed via various tools and devices to enable us to maintain our agency, to stay in our homes longer as we age, to stay longer in control of our decision-making, then that would be a truly good thing. Imagining a role for AI that enables humans to have more, do more, be more and at their will, is clearly what many young people see as a version of AI development that they would be proud to drive. If my ethics class has led them to this awareness, it has done so by keeping human agency in the center.
{"title":"Building a Kill Switch for the Terminator: A Case for Slow AI","authors":"Michelle Trim","doi":"10.1145/3625671.3625673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625671.3625673","url":null,"abstract":"Students in my grad CS ethics course recently led class discussion in an examination of the intersection of vulnerable populations and AI. They decided that they wanted to focus on the elderly. It was a great presentation. They raised issues specific to different cultures across the globe, and they reminded the class that vulnerable populations have vulnerable data too. At one point, one of the presenters instructed the class to remember that the point of bringing technology into the homes and lives of elderly humans is to *increase* their agency, not to restrict it. They reminded us that as we age, stereotypes and family fears will conspire to restrict our choices, under the guise of keeping us safe. However, if AI can be harnessed via various tools and devices to enable us to maintain our agency, to stay in our homes longer as we age, to stay longer in control of our decision-making, then that would be a truly good thing. Imagining a role for AI that enables humans to have more, do more, be more and at their will, is clearly what many young people see as a version of AI development that they would be proud to drive. If my ethics class has led them to this awareness, it has done so by keeping human agency in the center.","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0305-7097(75)90010-1
Daniel Shefer
This paper presents an optimal decision making process under uncertainty. The basic elements of the Bayesian Statistical Decision Theory which provides the basic framework of the analysis is being presented along with the elements of the traditional statistical decision theory. Subsequently, a simplified example of transport investment decisions is presented where Bayesian Statistics provides the basic elements of future uncertainty. Finally, the example presented is transformed into a computerized program amenable to rapid examination of multiple future events.
{"title":"Transport investment decisions with Bayesian statistical decision theory","authors":"Daniel Shefer","doi":"10.1016/0305-7097(75)90010-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0305-7097(75)90010-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents an optimal decision making process under uncertainty. The basic elements of the Bayesian Statistical Decision Theory which provides the basic framework of the analysis is being presented along with the elements of the traditional statistical decision theory. Subsequently, a simplified example of transport investment decisions is presented where Bayesian Statistics provides the basic elements of future uncertainty. Finally, the example presented is transformed into a computerized program amenable to rapid examination of multiple future events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 131-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0305-7097(75)90010-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80151871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0305-7097(75)90015-0
Michael E. Austin, Fred L. Mitchell
Concern by government officials regarding housing in blighted areas has prompted research into the factors that influence location of low-income families. A model employing factor analysis and multiple linear regression has been developed to aid in the study of the economic and psychological factors invloved in location decisions. Data used was obtained from a survey of low-income families in El Paso, Texas. Future location preferences can be predicted using this model and projected household characteristics.
{"title":"A model for the determination of residential preferences","authors":"Michael E. Austin, Fred L. Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/0305-7097(75)90015-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0305-7097(75)90015-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Concern by government officials regarding housing in blighted areas has prompted research into the factors that influence location of low-income families. A model employing factor analysis and multiple linear regression has been developed to aid in the study of the economic and psychological factors invloved in location decisions. Data used was obtained from a survey of low-income families in El Paso, Texas. Future location preferences can be predicted using this model and projected household characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 207-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0305-7097(75)90015-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82902072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1975-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0305-7097(75)90013-7
George F. Haddix
Two facility location-allocation models as applied to separate regional solid waste management problems are described. The two problems involve the development of plans for the regions around Norfolk, Virginia and Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Differences in the preparation, formulation and applications of the models are discussed relative to differences in the two planning problems. The discussion includes some of the techniques used for input data development, complete formulations of the models, and a brief comment on the use of commercially available packages for the application of the models.
{"title":"Regional solid waste planning models, two cases","authors":"George F. Haddix","doi":"10.1016/0305-7097(75)90013-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0305-7097(75)90013-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two facility location-allocation models as applied to separate regional solid waste management problems are described. The two problems involve the development of plans for the regions around Norfolk, Virginia and Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Differences in the preparation, formulation and applications of the models are discussed relative to differences in the two planning problems. The discussion includes some of the techniques used for input data development, complete formulations of the models, and a brief comment on the use of commercially available packages for the application of the models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100321,"journal":{"name":"Computers & Urban Society","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 179-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0305-7097(75)90013-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77121407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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