Pub Date : 2014-06-24DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30393
You-jian Su, Wan-you Liao, Ye-jun Wang, Yongli Zhang, Yi Luo, Shanguo Hu
{"title":"Effects of tannic acid on active aluminum forms distribution in tea garden soils with different pH: Effects of tannic acid on active aluminum forms distribution in tea garden soils with different pH","authors":"You-jian Su, Wan-you Liao, Ye-jun Wang, Yongli Zhang, Yi Luo, Shanguo Hu","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30393","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"22 1","pages":"22-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69970682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30779
Zhang Xizho
Nitrogen(N) is a critical factor influencing yield and quality of triticale. To analyze the effects of N accumulation and distribution on N use efficiency(NUE) at different growth stages(tillering, jointing and heading) of triticale, a pot experiment with three N fertilization rates [0(zero-N), 0.033 g(N)·kg-1(low-N) and 0.066 g(N)·kg-1(normal-N)] and three triticale varieties [two high NUE(‘Clxt82', ‘PI429186') and one low NUE(‘Clxt74')] was carried out. The distribution of N in plant organs, and contents of different N forms were analyzed at various growth stages. The results showed that high NUE triticale varieties were advantages in low N conditions. The differences in biomass between high and low NUE varieties gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization rates at heading stage. Above-ground biomass of ‘Clxt82' was respectively 1.55 times, 1.19 times and 1.06 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N, low-N and normal-N treatments. Similarly, above-ground biomass of ‘PI429186' was respectively 1.79 times, 1.35 times and 1.30 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N, low-N and normal-N treatments. N accumulation increased significantly with increasing N fertilization rates at different growth stages. Under low-N and normal-N treatments, N accumulation in both high NUE varieties was significantly higher than that in low NUE variety at tillering and jointing stages. However, no significant difference was noted between the varieties at heading stage. Allocation ratio of N in plant leaves and ears decreased with increasing N fertilization rates and the reverse was the case for plant stems. At tillering and jointing stages, N allocation ratios of stems of high NUE varieties were less than that of low NUE variety, and for leaves it was reverse. At heading stage, N allocation ratio of ears of high NUE varieties was higher than in low NUE varieties and the reverse was the case for leaves. Contents of different forms of N increased with increasing N fertilization rates at various growth stages. At jointing stage, assimilable N(AN) contents in ‘Clxt82' and ‘PI429186' leaves were respectively 1.31 times and 1.76 times that in ‘Clxt74' under zero-N treatment, and 1.12 times and 1.35 times under low-N treatment. Then structural N(SN) contents were respectively 86.12% and 64.01%, and 80.82% and 71.51% that of ‘Clxt74'. At heading stage, AN content in ‘Clxt82' and ‘PI429186' leaves were respectively 1.01 times and 1.11 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N treatment, and 1.04 times and 1.13 times under low-N treatment. Also SN content were respectively 74.99% and 63.08%, and 75.78% and 62.84% that of ‘Clxt74'. However, functional N(FN) content was not significantly different for the varieties at various growth stages. High NUE varieties maintained N utilization and N cycle by reducing SN content and increasing AN content.
{"title":"Accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in triticale varieties with different nitrogen utilization efficiencies under different nitrogen application levels","authors":"Zhang Xizho","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30779","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen(N) is a critical factor influencing yield and quality of triticale. To analyze the effects of N accumulation and distribution on N use efficiency(NUE) at different growth stages(tillering, jointing and heading) of triticale, a pot experiment with three N fertilization rates [0(zero-N), 0.033 g(N)·kg-1(low-N) and 0.066 g(N)·kg-1(normal-N)] and three triticale varieties [two high NUE(‘Clxt82', ‘PI429186') and one low NUE(‘Clxt74')] was carried out. The distribution of N in plant organs, and contents of different N forms were analyzed at various growth stages. The results showed that high NUE triticale varieties were advantages in low N conditions. The differences in biomass between high and low NUE varieties gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization rates at heading stage. Above-ground biomass of ‘Clxt82' was respectively 1.55 times, 1.19 times and 1.06 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N, low-N and normal-N treatments. Similarly, above-ground biomass of ‘PI429186' was respectively 1.79 times, 1.35 times and 1.30 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N, low-N and normal-N treatments. N accumulation increased significantly with increasing N fertilization rates at different growth stages. Under low-N and normal-N treatments, N accumulation in both high NUE varieties was significantly higher than that in low NUE variety at tillering and jointing stages. However, no significant difference was noted between the varieties at heading stage. Allocation ratio of N in plant leaves and ears decreased with increasing N fertilization rates and the reverse was the case for plant stems. At tillering and jointing stages, N allocation ratios of stems of high NUE varieties were less than that of low NUE variety, and for leaves it was reverse. At heading stage, N allocation ratio of ears of high NUE varieties was higher than in low NUE varieties and the reverse was the case for leaves. Contents of different forms of N increased with increasing N fertilization rates at various growth stages. At jointing stage, assimilable N(AN) contents in ‘Clxt82' and ‘PI429186' leaves were respectively 1.31 times and 1.76 times that in ‘Clxt74' under zero-N treatment, and 1.12 times and 1.35 times under low-N treatment. Then structural N(SN) contents were respectively 86.12% and 64.01%, and 80.82% and 71.51% that of ‘Clxt74'. At heading stage, AN content in ‘Clxt82' and ‘PI429186' leaves were respectively 1.01 times and 1.11 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N treatment, and 1.04 times and 1.13 times under low-N treatment. Also SN content were respectively 74.99% and 63.08%, and 75.78% and 62.84% that of ‘Clxt74'. However, functional N(FN) content was not significantly different for the varieties at various growth stages. High NUE varieties maintained N utilization and N cycle by reducing SN content and increasing AN content.","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69971514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30540
Xiao Xin-chen
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a key control region of eco-environmental construction in China. However, how to achieve agro-economic development and control agricultural non-point source pollution in the region have emerged as difficult issues in recent years. To verify the coupling process of agricultural eco-economic system under emission mitigation and sink enhancement, data from the Zhong County(a typical non-point source pollution control district in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area) was used to develop eco-agriculture and non-point source pollution control. Then an equation-driven model of the construction structure was studied in terms of the interrelationship and interaction paths of the various elements of agricultural resources, agricultural development and agricultrual eco-economic coupling system in the Three Gorges Reservoir Aarea of Zhong County under the backdrop of emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution policies and measures. The paper put forward 6 basic assumptions based on 4 latent variables(emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution policies and measures, agricultural resources, agricultural development and coupling degree of agricultural eco-economic system) and the corresponding observation variables. Based on these elements, the paper designed a coupling model of the agricultural eco-economic system. The empirical results revealed that the path coefficient of the interrelationship between agricultural non-point source pollution control measures and agricultural resources utilization was 0.79. This suggested that the government's emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures promoted rational utilization of agricultural resources in the region. The path coefficient of the interactive relationship between emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures of agricultrual non-point source pollution and agricultural development was 0.80. This also suggested that the measures and policies were strong incentive for agricultural development in the study area. The path coefficient of the relationship between agricultural development and resources utilization was 0.77, indicating that agro-economic development in the region was based on reasonable agricultural resources utilization. Emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures positively influenced the coupling process of agricultural eco-economic system. The path coefficient was 0.85, which suggested that the measures in the study area significantly improved the coupling process. The utilization of agricultural resources and development positively influenced the process of agricultural eco-economic system coupling. The respective path coefficients were 0.91 and 0.89, indicating that the coupling process of agro-industry and agro-resources system conformed to the nature of agricultural development. Considering the structural relationship between the latent variables, it was noted that under background of non-poi
{"title":"Coupling state of agricultural eco-economic system under emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution——A case study of Zhong County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region","authors":"Xiao Xin-chen","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30540","url":null,"abstract":"The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a key control region of eco-environmental construction in China. However, how to achieve agro-economic development and control agricultural non-point source pollution in the region have emerged as difficult issues in recent years. To verify the coupling process of agricultural eco-economic system under emission mitigation and sink enhancement, data from the Zhong County(a typical non-point source pollution control district in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area) was used to develop eco-agriculture and non-point source pollution control. Then an equation-driven model of the construction structure was studied in terms of the interrelationship and interaction paths of the various elements of agricultural resources, agricultural development and agricultrual eco-economic coupling system in the Three Gorges Reservoir Aarea of Zhong County under the backdrop of emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution policies and measures. The paper put forward 6 basic assumptions based on 4 latent variables(emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution policies and measures, agricultural resources, agricultural development and coupling degree of agricultural eco-economic system) and the corresponding observation variables. Based on these elements, the paper designed a coupling model of the agricultural eco-economic system. The empirical results revealed that the path coefficient of the interrelationship between agricultural non-point source pollution control measures and agricultural resources utilization was 0.79. This suggested that the government's emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures promoted rational utilization of agricultural resources in the region. The path coefficient of the interactive relationship between emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures of agricultrual non-point source pollution and agricultural development was 0.80. This also suggested that the measures and policies were strong incentive for agricultural development in the study area. The path coefficient of the relationship between agricultural development and resources utilization was 0.77, indicating that agro-economic development in the region was based on reasonable agricultural resources utilization. Emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures positively influenced the coupling process of agricultural eco-economic system. The path coefficient was 0.85, which suggested that the measures in the study area significantly improved the coupling process. The utilization of agricultural resources and development positively influenced the process of agricultural eco-economic system coupling. The respective path coefficients were 0.91 and 0.89, indicating that the coupling process of agro-industry and agro-resources system conformed to the nature of agricultural development. Considering the structural relationship between the latent variables, it was noted that under background of non-poi","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69970912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30508
Zhao Weixi
Placements of soil moisture sensor have been key considerations in obtaining representative soil water content in crop root zones for irrigation schedules. In this article, the distribution of soil water content in the wetted volume from a line source was studied in drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse condition. Through comparison of tomato water consumption determined from measured water content by moisture sensors at different locations, suitable placements of sensors were discussed. The results indicated that irrigation quota range of 14 25 mm increased soil water content in the 0 40 cm soil layer, and daily mean soil water content in wetted soil volume was 75% 100% field capacity throughout tomato growth season. Wetted soil volumes generated by adjacent emitters along the drip lines fully overlapped after several sequential irrigation events, forming lateral zones with approximately uniform distribution of water content around the drip lines. There was no significant difference between mean soil water content along the depth of 0 40 cm layer. The variation tendency of soil water content with time at different horizontal locations from drip lines was synchronous in character, without any obvious hysteresis quality. Assuming that the 0 40 cm layer was the root zone with 80% root concentrated, an irrigation quota range of 14 25 mm caused deep percolation from the bottom of the root zone with a certain spatial variability. Seasonal deep percolation accounted for 13% of irrigation amount during tomato growth season. The differences in tomato water consumption at different locations from drip lines were within 10%, except for the seedling and blossom fruiting stages. The experimental results suggested that high frequency drip irrigation sustained suitable soil water condition in the root zone. One profile of soil water content measured in the proximity of drip lines was adequate for the proper estimation of water consumption of drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse conditions.
{"title":"Estimation of water consumption as affected by measurement locations of soil water content in drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouses","authors":"Zhao Weixi","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30508","url":null,"abstract":"Placements of soil moisture sensor have been key considerations in obtaining representative soil water content in crop root zones for irrigation schedules. In this article, the distribution of soil water content in the wetted volume from a line source was studied in drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse condition. Through comparison of tomato water consumption determined from measured water content by moisture sensors at different locations, suitable placements of sensors were discussed. The results indicated that irrigation quota range of 14 25 mm increased soil water content in the 0 40 cm soil layer, and daily mean soil water content in wetted soil volume was 75% 100% field capacity throughout tomato growth season. Wetted soil volumes generated by adjacent emitters along the drip lines fully overlapped after several sequential irrigation events, forming lateral zones with approximately uniform distribution of water content around the drip lines. There was no significant difference between mean soil water content along the depth of 0 40 cm layer. The variation tendency of soil water content with time at different horizontal locations from drip lines was synchronous in character, without any obvious hysteresis quality. Assuming that the 0 40 cm layer was the root zone with 80% root concentrated, an irrigation quota range of 14 25 mm caused deep percolation from the bottom of the root zone with a certain spatial variability. Seasonal deep percolation accounted for 13% of irrigation amount during tomato growth season. The differences in tomato water consumption at different locations from drip lines were within 10%, except for the seedling and blossom fruiting stages. The experimental results suggested that high frequency drip irrigation sustained suitable soil water condition in the root zone. One profile of soil water content measured in the proximity of drip lines was adequate for the proper estimation of water consumption of drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse conditions.","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69970917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30916
Wang Ka
Biomass ash is a kind of plant straw residuum produced by combustion of straw at 800 ℃. Biomass ash contains lots of nutrients, including phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg) and especially potassium(K). In biomass ash, K mainly occurs as K2 SO4, KCl and K2 CO3. In recent years, biomass ash has been used to produce potassium-based fertilizers. However, less work has been done on the principles and mechanisms of biomass ash K+ release. In the new production system and method proposed to produce potassium fertilizers from biomass ash, pH is critical for K+ release. This paper used four types of biomass ash(cornstalk, rice straw, sawn wood and chaff) with different pH of 4, 7 and 9 adjusted by ammonium acetate(NH4 Ac) to extract available K by the method of penetration exchange. This study discussed the cumulative quantity and rate of release of K+, and analyzed K+ release dynamics of four types of biomass ash using three kinetic models. The results indicated that K+ release attained equilibrium in 20-80 min with a total capacity of K+ release significantly different for different pH. Total K+ release capacity was 14.77-255.17 cmol·kg-1at pH of 4, 4.83-106.71 cmol·kg-1 at pH of 7 and 12.11-224.33 cmol·kg-1 at pH of 9. Total K+ release capacity under each pH condition showed that rice straw released the most K+, followed by cornstalk and sawn wood, while chaff released the least K+. Correlation analysis suggested that total K content of biomass ash was critical for the time and total capacity of K+ release. The correlation coefficient of released K+ amount and total K content was 0.991-0.997. A significant difference was noted in K+ release rate among biomass ash types. These implied that the greater content of K contain the more amount of K+ release. This indicated that equilibrium time and quantity of released K+ varied with pH and total K content of exchange solution. Under the three pH conditions, released K+ amounts(Q) of rice straw and cornstalk were in the order of Q4 Q9 Q7, while those of sawn wood and chaff were Q9 Q4 Q7. The order of total K+ release capacity of biomass ash was Q Rice straw QSawn wood QChaff QCornstalks under the three pH conditions. Before equilibrium time, K+ release velocity(v) was logarithmically related with time(lnt) during each reaction stage. For the same biomass ash, the optimal kinetic mode of K+ release changed with pH condition. The best models at pH of 4, 7 and 9 were Elovich Equation(EE), Dual Constant Equation(DCE) and EE, respectively. Under the same pH condition, the model that best described K+ release process was the EE and DCE, while the Parabolic Diffusion(PD) was the most inappropriate model.
{"title":"Analysis of K~+ release kinetics of biomass ash with different pH","authors":"Wang Ka","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30916","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass ash is a kind of plant straw residuum produced by combustion of straw at 800 ℃. Biomass ash contains lots of nutrients, including phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg) and especially potassium(K). In biomass ash, K mainly occurs as K2 SO4, KCl and K2 CO3. In recent years, biomass ash has been used to produce potassium-based fertilizers. However, less work has been done on the principles and mechanisms of biomass ash K+ release. In the new production system and method proposed to produce potassium fertilizers from biomass ash, pH is critical for K+ release. This paper used four types of biomass ash(cornstalk, rice straw, sawn wood and chaff) with different pH of 4, 7 and 9 adjusted by ammonium acetate(NH4 Ac) to extract available K by the method of penetration exchange. This study discussed the cumulative quantity and rate of release of K+, and analyzed K+ release dynamics of four types of biomass ash using three kinetic models. The results indicated that K+ release attained equilibrium in 20-80 min with a total capacity of K+ release significantly different for different pH. Total K+ release capacity was 14.77-255.17 cmol·kg-1at pH of 4, 4.83-106.71 cmol·kg-1 at pH of 7 and 12.11-224.33 cmol·kg-1 at pH of 9. Total K+ release capacity under each pH condition showed that rice straw released the most K+, followed by cornstalk and sawn wood, while chaff released the least K+. Correlation analysis suggested that total K content of biomass ash was critical for the time and total capacity of K+ release. The correlation coefficient of released K+ amount and total K content was 0.991-0.997. A significant difference was noted in K+ release rate among biomass ash types. These implied that the greater content of K contain the more amount of K+ release. This indicated that equilibrium time and quantity of released K+ varied with pH and total K content of exchange solution. Under the three pH conditions, released K+ amounts(Q) of rice straw and cornstalk were in the order of Q4 Q9 Q7, while those of sawn wood and chaff were Q9 Q4 Q7. The order of total K+ release capacity of biomass ash was Q Rice straw QSawn wood QChaff QCornstalks under the three pH conditions. Before equilibrium time, K+ release velocity(v) was logarithmically related with time(lnt) during each reaction stage. For the same biomass ash, the optimal kinetic mode of K+ release changed with pH condition. The best models at pH of 4, 7 and 9 were Elovich Equation(EE), Dual Constant Equation(DCE) and EE, respectively. Under the same pH condition, the model that best described K+ release process was the EE and DCE, while the Parabolic Diffusion(PD) was the most inappropriate model.","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69972077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.31020
Dong Ya
Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and destructive soil-borne fungal diseases of faba bean because of continuous monocropping.It has been responsible for severely reduced yield,quality and production of faba bean,especially in Yunnan Province.Numerous studies on soil-borne diseases have mainly focused on changes in soil nutrients,enzyme and microbe.Little has remained known about the relationship between root exudates and soil-borne diseases.In fact,there has been less report confirming the occurrence of fusarium wilt in different cultivars of faba bean affected by different faba bean root exudates.The objectives of this study were to compare the differences in root exudates contents and components of different cultivars of faba bean.The study also aimed to lay the basis for further studies on resistance mechanism of faba bean fusarium wilt,which could in turn lay the basis for ecological control of faba bean fusarium wilt.Cultivars of different resistances to fusarium wilt were used in the experiment — ‘89-147'(high resistant cultivar),‘8363'(medium resistant cultivar) and ‘YD324'(susceptible cultivar).Root exudates of the three cultivars of faba bean were collected in nutrient solution cultures.The effects of faba bean root exudates on spore germination and mycelia growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.fabae were determined using the culture medium method.The contents and components of organic acids were identified by HPLC while free amino acids were identified by amino acid analyzer.The content of soluble sugar was tested by anthrone colorimetry.The results suggested that compared with the control,root exudates of resistant cultivars inhibited spore germination and mycelia growth of F.oxysporum.Exudates of medium resistant cultivar promoted mycelia growth with the addition of 5 mL of root exudates,it otherwise had no significant effect on mycelia growth.Exudates of susceptible cultivar promoted spore germination and mycelia growth with the addition of 1 mL of root exudates.Total content of free amino acids and soluble sugar increased while organic acids decreased with increasing resistance of the three faba bean cultivars to fusarium wilt.Fifteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of medium resistant and susceptible faba bean cultivars while fourteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of high resistant faba bean cultivars.Histidine was found only in root exudates of medium resistant faba bean cultivar while praline was only in root exudates of susceptible faba bean cultivar.Arginine was not found in root exudates of the three faba bean cultivars.The occurrence and development of faba bean fusarium wilt were enhanced when the contents of aspartic,glutamate,phenylalanine,tyrosine and leucine in root exudates were high.Faba bean fusarium wilt was inhibited when the contents of methionine,lysine and serine in root exudates were high.Tararic was detected only in root exudates of high resistant cultivar.The richness o
{"title":"Allelopathic effects and components analysis of root exudates of faba bean cultivars with different degrees of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum","authors":"Dong Ya","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.31020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.31020","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and destructive soil-borne fungal diseases of faba bean because of continuous monocropping.It has been responsible for severely reduced yield,quality and production of faba bean,especially in Yunnan Province.Numerous studies on soil-borne diseases have mainly focused on changes in soil nutrients,enzyme and microbe.Little has remained known about the relationship between root exudates and soil-borne diseases.In fact,there has been less report confirming the occurrence of fusarium wilt in different cultivars of faba bean affected by different faba bean root exudates.The objectives of this study were to compare the differences in root exudates contents and components of different cultivars of faba bean.The study also aimed to lay the basis for further studies on resistance mechanism of faba bean fusarium wilt,which could in turn lay the basis for ecological control of faba bean fusarium wilt.Cultivars of different resistances to fusarium wilt were used in the experiment — ‘89-147'(high resistant cultivar),‘8363'(medium resistant cultivar) and ‘YD324'(susceptible cultivar).Root exudates of the three cultivars of faba bean were collected in nutrient solution cultures.The effects of faba bean root exudates on spore germination and mycelia growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.fabae were determined using the culture medium method.The contents and components of organic acids were identified by HPLC while free amino acids were identified by amino acid analyzer.The content of soluble sugar was tested by anthrone colorimetry.The results suggested that compared with the control,root exudates of resistant cultivars inhibited spore germination and mycelia growth of F.oxysporum.Exudates of medium resistant cultivar promoted mycelia growth with the addition of 5 mL of root exudates,it otherwise had no significant effect on mycelia growth.Exudates of susceptible cultivar promoted spore germination and mycelia growth with the addition of 1 mL of root exudates.Total content of free amino acids and soluble sugar increased while organic acids decreased with increasing resistance of the three faba bean cultivars to fusarium wilt.Fifteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of medium resistant and susceptible faba bean cultivars while fourteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of high resistant faba bean cultivars.Histidine was found only in root exudates of medium resistant faba bean cultivar while praline was only in root exudates of susceptible faba bean cultivar.Arginine was not found in root exudates of the three faba bean cultivars.The occurrence and development of faba bean fusarium wilt were enhanced when the contents of aspartic,glutamate,phenylalanine,tyrosine and leucine in root exudates were high.Faba bean fusarium wilt was inhibited when the contents of methionine,lysine and serine in root exudates were high.Tararic was detected only in root exudates of high resistant cultivar.The richness o","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69972701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30709
J. Houlon
Soil texture is a qualitative classification tool used in both the field and laboratory to determine the classes of agricultural soils based on physical texture. Surface soil texture reflects soil physical and chemical properties, which affects not only soil fertility and farming/production performance but also crop quality and yield. Precision agriculture requires reliable data on the variations in field soil properties for effective management decisions. The most common way to do this is to predict the values for un-sampled places using observed samples and represent the variations in maps. The optimal sampling method is importation in the evaluation of spatial variations in soil texture, which is more critical for fertilization or irrigation in precision agriculture. The acquisition of precise soil data which are representative of an entire survey area is critical for irrigation and fertilization in precision agriculture. Here, we compared the ability of three sampling methods used in estimating the precision agriculture practices and predict the spatial distribution of soil texture with the goal of choosing the optimal sampling method. About 289 soil samples were collected from the field at 0?20 cm depth in 16 m grid cells in the Southeast Pengshui County of Chongqing City. The geostatistics method and Geographic Information System(GIS) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the 16 m grid-cell sampling(a total of 253 sampling points), 32 m grid-cell sampling(a total of 115 sampling points) and random sampling(a total of 115 sampling points). The results showed that the largest component of the soil texture was silt and the lowest was sand. While sand and clay exhibited a medium variation, silt showed a low variation. Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, sand, silt and clay were all normally distributed. Results of geostatistics analysis suggested that larger sampling intervals were needed under grid-cell sampling while lower sampling intervals could be used under random sampling of spatial variability of soil texture in the study area. Cross validation showed that the interpolation precision was highest for soil texture components under experimental control(16 m grid-cell sampling). This was followed by 32 m grid-cell sampling, while then random sampling had the lowest interpolation precision. The research indicated that based on the factors considered(including interpolation precision, cost effectiveness and timeliness), random sampling was the optimal method for analyzing soil texture in the study area.
{"title":"Error analysis of spatial interpolation of soil texture under different sampling schemes","authors":"J. Houlon","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30709","url":null,"abstract":"Soil texture is a qualitative classification tool used in both the field and laboratory to determine the classes of agricultural soils based on physical texture. Surface soil texture reflects soil physical and chemical properties, which affects not only soil fertility and farming/production performance but also crop quality and yield. Precision agriculture requires reliable data on the variations in field soil properties for effective management decisions. The most common way to do this is to predict the values for un-sampled places using observed samples and represent the variations in maps. The optimal sampling method is importation in the evaluation of spatial variations in soil texture, which is more critical for fertilization or irrigation in precision agriculture. The acquisition of precise soil data which are representative of an entire survey area is critical for irrigation and fertilization in precision agriculture. Here, we compared the ability of three sampling methods used in estimating the precision agriculture practices and predict the spatial distribution of soil texture with the goal of choosing the optimal sampling method. About 289 soil samples were collected from the field at 0?20 cm depth in 16 m grid cells in the Southeast Pengshui County of Chongqing City. The geostatistics method and Geographic Information System(GIS) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the 16 m grid-cell sampling(a total of 253 sampling points), 32 m grid-cell sampling(a total of 115 sampling points) and random sampling(a total of 115 sampling points). The results showed that the largest component of the soil texture was silt and the lowest was sand. While sand and clay exhibited a medium variation, silt showed a low variation. Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, sand, silt and clay were all normally distributed. Results of geostatistics analysis suggested that larger sampling intervals were needed under grid-cell sampling while lower sampling intervals could be used under random sampling of spatial variability of soil texture in the study area. Cross validation showed that the interpolation precision was highest for soil texture components under experimental control(16 m grid-cell sampling). This was followed by 32 m grid-cell sampling, while then random sampling had the lowest interpolation precision. The research indicated that based on the factors considered(including interpolation precision, cost effectiveness and timeliness), random sampling was the optimal method for analyzing soil texture in the study area.","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69971682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30805
Li Rongwe
In order to study the growth rhythm of maize root,a large root monitoring system was used in an experimental filed to analyze maize(‘NO.46 Tunyu') root.The minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were used to monitor the main parameters such as maize root length,root length density and root length ratio at milky and maturity stage.Meanwhile,underground glass windows were used to measure root length and width.The results showed that root length density ratios measured by the minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were consistent with the increase in soil depth at milky and maturity stage,with correlation coefficients of 0.987 and 0.717,respectively.Root length density ratios estimated by the two methods were highest in 0-20 cm soil layers.The 0-60 cm soil layers were the primary growth zone of fine roots,with average net root length density 4 times that in the 70-220 cm soil layer measured by the quadrate monolith method.Root length densities from the two methods were not significantly different,with a correlation coefficient of 0.830.The horizontal width of roots in the upper soil layer became narrower with increasing vertical depth from milky stage to maturity stage.This suggested that roots still grew during late developmental stage.Differences were noted in root depth between the quadrate monolith method and the underground glass window method,probably due to inconsistent environmental conditions.
{"title":"Spatial distribution and temporal variation of maize root in the soil under field conditions","authors":"Li Rongwe","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30805","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the growth rhythm of maize root,a large root monitoring system was used in an experimental filed to analyze maize(‘NO.46 Tunyu') root.The minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were used to monitor the main parameters such as maize root length,root length density and root length ratio at milky and maturity stage.Meanwhile,underground glass windows were used to measure root length and width.The results showed that root length density ratios measured by the minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were consistent with the increase in soil depth at milky and maturity stage,with correlation coefficients of 0.987 and 0.717,respectively.Root length density ratios estimated by the two methods were highest in 0-20 cm soil layers.The 0-60 cm soil layers were the primary growth zone of fine roots,with average net root length density 4 times that in the 70-220 cm soil layer measured by the quadrate monolith method.Root length densities from the two methods were not significantly different,with a correlation coefficient of 0.830.The horizontal width of roots in the upper soil layer became narrower with increasing vertical depth from milky stage to maturity stage.This suggested that roots still grew during late developmental stage.Differences were noted in root depth between the quadrate monolith method and the underground glass window method,probably due to inconsistent environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69972153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30947
Wang Chongl
Laboratory diffusion simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization under the application of large particle urea(PUR), special compound fertilizer(LCCF), special slow-release compound fertilizer(LSRF), with no fertilization as the control. The pot experiment was meantime carried out to investigate yield, and uptake and utilization of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of ‘Gailiangzaofeng' and ‘Yujiao5' peppers under the application of LSRF, LCCF, common compound fertilizer(OCCF) and commercially non-coated slow-release compound fertilizer(MSRF). Changes in soil organic matter content and soil enzyme activity were also analyzed. The results showed that the order of the soil ammonia volatilization rate in the first 28 days of laboratory diffusion simulation experiment was as follows: PUR LCCF LSRF no fertilizer(CK). Then soil ammonia volatilization rate of LSRF after 28 days of the experiment was higher than those of PUR and LCCF. Cumulative soil ammonia volatilization from PUR, LSRF and LCCF at 70 days were 71.87 mg·kg-1, 54.29 mg·kg-1 and 63.49 mg·kg-1 respectively under laboratory diffusion simulation experiment. Cumulative ammonia volatilization from LSRF respectively dropped by 24.5% and 11.7% compared with PUR and LCCF under the same dose of N fertilizer. For the pot experiment, yield of ‘Yujiao5' and ‘Gailiangzaofeng' under LSRF respectively increased by 64.7% and 33.8% compared with OCCF, While the content of soil organic matter and activities of urease, invertase and catalase increased, plant uptake and utilization of N, P and K were enhanced under LSRF treatment. Apparent N fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Yujiao5' and ‘Gailiangzaofeng' respectively increased by 62.5% and 123.1% compared with that of OCCF. Apparent P and K fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Gailiangzaofeng' under LSRF treatment respectively enhanced by 14.0 times and 28.7% compared with OCCF. Also apparent P and K fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Yujiao5' under LSRF treatment respectively increased by 3.2 times and 120.9% compared with OCCF treatment.
{"title":"Characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization and the absorption and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of pepper under slow-release fertilizer application","authors":"Wang Chongl","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30947","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory diffusion simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization under the application of large particle urea(PUR), special compound fertilizer(LCCF), special slow-release compound fertilizer(LSRF), with no fertilization as the control. The pot experiment was meantime carried out to investigate yield, and uptake and utilization of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of ‘Gailiangzaofeng' and ‘Yujiao5' peppers under the application of LSRF, LCCF, common compound fertilizer(OCCF) and commercially non-coated slow-release compound fertilizer(MSRF). Changes in soil organic matter content and soil enzyme activity were also analyzed. The results showed that the order of the soil ammonia volatilization rate in the first 28 days of laboratory diffusion simulation experiment was as follows: PUR LCCF LSRF no fertilizer(CK). Then soil ammonia volatilization rate of LSRF after 28 days of the experiment was higher than those of PUR and LCCF. Cumulative soil ammonia volatilization from PUR, LSRF and LCCF at 70 days were 71.87 mg·kg-1, 54.29 mg·kg-1 and 63.49 mg·kg-1 respectively under laboratory diffusion simulation experiment. Cumulative ammonia volatilization from LSRF respectively dropped by 24.5% and 11.7% compared with PUR and LCCF under the same dose of N fertilizer. For the pot experiment, yield of ‘Yujiao5' and ‘Gailiangzaofeng' under LSRF respectively increased by 64.7% and 33.8% compared with OCCF, While the content of soil organic matter and activities of urease, invertase and catalase increased, plant uptake and utilization of N, P and K were enhanced under LSRF treatment. Apparent N fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Yujiao5' and ‘Gailiangzaofeng' respectively increased by 62.5% and 123.1% compared with that of OCCF. Apparent P and K fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Gailiangzaofeng' under LSRF treatment respectively enhanced by 14.0 times and 28.7% compared with OCCF. Also apparent P and K fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Yujiao5' under LSRF treatment respectively increased by 3.2 times and 120.9% compared with OCCF treatment.","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69971925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-04DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30669
Zhengbin Zhang, Ziyuan Duan, P. Xu, Xin-Zhong Zhang
{"title":"Synergy strategy of food and water security in China: Synergy strategy of food and water security in China","authors":"Zhengbin Zhang, Ziyuan Duan, P. Xu, Xin-Zhong Zhang","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30669","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10032,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture","volume":"21 1","pages":"1441-1448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69970531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}