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Effects of tannic acid on active aluminum forms distribution in tea garden soils with different pH: Effects of tannic acid on active aluminum forms distribution in tea garden soils with different pH 单宁酸对不同pH茶园土壤活性铝形态分布的影响单宁酸对不同pH茶园土壤活性铝形态分布的影响
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-06-24 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30393
You-jian Su, Wan-you Liao, Ye-jun Wang, Yongli Zhang, Yi Luo, Shanguo Hu
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引用次数: 2
Accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in triticale varieties with different nitrogen utilization efficiencies under different nitrogen application levels 不同施氮水平下不同氮素利用效率小黑麦品种氮素积累与分配
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30779
Zhang Xizho
Nitrogen(N) is a critical factor influencing yield and quality of triticale. To analyze the effects of N accumulation and distribution on N use efficiency(NUE) at different growth stages(tillering, jointing and heading) of triticale, a pot experiment with three N fertilization rates [0(zero-N), 0.033 g(N)·kg-1(low-N) and 0.066 g(N)·kg-1(normal-N)] and three triticale varieties [two high NUE(‘Clxt82', ‘PI429186') and one low NUE(‘Clxt74')] was carried out. The distribution of N in plant organs, and contents of different N forms were analyzed at various growth stages. The results showed that high NUE triticale varieties were advantages in low N conditions. The differences in biomass between high and low NUE varieties gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization rates at heading stage. Above-ground biomass of ‘Clxt82' was respectively 1.55 times, 1.19 times and 1.06 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N, low-N and normal-N treatments. Similarly, above-ground biomass of ‘PI429186' was respectively 1.79 times, 1.35 times and 1.30 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N, low-N and normal-N treatments. N accumulation increased significantly with increasing N fertilization rates at different growth stages. Under low-N and normal-N treatments, N accumulation in both high NUE varieties was significantly higher than that in low NUE variety at tillering and jointing stages. However, no significant difference was noted between the varieties at heading stage. Allocation ratio of N in plant leaves and ears decreased with increasing N fertilization rates and the reverse was the case for plant stems. At tillering and jointing stages, N allocation ratios of stems of high NUE varieties were less than that of low NUE variety, and for leaves it was reverse. At heading stage, N allocation ratio of ears of high NUE varieties was higher than in low NUE varieties and the reverse was the case for leaves. Contents of different forms of N increased with increasing N fertilization rates at various growth stages. At jointing stage, assimilable N(AN) contents in ‘Clxt82' and ‘PI429186' leaves were respectively 1.31 times and 1.76 times that in ‘Clxt74' under zero-N treatment, and 1.12 times and 1.35 times under low-N treatment. Then structural N(SN) contents were respectively 86.12% and 64.01%, and 80.82% and 71.51% that of ‘Clxt74'. At heading stage, AN content in ‘Clxt82' and ‘PI429186' leaves were respectively 1.01 times and 1.11 times that of ‘Clxt74' under zero-N treatment, and 1.04 times and 1.13 times under low-N treatment. Also SN content were respectively 74.99% and 63.08%, and 75.78% and 62.84% that of ‘Clxt74'. However, functional N(FN) content was not significantly different for the varieties at various growth stages. High NUE varieties maintained N utilization and N cycle by reducing SN content and increasing AN content.
氮(N)是影响小黑麦产量和品质的关键因素。为分析氮素积累和分配对小黑麦不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期)氮素利用效率的影响,采用3个氮肥施量[0(零氮)、0.033 g(N)·kg-1(低氮)和0.066 g(N)·kg-1(正常氮)]和3个小黑麦品种[2个氮肥利用率高的(Clxt82)、PI429186)和1个氮肥利用率低的(Clxt74)]进行盆栽试验。分析了不同生育期植物各器官氮的分布及不同形态氮的含量。结果表明,低氮条件下,高氮肥利用率的小黑麦品种具有优势。抽穗期高、低氮肥品种间生物量差异随施氮量的增加逐渐减小。在零氮、低氮和正常氮处理下,Clxt82的地上生物量分别是Clxt74的1.55倍、1.19倍和1.06倍。在零氮、低氮和正常氮处理下,‘PI429186’的地上生物量分别是‘Clxt74’的1.79倍、1.35倍和1.30倍。不同生育期氮素积累量随施氮量的增加而显著增加。在低氮和正常氮处理下,分蘖期和拔节期高氮肥品种的氮素积累量均显著高于低氮肥品种。抽穗期各品种间无显著差异。叶片和穗部氮素分配比例随施氮量的增加而降低,茎部氮素分配比例则相反。在分蘖期和拔节期,高氮素利用效率品种茎部氮分配比低于低氮素利用效率品种,叶片氮分配比相反。抽穗期,高氮素利用效率品种穗部氮分配比例高于低氮素利用效率品种,叶片氮分配比例相反。各生育期各形态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加。拔节期,‘Clxt82’和‘PI429186’叶片的可同化氮含量分别是零氮处理下‘Clxt74’的1.31倍和1.76倍,低氮处理下的1.12倍和1.35倍。结构氮(SN)含量分别为Clxt74的86.12%和64.01%,80.82%和71.51%。抽穗期,‘Clxt82’和‘PI429186’叶片的AN含量分别是零氮处理的‘Clxt74’的1.01倍和1.11倍,低氮处理的1.04倍和1.13倍。SN含量分别为Clxt74的74.99%和63.08%,75.78%和62.84%。不同生育期品种间功能氮含量差异不显著。高氮肥品种通过降低氮素含量和增加硝态氮含量来维持氮素利用和氮素循环。
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引用次数: 0
Coupling state of agricultural eco-economic system under emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution——A case study of Zhong County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region 非点源污染减排增汇下的农业生态经济系统耦合状态——以三峡库区钟县为例
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30540
Xiao Xin-chen
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a key control region of eco-environmental construction in China. However, how to achieve agro-economic development and control agricultural non-point source pollution in the region have emerged as difficult issues in recent years. To verify the coupling process of agricultural eco-economic system under emission mitigation and sink enhancement, data from the Zhong County(a typical non-point source pollution control district in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area) was used to develop eco-agriculture and non-point source pollution control. Then an equation-driven model of the construction structure was studied in terms of the interrelationship and interaction paths of the various elements of agricultural resources, agricultural development and agricultrual eco-economic coupling system in the Three Gorges Reservoir Aarea of Zhong County under the backdrop of emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution policies and measures. The paper put forward 6 basic assumptions based on 4 latent variables(emission mitigation and sink enhancement of non-point source pollution policies and measures, agricultural resources, agricultural development and coupling degree of agricultural eco-economic system) and the corresponding observation variables. Based on these elements, the paper designed a coupling model of the agricultural eco-economic system. The empirical results revealed that the path coefficient of the interrelationship between agricultural non-point source pollution control measures and agricultural resources utilization was 0.79. This suggested that the government's emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures promoted rational utilization of agricultural resources in the region. The path coefficient of the interactive relationship between emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures of agricultrual non-point source pollution and agricultural development was 0.80. This also suggested that the measures and policies were strong incentive for agricultural development in the study area. The path coefficient of the relationship between agricultural development and resources utilization was 0.77, indicating that agro-economic development in the region was based on reasonable agricultural resources utilization. Emission mitigation and sink enhancement measures positively influenced the coupling process of agricultural eco-economic system. The path coefficient was 0.85, which suggested that the measures in the study area significantly improved the coupling process. The utilization of agricultural resources and development positively influenced the process of agricultural eco-economic system coupling. The respective path coefficients were 0.91 and 0.89, indicating that the coupling process of agro-industry and agro-resources system conformed to the nature of agricultural development. Considering the structural relationship between the latent variables, it was noted that under background of non-poi
三峡库区是中国生态环境建设的重点控制区。然而,如何实现该地区农业经济的发展和控制农业面源污染已成为近年来的难题。为验证排放减缓与碳汇增强下农业生态经济系统的耦合过程,以三峡库区典型非点源污染控制区钟县为研究对象,开展生态农业发展与非点源污染控制研究。在非点源污染减排增汇政策措施背景下,研究了三峡库区钟县农业资源、农业发展和农业生态经济耦合系统各要素的相互关系和相互作用路径,构建了建设结构方程驱动模型。本文基于4个潜在变量(非点源污染减排和增汇政策措施、农业资源、农业发展和农业生态经济系统耦合程度)以及相应的观测变量,提出了6个基本假设。在此基础上,设计了农业生态经济系统的耦合模型。实证结果表明,农业面源污染控制措施与农业资源利用的相互关系路径系数为0.79。这表明政府的减排和碳汇增加措施促进了该地区农业资源的合理利用。农业面源污染减排和汇增措施与农业发展交互关系的路径系数为0.80。这也说明这些措施和政策对研究区农业发展具有很强的激励作用。农业发展与资源利用关系的路径系数为0.77,表明该区农业经济发展是以农业资源合理利用为基础的。减排和碳汇增强措施对农业生态经济系统的耦合过程有正向影响。通径系数为0.85,表明研究区措施显著改善了耦合过程。农业资源利用与发展正向影响农业生态经济系统耦合过程。路径系数分别为0.91和0.89,说明农产农资系统的耦合过程符合农业发展的本质。考虑潜在变量之间的结构关系,指出在非点源污染减排和汇增措施背景下,农业资源和经济发展是系统耦合的关键要素。这些元素形成了一个理解系统耦合过程的有效视角。
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引用次数: 4
Estimation of water consumption as affected by measurement locations of soil water content in drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouses 日光温室滴灌番茄土壤含水量测定位置对耗水量的影响
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30508
Zhao Weixi
Placements of soil moisture sensor have been key considerations in obtaining representative soil water content in crop root zones for irrigation schedules. In this article, the distribution of soil water content in the wetted volume from a line source was studied in drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse condition. Through comparison of tomato water consumption determined from measured water content by moisture sensors at different locations, suitable placements of sensors were discussed. The results indicated that irrigation quota range of 14 25 mm increased soil water content in the 0 40 cm soil layer, and daily mean soil water content in wetted soil volume was 75% 100% field capacity throughout tomato growth season. Wetted soil volumes generated by adjacent emitters along the drip lines fully overlapped after several sequential irrigation events, forming lateral zones with approximately uniform distribution of water content around the drip lines. There was no significant difference between mean soil water content along the depth of 0 40 cm layer. The variation tendency of soil water content with time at different horizontal locations from drip lines was synchronous in character, without any obvious hysteresis quality. Assuming that the 0 40 cm layer was the root zone with 80% root concentrated, an irrigation quota range of 14 25 mm caused deep percolation from the bottom of the root zone with a certain spatial variability. Seasonal deep percolation accounted for 13% of irrigation amount during tomato growth season. The differences in tomato water consumption at different locations from drip lines were within 10%, except for the seedling and blossom fruiting stages. The experimental results suggested that high frequency drip irrigation sustained suitable soil water condition in the root zone. One profile of soil water content measured in the proximity of drip lines was adequate for the proper estimation of water consumption of drip irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse conditions.
土壤水分传感器的放置是获得作物根区代表性土壤含水量的关键考虑因素。本文研究了日光温室条件下滴灌番茄线源湿润体积土壤含水量的分布规律。通过对不同位置水分传感器测得的番茄耗水量进行比较,探讨了传感器的适宜放置位置。结果表明:14 ~ 25 mm灌水定额范围可提高0 ~ 40 cm土层土壤含水量,整个番茄生长期湿润土壤体积日平均含水量为75% ~ 100%大田容量;在连续几次灌溉后,沿滴灌管道相邻的发射器产生的湿土体积完全重叠,在滴灌管道周围形成了含水量分布近似均匀的横向区域。在0 ~ 40 cm土层,土壤平均含水量差异不显著。不同水平位置土壤含水量随时间的变化趋势具有同步性,不存在明显的滞后性。假设0 ~ 40 cm层为根区,根系集中80%,14 ~ 25 mm的灌溉定额范围内,从根区底部深层渗透,具有一定的空间变异性。季节性深渗占番茄生长期灌水量的13%。除苗期和开花结实期外,不同地点番茄耗水量差异在10%以内。试验结果表明,高频滴灌维持了根区适宜的土壤水分条件。在滴灌管道附近测量的土壤含水量剖面足以正确估计日光温室条件下滴灌番茄的耗水量。
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引用次数: 2
Analysis of K~+ release kinetics of biomass ash with different pH 不同pH值生物质灰分K~+释放动力学分析
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30916
Wang Ka
Biomass ash is a kind of plant straw residuum produced by combustion of straw at 800 ℃. Biomass ash contains lots of nutrients, including phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg) and especially potassium(K). In biomass ash, K mainly occurs as K2 SO4, KCl and K2 CO3. In recent years, biomass ash has been used to produce potassium-based fertilizers. However, less work has been done on the principles and mechanisms of biomass ash K+ release. In the new production system and method proposed to produce potassium fertilizers from biomass ash, pH is critical for K+ release. This paper used four types of biomass ash(cornstalk, rice straw, sawn wood and chaff) with different pH of 4, 7 and 9 adjusted by ammonium acetate(NH4 Ac) to extract available K by the method of penetration exchange. This study discussed the cumulative quantity and rate of release of K+, and analyzed K+ release dynamics of four types of biomass ash using three kinetic models. The results indicated that K+ release attained equilibrium in 20-80 min with a total capacity of K+ release significantly different for different pH. Total K+ release capacity was 14.77-255.17 cmol·kg-1at pH of 4, 4.83-106.71 cmol·kg-1 at pH of 7 and 12.11-224.33 cmol·kg-1 at pH of 9. Total K+ release capacity under each pH condition showed that rice straw released the most K+, followed by cornstalk and sawn wood, while chaff released the least K+. Correlation analysis suggested that total K content of biomass ash was critical for the time and total capacity of K+ release. The correlation coefficient of released K+ amount and total K content was 0.991-0.997. A significant difference was noted in K+ release rate among biomass ash types. These implied that the greater content of K contain the more amount of K+ release. This indicated that equilibrium time and quantity of released K+ varied with pH and total K content of exchange solution. Under the three pH conditions, released K+ amounts(Q) of rice straw and cornstalk were in the order of Q4 Q9 Q7, while those of sawn wood and chaff were Q9 Q4 Q7. The order of total K+ release capacity of biomass ash was Q Rice straw QSawn wood QChaff QCornstalks under the three pH conditions. Before equilibrium time, K+ release velocity(v) was logarithmically related with time(lnt) during each reaction stage. For the same biomass ash, the optimal kinetic mode of K+ release changed with pH condition. The best models at pH of 4, 7 and 9 were Elovich Equation(EE), Dual Constant Equation(DCE) and EE, respectively. Under the same pH condition, the model that best described K+ release process was the EE and DCE, while the Parabolic Diffusion(PD) was the most inappropriate model.
生物质灰是秸秆在800℃下燃烧产生的一种植物秸秆残渣。生物质灰含有大量的营养物质,包括磷(P)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg),尤其是钾(K)。在生物质灰中,K主要以K2 SO4、KCl和K2 CO3的形式存在。近年来,生物质灰已被用于生产钾基肥料。然而,对生物质灰分K+释放的原理和机制研究较少。在利用生物质灰生产钾肥的新生产系统和方法中,pH值对K+的释放至关重要。以四种生物质灰(玉米秸秆、稻草、锯材和谷壳)为研究对象,通过乙酸铵(NH4 Ac)调节pH值为4、7和9,采用渗透交换法提取有效钾。本研究探讨了K+的累积释放量和释放速率,并利用3种动力学模型分析了4种生物质灰的K+释放动态。结果表明,在20 ~ 80 min内钾离子释放达到平衡,不同pH下钾离子释放总量差异显著,pH = 4时,总释放量为14.77 ~ 255.17 cmol·kg-1, pH = 7时为4.83 ~ 106.71 cmol·kg-1, pH = 9时为12.11 ~ 224.33 cmol·kg-1。各pH条件下总K+释放量显示,水稻秸秆释放K+最多,玉米秸秆和锯材次之,谷壳释放K+最少。相关性分析表明,总钾含量对K+释放时间和总释放量具有重要影响。释钾量与全钾含量的相关系数为0.991 ~ 0.997。不同类型生物量灰分的K+释放速率存在显著差异。这表明含钾量越大,K+释放量越大。这表明,交换液的pH和总钾含量不同,K+的平衡时间和释放量也不同。3种pH条件下,水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆的K+释放量依次为Q4、Q9、Q7,锯材和谷壳的K+释放量依次为Q9、Q4、Q7。3种pH条件下,生物质灰分总K+释放量的大小顺序为:水稻秸秆、锯材、谷壳、玉米秸秆。在平衡时间之前,各反应阶段的K+释放速度(v)与时间(lnt)呈对数相关。对于相同的生物质灰分,K+释放的最佳动力学模式随pH条件的变化而变化。pH = 4、7和9时,最佳模型分别为Elovich方程(EE)、Dual Constant Equation(DCE)和EE。在相同的pH条件下,EE和DCE是最能描述K+释放过程的模型,而抛物扩散(抛物扩散)是最不合适的模型。
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引用次数: 0
Allelopathic effects and components analysis of root exudates of faba bean cultivars with different degrees of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum 不同抗尖孢镰刀菌品种根系分泌物化感作用及成分分析
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.31020
Dong Ya
Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and destructive soil-borne fungal diseases of faba bean because of continuous monocropping.It has been responsible for severely reduced yield,quality and production of faba bean,especially in Yunnan Province.Numerous studies on soil-borne diseases have mainly focused on changes in soil nutrients,enzyme and microbe.Little has remained known about the relationship between root exudates and soil-borne diseases.In fact,there has been less report confirming the occurrence of fusarium wilt in different cultivars of faba bean affected by different faba bean root exudates.The objectives of this study were to compare the differences in root exudates contents and components of different cultivars of faba bean.The study also aimed to lay the basis for further studies on resistance mechanism of faba bean fusarium wilt,which could in turn lay the basis for ecological control of faba bean fusarium wilt.Cultivars of different resistances to fusarium wilt were used in the experiment — ‘89-147'(high resistant cultivar),‘8363'(medium resistant cultivar) and ‘YD324'(susceptible cultivar).Root exudates of the three cultivars of faba bean were collected in nutrient solution cultures.The effects of faba bean root exudates on spore germination and mycelia growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.fabae were determined using the culture medium method.The contents and components of organic acids were identified by HPLC while free amino acids were identified by amino acid analyzer.The content of soluble sugar was tested by anthrone colorimetry.The results suggested that compared with the control,root exudates of resistant cultivars inhibited spore germination and mycelia growth of F.oxysporum.Exudates of medium resistant cultivar promoted mycelia growth with the addition of 5 mL of root exudates,it otherwise had no significant effect on mycelia growth.Exudates of susceptible cultivar promoted spore germination and mycelia growth with the addition of 1 mL of root exudates.Total content of free amino acids and soluble sugar increased while organic acids decreased with increasing resistance of the three faba bean cultivars to fusarium wilt.Fifteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of medium resistant and susceptible faba bean cultivars while fourteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of high resistant faba bean cultivars.Histidine was found only in root exudates of medium resistant faba bean cultivar while praline was only in root exudates of susceptible faba bean cultivar.Arginine was not found in root exudates of the three faba bean cultivars.The occurrence and development of faba bean fusarium wilt were enhanced when the contents of aspartic,glutamate,phenylalanine,tyrosine and leucine in root exudates were high.Faba bean fusarium wilt was inhibited when the contents of methionine,lysine and serine in root exudates were high.Tararic was detected only in root exudates of high resistant cultivar.The richness o
蚕豆枯萎病是由于连作造成的蚕豆最常见和最具破坏性的土传真菌病害之一。它严重降低了蚕豆的产量、质量和产量,特别是在云南省。许多关于土壤传播疾病的研究主要集中在土壤养分、酶和微生物的变化上。对于根系分泌物与土传疾病之间的关系,人们所知甚少。事实上,证实不同品种蚕豆发生枯萎病受不同蚕豆根分泌物影响的报道较少。本研究的目的是比较不同品种蚕豆根系分泌物含量和成分的差异。为进一步研究蚕豆枯萎病的抗性机制奠定基础,进而为蚕豆枯萎病的生态防治奠定基础。试验选用高抗性品种‘89-147’、中抗性品种‘8363’和敏感品种‘YD324’。用营养液培养法收集了3个品种蚕豆的根系分泌物。采用培养基法测定了蚕豆根液对蚕豆尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。用高效液相色谱法鉴定有机酸的含量和组分,用氨基酸分析仪鉴定游离氨基酸。用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖的含量。结果表明,与对照相比,抗性品种的根渗出液抑制了尖孢霉孢子的萌发和菌丝的生长,中等抗性品种的根渗出液在添加5 mL时促进了菌丝的生长,其余对菌丝生长无显著影响。添加1 mL根分泌物可促进敏感品种的孢子萌发和菌丝生长。随着对枯萎病抗性的增强,游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的总含量增加,有机酸含量降低。在中抗性和敏感型蚕豆品种的根分泌物中检测到15种氨基酸,在高抗性蚕豆品种的根分泌物中检测到14种氨基酸。组氨酸仅存在于中抗性蚕豆品种的根分泌物中,脯氨酸仅存在于敏感蚕豆品种的根分泌物中。3个蚕豆品种的根分泌物中均未发现精氨酸。蚕豆根部分泌物中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸含量高,有利于蚕豆枯萎病的发生和发展。蚕豆根部分泌物中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸含量高时,蚕豆枯萎病得到抑制。仅在高抗性品种的根分泌物中检测到tartaric。根系分泌物中有机酸种类的丰富度增强了蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性。不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物对尖孢镰刀菌的影响不同,这种差异与不同品种蚕豆根系分泌物中可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和有机酸的含量及组分有关。
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引用次数: 4
Error analysis of spatial interpolation of soil texture under different sampling schemes 不同采样方案下土壤质地空间插值的误差分析
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30709
J. Houlon
Soil texture is a qualitative classification tool used in both the field and laboratory to determine the classes of agricultural soils based on physical texture. Surface soil texture reflects soil physical and chemical properties, which affects not only soil fertility and farming/production performance but also crop quality and yield. Precision agriculture requires reliable data on the variations in field soil properties for effective management decisions. The most common way to do this is to predict the values for un-sampled places using observed samples and represent the variations in maps. The optimal sampling method is importation in the evaluation of spatial variations in soil texture, which is more critical for fertilization or irrigation in precision agriculture. The acquisition of precise soil data which are representative of an entire survey area is critical for irrigation and fertilization in precision agriculture. Here, we compared the ability of three sampling methods used in estimating the precision agriculture practices and predict the spatial distribution of soil texture with the goal of choosing the optimal sampling method. About 289 soil samples were collected from the field at 0?20 cm depth in 16 m grid cells in the Southeast Pengshui County of Chongqing City. The geostatistics method and Geographic Information System(GIS) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the 16 m grid-cell sampling(a total of 253 sampling points), 32 m grid-cell sampling(a total of 115 sampling points) and random sampling(a total of 115 sampling points). The results showed that the largest component of the soil texture was silt and the lowest was sand. While sand and clay exhibited a medium variation, silt showed a low variation. Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, sand, silt and clay were all normally distributed. Results of geostatistics analysis suggested that larger sampling intervals were needed under grid-cell sampling while lower sampling intervals could be used under random sampling of spatial variability of soil texture in the study area. Cross validation showed that the interpolation precision was highest for soil texture components under experimental control(16 m grid-cell sampling). This was followed by 32 m grid-cell sampling, while then random sampling had the lowest interpolation precision. The research indicated that based on the factors considered(including interpolation precision, cost effectiveness and timeliness), random sampling was the optimal method for analyzing soil texture in the study area.
土壤质地是一种定性分类工具,用于田间和实验室,根据物理质地确定农业土壤的类别。表层土壤质地反映了土壤的理化性质,不仅影响土壤肥力和耕作/生产性能,还影响作物品质和产量。精准农业需要田间土壤特性变化的可靠数据,以便作出有效的管理决策。最常见的方法是使用观察到的样本来预测未采样地区的值,并在地图上表示变化。最优采样方法是评价土壤质地空间变化的重要方法,对精准农业施肥或灌溉至关重要。准确获取代表整个调查区域的土壤数据是精准农业灌溉施肥的关键。在此,我们比较了三种采样方法在估计精准农业实践和预测土壤质地空间分布方面的能力,以选择最佳采样方法。从田间采集土壤样品289份。重庆市彭水县东南部16 m网格单元20 cm深度。利用地质统计学方法和地理信息系统(GIS)对16 m格元抽样(共253个采样点)、32 m格元抽样(共115个采样点)和随机抽样(共115个采样点)的精度进行了评价。结果表明:土壤质地成分最大的是粉土,最小的是砂土;砂、粘土变化中等,粉砂变化较低。根据Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验,砂、粉、粘土均为正态分布。地统计学分析结果表明,栅格采样需要较大的采样间隔,而随机采样则可采用较小的采样间隔。交叉验证表明,在实验控制(16 m格元采样)下,土壤质地成分的插值精度最高。其次是32 m网格单元采样,然后是随机采样,插值精度最低。研究表明,综合考虑插值精度、成本效益和时效性等因素,随机抽样是研究区土壤质地分析的最佳方法。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial distribution and temporal variation of maize root in the soil under field conditions 田间条件下玉米根系在土壤中的空间分布与时空变化
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30805
Li Rongwe
In order to study the growth rhythm of maize root,a large root monitoring system was used in an experimental filed to analyze maize(‘NO.46 Tunyu') root.The minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were used to monitor the main parameters such as maize root length,root length density and root length ratio at milky and maturity stage.Meanwhile,underground glass windows were used to measure root length and width.The results showed that root length density ratios measured by the minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were consistent with the increase in soil depth at milky and maturity stage,with correlation coefficients of 0.987 and 0.717,respectively.Root length density ratios estimated by the two methods were highest in 0-20 cm soil layers.The 0-60 cm soil layers were the primary growth zone of fine roots,with average net root length density 4 times that in the 70-220 cm soil layer measured by the quadrate monolith method.Root length densities from the two methods were not significantly different,with a correlation coefficient of 0.830.The horizontal width of roots in the upper soil layer became narrower with increasing vertical depth from milky stage to maturity stage.This suggested that roots still grew during late developmental stage.Differences were noted in root depth between the quadrate monolith method and the underground glass window method,probably due to inconsistent environmental conditions.
为了研究玉米根系的生长规律,在试验田采用大型根系监测系统对46号玉米进行了根系监测Tunyu”)根。采用微型电子管观察法和方形单块法对玉米乳乳期和成熟期的根长、根长密度和根长比等主要参数进行了监测。同时利用地下玻璃窗测量根长和根宽。结果表明:微植体观察法和方形单块法测得的根长密度比与乳乳期和成熟期土壤深度的增加基本一致,相关系数分别为0.987和0.717;两种方法估算的根长密度比在0 ~ 20 cm土层最高。0 ~ 60 cm土层是细根的主要生长区,平均净根长密度是方块石法测得的70 ~ 220 cm土层的4倍。两种方法的根长密度差异不显著,相关系数为0.830。从乳白色期到成熟期,随着垂直深度的增加,上层土壤根系水平宽度逐渐变窄。这表明根在发育后期仍在生长。方形巨石法和地下玻璃窗法在根深上存在差异,这可能是由于环境条件不一致所致。
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引用次数: 2
Characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization and the absorption and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of pepper under slow-release fertilizer application 缓释施肥条件下辣椒土壤氨挥发特性及氮、磷、钾的吸收利用
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30947
Wang Chongl
Laboratory diffusion simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization under the application of large particle urea(PUR), special compound fertilizer(LCCF), special slow-release compound fertilizer(LSRF), with no fertilization as the control. The pot experiment was meantime carried out to investigate yield, and uptake and utilization of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of ‘Gailiangzaofeng' and ‘Yujiao5' peppers under the application of LSRF, LCCF, common compound fertilizer(OCCF) and commercially non-coated slow-release compound fertilizer(MSRF). Changes in soil organic matter content and soil enzyme activity were also analyzed. The results showed that the order of the soil ammonia volatilization rate in the first 28 days of laboratory diffusion simulation experiment was as follows: PUR LCCF LSRF no fertilizer(CK). Then soil ammonia volatilization rate of LSRF after 28 days of the experiment was higher than those of PUR and LCCF. Cumulative soil ammonia volatilization from PUR, LSRF and LCCF at 70 days were 71.87 mg·kg-1, 54.29 mg·kg-1 and 63.49 mg·kg-1 respectively under laboratory diffusion simulation experiment. Cumulative ammonia volatilization from LSRF respectively dropped by 24.5% and 11.7% compared with PUR and LCCF under the same dose of N fertilizer. For the pot experiment, yield of ‘Yujiao5' and ‘Gailiangzaofeng' under LSRF respectively increased by 64.7% and 33.8% compared with OCCF, While the content of soil organic matter and activities of urease, invertase and catalase increased, plant uptake and utilization of N, P and K were enhanced under LSRF treatment. Apparent N fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Yujiao5' and ‘Gailiangzaofeng' respectively increased by 62.5% and 123.1% compared with that of OCCF. Apparent P and K fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Gailiangzaofeng' under LSRF treatment respectively enhanced by 14.0 times and 28.7% compared with OCCF. Also apparent P and K fertilizer utilization rates of ‘Yujiao5' under LSRF treatment respectively increased by 3.2 times and 120.9% compared with OCCF treatment.
通过室内扩散模拟试验,研究了施用大颗粒尿素(PUR)、特种复合肥(LCCF)、特种缓释复合肥(LSRF)和不施肥对照下土壤氨挥发特性。同时进行了盆栽试验,研究了LSRF、LCCF、普通复混肥(OCCF)和市售无包衣缓释复混肥(MSRF)对‘改亮造峰’和‘椒椒5号’辣椒产量和氮、磷、钾的吸收利用情况。分析了土壤有机质含量和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,室内扩散模拟试验前28 d土壤氨挥发速率的变化顺序为:无施肥(CK);试验28 d后,LSRF的土壤氨挥发速率高于PUR和LCCF。室内扩散模拟试验下,PUR、LSRF和LCCF 70 d累积土壤氨挥发量分别为71.87 mg·kg-1、54.29 mg·kg-1和63.49 mg·kg-1。在相同施氮量下,与PUR和LCCF相比,LSRF的累积氨挥发量分别下降了24.5%和11.7%。在盆栽试验中,‘育焦5号’和‘改亮早峰’的产量分别比对照增产64.7%和33.8%,土壤有机质含量和脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有所提高,植株对N、P、K的吸收和利用均有所提高。‘玉椒5号’和‘改亮早峰’氮肥表观利用率分别比OCCF提高了62.5%和123.1%。LSRF处理下‘改亮早峰’的磷肥和钾肥表观利用率分别比OCCF提高了14.0倍和28.7%。LSRF处理‘玉椒5号’的磷肥和钾肥表观利用率分别比OCCF处理提高了3.2倍和120.9%。
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引用次数: 1
Synergy strategy of food and water security in China: Synergy strategy of food and water security in China 中国粮食与水安全协同战略:中国粮食与水安全协同战略
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2013-12-04 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30669
Zhengbin Zhang, Ziyuan Duan, P. Xu, Xin-Zhong Zhang
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture
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