Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100023
Yanqing Zhao , Yinjie Lian , Wei Guan , Peng Wu , Shuguo Yang , Jian Li
Introduction
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite is a pathogen that causes trichomoniasis, the most common neglected sexually transmitted disease. The reference genome of T. vaginalis is derived from the G3 strain. Although many strains are widely present in China, no genomic information is available for relevant studies.
Methods
Clinical T. vaginalis isolates were collected, cultured and sequenced via the next-generation Illumina, SMRT DNA sequencing platform and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies.
Results
The present assembled TV-THS1 genome, spanning 185.45 Mb, was comprised of 934 contigs with a contig N50 length of 467.79 kb anchored to six pseudochromosomes, accounting for more than 88 % of the assembled genome (164.56 Mb). The genome included 24,691 protein-coding genes, 24,376 of which (98.72 %) were functionally interpreted. A total of 131.74 Mb (71.03 %) of the assembled sequences were identified as repetitive sequences, and 5302 corresponding genes were annotated in Maverick elements. Compared with the published T. vaginalis G3 reference genome, substantial differences have been revealed. Comparative genome analysis revealed that genes related to expansion during evolution mainly participated in cell adhesion and the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites, such as those involved in binding and catalytic activity.
Conclusions
A chromosome-level reference T. vaginalis TV-THS1 genome was obtained, providing comprehensive insight into T. vaginalis evolution and the molecular mechanisms of T. vaginalis pathogenicity. This work offers valuable data for pathogen-host interaction analysis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of trichomoniasis.
{"title":"Chromosome-level genome assembly, reannotation and decoding of a Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolate from Shiyan, Central China","authors":"Yanqing Zhao , Yinjie Lian , Wei Guan , Peng Wu , Shuguo Yang , Jian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Trichomonas vaginalis</em> trophozoite is a pathogen that causes trichomoniasis, the most common neglected sexually transmitted disease. The reference genome of <em>T. vaginalis</em> is derived from the G3 strain. Although many strains are widely present in China, no genomic information is available for relevant studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Clinical <em>T. vaginalis</em> isolates were collected, cultured and sequenced via the next-generation Illumina, SMRT DNA sequencing platform and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The present assembled TV-THS1 genome, spanning 185.45 Mb, was comprised of 934 contigs with a contig N50 length of 467.79 kb anchored to six pseudochromosomes, accounting for more than 88 % of the assembled genome (164.56 Mb). The genome included 24,691 protein-coding genes, 24,376 of which (98.72 %) were functionally interpreted. A total of 131.74 Mb (71.03 %) of the assembled sequences were identified as repetitive sequences, and 5302 corresponding genes were annotated in <em>Maverick</em> elements. Compared with the published <em>T. vaginalis</em> G3 reference genome, substantial differences have been revealed. Comparative genome analysis revealed that genes related to expansion during evolution mainly participated in cell adhesion and the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites, such as those involved in binding and catalytic activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A chromosome-level reference <em>T. vaginalis</em> TV-THS1 genome was obtained, providing comprehensive insight into <em>T. vaginalis</em> evolution and the molecular mechanisms of <em>T. vaginalis</em> pathogenicity. This work offers valuable data for pathogen-host interaction analysis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of trichomoniasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100021
Shun-Xian Zhang , Guo-Bing Yang , Ren-Jie Zhang , Jin-Xin Zheng , Jian Yang , Shan Lv , Lei Duan , Li-Guang Tian , Mu-Xin Chen , Qin Liu , Yu Wang , Xiao-Jie Hu , Ji-Chun Wang , Shi-Zhu Li , Xiao-Nong Zhou
Background
Dengue is an acute viral infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted through mosquitoes. Although numerous studies have examined the global burden of dengue, comprehensive and systematic global analyses remain limited. This study uses data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to systematically analyze the global epidemiological trends and disease burden of dengue from 1990 to 2021.
Methods
This study utilized data from the GBD Study 2021 Study to analyze trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of dengue across 204 countries and territories, stratified by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels. In addition, a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future burden of dengue. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was used to describe the overall trend in rates or counts of indicators between 1990 and 2021.
Results
In 2021, the global ASIR of dengue was 752.04 per 100,000 population (95 % UI: 196.33–1363.35), and ASMR was 0.38 per 100,000 population (95 % UI: 0.23–0.51). From 1990 to 2021, both the ASIR (AAPC = 7.89, 95 % CI: 7.89–8.91) and ASMR (AAPC = 0.01, 95 % CI: 0.00–0.01) showed an increasing trend. Adolescents under 14 years had the highest ASIR, age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for dengue. By 2035, the projected ASIR of dengue is 862.23 per 100,000 population (95 % CI: 627.84–1096.62 per 100,000 population), the ASPR is 51.60 per 100,000 population (95 % CI: 37.70–65.50 per 100,000 population), and the ASMR is 0.43 per 100,000 population (95 % CI: 0.29–0.56 per 100,000 population). The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALYs for dengue are expected to continue rising in the next 10 years.
Conclusion
The global burden of dengue is projected to continue rising in the coming years, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive control measures, including enhanced vector control, public education, vaccination, and drug development. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for the formulation of effective public health strategies and interventions aimed at reducing the global threat posed by dengue.
{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of dengue, 1990–2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","authors":"Shun-Xian Zhang , Guo-Bing Yang , Ren-Jie Zhang , Jin-Xin Zheng , Jian Yang , Shan Lv , Lei Duan , Li-Guang Tian , Mu-Xin Chen , Qin Liu , Yu Wang , Xiao-Jie Hu , Ji-Chun Wang , Shi-Zhu Li , Xiao-Nong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dengue is an acute viral infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted through mosquitoes. Although numerous studies have examined the global burden of dengue, comprehensive and systematic global analyses remain limited. This study uses data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to systematically analyze the global epidemiological trends and disease burden of dengue from 1990 to 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized data from the GBD Study 2021 Study to analyze trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of dengue across 204 countries and territories, stratified by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels. In addition, a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future burden of dengue. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was used to describe the overall trend in rates or counts of indicators between 1990 and 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 2021, the global ASIR of dengue was 752.04 per 100,000 population (95 % UI: 196.33–1363.35), and ASMR was 0.38 per 100,000 population (95 % UI: 0.23–0.51). From 1990 to 2021, both the ASIR (AAPC = 7.89, 95 % <em>CI</em>: 7.89–8.91) and ASMR (AAPC = 0.01, 95 % <em>CI</em>: 0.00–0.01) showed an increasing trend. Adolescents under 14 years had the highest ASIR, age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for dengue. By 2035, the projected ASIR of dengue is 862.23 per 100,000 population (95 % <em>CI</em>: 627.84–1096.62 per 100,000 population), the ASPR is 51.60 per 100,000 population (95 % <em>CI</em>: 37.70–65.50 per 100,000 population), and the ASMR is 0.43 per 100,000 population (95 % <em>CI</em>: 0.29–0.56 per 100,000 population). The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALYs for dengue are expected to continue rising in the next 10 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The global burden of dengue is projected to continue rising in the coming years, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive control measures, including enhanced vector control, public education, vaccination, and drug development. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for the formulation of effective public health strategies and interventions aimed at reducing the global threat posed by dengue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100022
Idris Zubairu Sadiq , Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar , Abdulkadir Rabiu Salisu , Babangida Sanusi Katsayal , Umar Saidu , Sani I. Abba , Abdullahi Garba Usman
Background
Malaria is a global public health problem affecting more than 100 countries. Meteorological factors on the other hand represent a major driving force behind malaria transmission and other vector-borne diseases. This study aims to predict and forecast malaria incidence while exploring its correlation with environmental factors.
Method
Three Machine learning (ML) models, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest Regression (RFR), and Regularized Linear Regression (RLR), were employed, along with a simple seasonal model, to predict and forecast malaria cases.
Results
The ANN model outperformed the RFR and RLR models, with the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.313 and 0.146 respectively. A total of 10,778 malaria cases were reported from 2015 to 2020, with a monthly mean of 150 malaria infections. The study unveils no significant increase in malaria cases from 2020 to 2030. Furthermore, a strong negative correlation was found between monthly average malaria incidence and average temperature, minimum and maximum temperatures at p < 0.001. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation was observed between monthly average malaria incidence and relative humidity, which was statistically significant at p < 0.01.
Conclusion
The Artificial Neural Network model is effective in predicting malaria cases compared to other models. The study revealed a negative correlation between malaria incidence and temperature, alongside a positive correlation with relative humidity. Although no significant increase in malaria cases is projected from 2020 to 2030, continuous monitoring of environmental factors and malaria prevalence remains crucial for effective disease control.
{"title":"Machine learning models for predicting residual malaria infections using environmental factors: A case study of the Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Idris Zubairu Sadiq , Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar , Abdulkadir Rabiu Salisu , Babangida Sanusi Katsayal , Umar Saidu , Sani I. Abba , Abdullahi Garba Usman","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Malaria is a global public health problem affecting more than 100 countries. Meteorological factors on the other hand represent a major driving force behind malaria transmission and other vector-borne diseases. This study aims to predict and forecast malaria incidence while exploring its correlation with environmental factors.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Three Machine learning (ML) models, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest Regression (RFR), and Regularized Linear Regression (RLR), were employed, along with a simple seasonal model, to predict and forecast malaria cases.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ANN model outperformed the RFR and RLR models, with the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.313 and 0.146 respectively. A total of 10,778 malaria cases were reported from 2015 to 2020, with a monthly mean of 150 malaria infections. The study unveils no significant increase in malaria cases from 2020 to 2030. Furthermore, a strong negative correlation was found between monthly average malaria incidence and average temperature, minimum and maximum temperatures at p < 0.001. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation was observed between monthly average malaria incidence and relative humidity, which was statistically significant at p < 0.01.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Artificial Neural Network model is effective in predicting malaria cases compared to other models. The study revealed a negative correlation between malaria incidence and temperature, alongside a positive correlation with relative humidity. Although no significant increase in malaria cases is projected from 2020 to 2030, continuous monitoring of environmental factors and malaria prevalence remains crucial for effective disease control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100019
Dongfang Li , Sen Wang , Xingai Guan , Yidan Bai , Junlong Zhao , Lan He
Babesia gibsoni, a unicellular eukaryotic parasite causing babesiosis in dog, is primarily transmitted through tick feeding. The intraerythrocytic stage, during which the parasite reproduce within the host's red blood cells, is a vital part of Babesia's life cycle. Continuous in vitro culture B. gibsoni provides an opportunity to study its biological processes. The establishment and development of gene editing systems for Babesia offer a powerful tool to investigate the functions of important genes in specific biological processes. This protocol expands on the existing techniques for in vitro culture and genes editing of B. gibsoni. Specifically, we describe a continuous in vitro culture method employing VP-SFM as a base medium, supplemented with Albumax I and small amount of canine serum (2.5 %), This method, designed for long-term culture, achieving high parasitemia and facilitates subclone culture. By employing homology-dependent repair pathways, the gene editing method utilizing introducing homologous fragments and electroporation can effectively manipulate the genetic of B. gibsoni. This protocol would contribute to the reproducibility of experiments and the overall reliability of research findings.
吉布森巴贝西亚原虫（Babesia gibsoni）是一种引起狗巴贝西亚原虫病的单细胞真核寄生虫，主要通过蜱虫饲养传播。寄生虫在宿主红细胞内繁殖的红细胞内阶段是巴贝西亚原虫生命周期的重要组成部分。连续体外培养 B. gibsoni 为研究其生物过程提供了机会。巴贝西亚原虫基因编辑系统的建立和发展为研究特定生物过程中重要基因的功能提供了强有力的工具。本方案扩展了现有的吉布森氏杆菌体外培养和基因编辑技术。具体来说，我们描述了一种连续体外培养方法，该方法采用 VP-SFM 作为基础培养基，辅以 Albumax I 和少量犬血清（2.5%）。通过同源依赖性修复途径，利用导入同源片段和电穿孔的基因编辑方法可以有效地操纵吉布森氏杆菌的基因。该方案将有助于提高实验的可重复性和研究结果的整体可靠性。
{"title":"In vitro culture and genetic modification of Babesia gibsoni","authors":"Dongfang Li , Sen Wang , Xingai Guan , Yidan Bai , Junlong Zhao , Lan He","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Babesia gibsoni</em>, a unicellular eukaryotic parasite causing babesiosis in dog, is primarily transmitted through tick feeding. The intraerythrocytic stage, during which the parasite reproduce within the host's red blood cells, is a vital part of <em>Babesia</em>'s life cycle. Continuous <em>in vitro</em> culture <em>B. gibsoni</em> provides an opportunity to study its biological processes. The establishment and development of gene editing systems for <em>Babesia</em> offer a powerful tool to investigate the functions of important genes in specific biological processes. This protocol expands on the existing techniques for <em>in vitro</em> culture and genes editing of <em>B. gibsoni</em>. Specifically, we describe a continuous <em>in vitro</em> culture method employing VP-SFM as a base medium, supplemented with Albumax I and small amount of canine serum (2.5 %), This method, designed for long-term culture, achieving high parasitemia and facilitates subclone culture. By employing homology-dependent repair pathways, the gene editing method utilizing introducing homologous fragments and electroporation can effectively manipulate the genetic of <em>B. gibsoni</em>. This protocol would contribute to the reproducibility of experiments and the overall reliability of research findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294992402400003X/pdfft?md5=5321153ea9d652cb85f254595fa1dc8b&pid=1-s2.0-S294992402400003X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140549918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100017
Zhongyi Zhu , Lei Zhang , Shuangbao Li , Yang Gao , Yuwei Wang , Xiaofei Ma , Zhonglin Chen , Siyu Wu , Yonghui Zhang , Mengyuan Zhang , Zhihao Xie , Changcheng Yin , Weijun Chen , Fuxing Zeng , Jinmin Ma
Objective
The objective of this study was to determine whether a new combination of immunogens could be more effective than the S–2P design in terms of eliciting an immune response. The study aimed to use a unified formulation standard to make a comparison between the new immunogen combination than the S–2P design.
Methods
The study analyzed the published immunogen mutation strategies of known COVID-19 vaccines and also Spike protein variants in the RCSB database to identify the most promising immunogen combination. By choosing different Spike protein variants, we prepared well characterized mRNA preparations and administered them to BALB/C mice using a commercial lipid for encapsulation.
Results
The study found that our mRNA preparations stimulated strong humoral and cellular immunity, with a neutralizing antibody titer of >1*104 at 28 days and a Th1-biased cellular immune response. Furthermore, our results indicate that the S–6P-GSAS variant elicits superior immunogenicity at lower doses compared to the S–2P variant.
Conclusion
Our study suggests that the S–6P-GSAS variant may elicit a stronger immune response at lower doses compared to the S–2P design, indicating its potential as a promising immunogen candidate for COVID-19 vaccines. Further research is needed to explore the efficacy of this novel combination in addressing the challenges posed by emerging Spike protein variants.
{"title":"S–6P exhibits better immunogenicity than S–2P at lower doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines","authors":"Zhongyi Zhu , Lei Zhang , Shuangbao Li , Yang Gao , Yuwei Wang , Xiaofei Ma , Zhonglin Chen , Siyu Wu , Yonghui Zhang , Mengyuan Zhang , Zhihao Xie , Changcheng Yin , Weijun Chen , Fuxing Zeng , Jinmin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to determine whether a new combination of immunogens could be more effective than the S–2P design in terms of eliciting an immune response. The study aimed to use a unified formulation standard to make a comparison between the new immunogen combination than the S–2P design.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study analyzed the published immunogen mutation strategies of known COVID-19 vaccines and also Spike protein variants in the RCSB database to identify the most promising immunogen combination. By choosing different Spike protein variants, we prepared well characterized mRNA preparations and administered them to BALB/C mice using a commercial lipid for encapsulation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study found that our mRNA preparations stimulated strong humoral and cellular immunity, with a neutralizing antibody titer of >1*10<sup>4</sup> at 28 days and a Th1-biased cellular immune response. Furthermore, our results indicate that the S–6P-GSAS variant elicits superior immunogenicity at lower doses compared to the S–2P variant.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our study suggests that the S–6P-GSAS variant may elicit a stronger immune response at lower doses compared to the S–2P design, indicating its potential as a promising immunogen candidate for COVID-19 vaccines. Further research is needed to explore the efficacy of this novel combination in addressing the challenges posed by emerging Spike protein variants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949924024000016/pdfft?md5=08289a1424f0e2c2817dc353af88ff06&pid=1-s2.0-S2949924024000016-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139653262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100029
Zhiyang Yin , Catherine Gordon , Zikai Zhou , Minjun Ji , Zhipeng Xu
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NDDs) have been associated with maternal immune activation (MIA) in epidemiologic studies, such as prospective birth cohort studies. There is evidence linking maternal infectious pathogens and inflammation to a variety of outcomes, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder. MIA, which is typically triggered by pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), might offer a new perspective on prenatal NDD pathogenesis, possibly attributed to the altered microbiome of the mother. In this review, we highlight the primary mechanisms underlying MIA-induced NDDs caused by pathogens and/or pathogen-derived agents. Moreover, we outline therapeutic strategies to mitigate pathogen-induced MIA-associated neurological disorders, with the primary goal of preventing or managing pathogen exposure during pregnancy and minimizing the long-term effects on the offspring.
在流行病学研究（如前瞻性出生队列研究）中，神经精神障碍（NDDs）与孕产妇免疫激活（MIA）有关。有证据表明，孕产妇感染性病原体和炎症与精神分裂症、躁郁症和自闭症谱系障碍等多种疾病相关。MIA通常是由病原体（如病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫）引发的，它可能为产前NDD发病机制提供了一个新的视角，这可能归因于母亲微生物组的改变。在本综述中，我们将重点介绍由病原体和/或病原体衍生因子引起的 MIA 诱发 NDD 的主要机制。此外，我们还概述了减轻病原体诱发的 MIA 相关神经系统疾病的治疗策略，其主要目标是预防或控制孕期病原体暴露，并最大限度地减少对后代的长期影响。
{"title":"Maternal immune activation and neuropsychiatric disease in offspring: Pathogen's perspective","authors":"Zhiyang Yin , Catherine Gordon , Zikai Zhou , Minjun Ji , Zhipeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuropsychiatric disorders (NDDs) have been associated with maternal immune activation (MIA) in epidemiologic studies, such as prospective birth cohort studies. There is evidence linking maternal infectious pathogens and inflammation to a variety of outcomes, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder. MIA, which is typically triggered by pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), might offer a new perspective on prenatal NDD pathogenesis, possibly attributed to the altered microbiome of the mother. In this review, we highlight the primary mechanisms underlying MIA-induced NDDs caused by pathogens and/or pathogen-derived agents. Moreover, we outline therapeutic strategies to mitigate pathogen-induced MIA-associated neurological disorders, with the primary goal of preventing or managing pathogen exposure during pregnancy and minimizing the long-term effects on the offspring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As global climate change exacerbates, the emergence of rare pathogens causing outbreaks is on the rise, with Prototheca species becoming notable threats. Within the protothecosis science popularization and monitoring consortium (PSPMC), we have isolated nearly a hundred strains of Prototheca species in China in recent years. Notably, Prototheca wickerhamii is the predominant pathogen, causing skin and soft tissue infections and occasionally bloodstream infections. This study, conducted from the clinical microbiology laboratory perspective, delineates the characteristics of P. wickerhamii to facilitate its swift identification by clinical microbiologists. We discovered that tigecycline shows exceptional in vitro activity against P. wickerhamii. Additionally, our findings suggest that P. wickerhamii may exhibit low virulence towards macrophages, while macrophages also demonstrate a low killing ability against P. wickerhamii.
{"title":"Characterizations of Prototheca wickerhamii clinical isolates and their interactions with macrophages","authors":"Yongqin Wu, Peng Luo, Huaiwei Lu, Yuanyuan Dai, Jian Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global climate change exacerbates, the emergence of rare pathogens causing outbreaks is on the rise, with <em>Prototheca</em> species becoming notable threats. Within the protothecosis science popularization and monitoring consortium (PSPMC), we have isolated nearly a hundred strains of <em>Prototheca</em> species in China in recent years. Notably, <em>Prototheca wickerhamii</em> is the predominant pathogen, causing skin and soft tissue infections and occasionally bloodstream infections. This study, conducted from the clinical microbiology laboratory perspective, delineates the characteristics of <em>P. wickerhamii</em> to facilitate its swift identification by clinical microbiologists. We discovered that tigecycline shows exceptional <em>in vitro</em> activity against <em>P. wickerhamii</em>. Additionally, our findings suggest that <em>P. wickerhamii</em> may exhibit low virulence towards macrophages, while macrophages also demonstrate a low killing ability against <em>P. wickerhamii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024
Wenwen Xin , Nan Yue , Jinglin Wang
Anthrax is a severe infectious illness triggered by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium is naturally found in soil and mainly impacts domestic and wild animals. Human anthrax infection occurs primarily through close occupational contact with infected livestock. Anthrax has been reported each year in China for decades since it became a reportable disease. However, concerns about anthrax are growing in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on Anthrax and Bacillus anthracis. We delineated the epidemiological traits of human anthrax in China as well as the potential risk factors for outbreaks. Additionally, we offer recommendations for prevention and control. We emphasize that effective management of anthrax in humans largely depends on the successful control of the disease in animals. It is also suggested that anthrax is unlikely to completely disappear or escalate into a large-scale epidemic in China in the near future. Human cases of anthrax are expected to remain at a low prevalence, which alleviates the need for excessive panic. Instead, proactive measures should be implemented to enhance the prevention and control of anthrax, ultimately leading to further improvements in public health.
{"title":"A review of epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and prevention strategies of human anthrax in China","authors":"Wenwen Xin , Nan Yue , Jinglin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthrax is a severe infectious illness triggered by the bacterium <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>. This bacterium is naturally found in soil and mainly impacts domestic and wild animals. Human anthrax infection occurs primarily through close occupational contact with infected livestock. Anthrax has been reported each year in China for decades since it became a reportable disease. However, concerns about anthrax are growing in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on Anthrax and <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>. We delineated the epidemiological traits of human anthrax in China as well as the potential risk factors for outbreaks. Additionally, we offer recommendations for prevention and control. We emphasize that effective management of anthrax in humans largely depends on the successful control of the disease in animals. It is also suggested that anthrax is unlikely to completely disappear or escalate into a large-scale epidemic in China in the near future. Human cases of anthrax are expected to remain at a low prevalence, which alleviates the need for excessive panic. Instead, proactive measures should be implemented to enhance the prevention and control of anthrax, ultimately leading to further improvements in public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes economic crises in dairy cattle production and poses public health impact. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, identify associated risk factors with bovine brucellosis and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dairy cattle owners on brucellosis.
Methods
A total of 426 blood samples of dairy cattle were screened with Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). Risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity and knowledge of respondents were assessed and data were analyzed using R software.
Results
The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.47 % (95 % CI: −0.182%-1.121%) and 4.43 % (95 % CI: −1.77 % - 10.47 %) at individual and herd level respectively. Analysis of risk factors using logistic regression indicated buying stock replacement (OR = 33.83, p = 0.000301), abortion history (OR = 5.90, 0.00579) and bull mating service (OR = 6.43, p = 0.01338) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity of Brucella infection in the dairy cattle.
Conclusion
The presence of serological reactors with significant risk factors indicates previous infection of brucellosis in the cattle population. Hence, culling of Brucella antibody reactor cows, stock replacement through Brucella testing and improving community awareness are recommended.
{"title":"Public health significance, seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in selected dairy farms of North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia","authors":"Gashaw Adane Erkyihun , Fikru Regassa Gari , Daniel Demissie Shewie , Teferi Bentti , Gezahegne Mamo Kassa","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes economic crises in dairy cattle production and poses public health impact. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, identify associated risk factors with bovine brucellosis and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dairy cattle owners on brucellosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 426 blood samples of dairy cattle were screened with Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). Risk factors associated with <em>Brucella</em> seropositivity and knowledge of respondents were assessed and data were analyzed using R software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.47 % (95 % CI: −0.182%-1.121%) and 4.43 % (95 % CI: −1.77 % - 10.47 %) at individual and herd level respectively. Analysis of risk factors using logistic regression indicated buying stock replacement (OR = 33.83, <em>p</em> = 0.000301), abortion history (OR = 5.90, 0.00579) and bull mating service (OR = 6.43, <em>p</em> = 0.01338) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity of <em>Brucella</em> infection in the dairy cattle.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The presence of serological reactors with significant risk factors indicates previous infection of brucellosis in the cattle population. Hence, culling of <em>Brucella</em> antibody reactor cows, stock replacement through <em>Brucella</em> testing and improving community awareness are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026
Li Zhuang , Yilu Zhao , Ling Yang , Linsheng Li , Zhaoyang Ye , Awais Ali , Yajing An , Ruizi Ni , Syed Luqman Ali , Wenping Gong
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease posing a serious threat to human health, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent and control TB, the existing Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine exhibits limited protective efficacy in adult pulmonary TB. Therefore, developing a novel TB vaccine is an urgent need.
Methods
This study designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) to combat MTB infection, utilizing bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. Dominant epitopes of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B lymphocytes were selected from antigens of MTB to construct the MEV. To enhance the targeting and immunogenicity of the vaccine, toll like receptor (TLR) agonists and PADRE helper peptides were incorporated into the design. In addition, comprehensive predictions have been made on the physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structure, spatial conformation, and molecular interactions with TLRs of MEVs. These evaluations also extend to the exploration of their immunological characteristics.
Results
A novel MEV named ZL9810L was successfully constructed, based on 8 HTL epitopes, 9 CTL epitopes, 10 B lymphocyte epitopes, Toll-like receptor agonists, and auxiliary peptides. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the ZL9810L vaccine has excellent immunogenicity and antigenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization capability, capable of significantly inducing a strong immune response and solubility, with scores of 2.21451, 0.8913, and 0.455 respectively. Moreover, the global population coverage of HLA class I and II allele genes by the ZL9810L vaccine reached 72.89 % and 81.49 %, respectively. Molecular docking analysis indicated good binding capacities of the ZL9810L vaccine to TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, with binding energies of −1028.5 kcal/mol and −1018.8 kcal/mol respectively. Immune simulation predicted that the vaccine could effectively activate innate and adaptive immune cells, including NK cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.
Conclusion
As a candidate for a novel TB vaccine, the ZL9810L vaccine exhibits significant immunogenicity and antigenicity, with no toxicity or allergenicity. The ZL9810L vaccine designed in this study provides a new vaccine candidate for TB control and prevention.
背景结核病（TB）是一种严重威胁人类健康的全球性传染病，由结核分枝杆菌（MTB）感染引起。虽然接种疫苗是预防和控制结核病的最有效方法，但现有的卡介苗（BCG）对成人肺结核的保护效力有限。本研究利用生物信息学和免疫信息学方法设计了一种新型多表位疫苗（MEV），以对抗 MTB 感染。从 MTB 抗原中筛选出辅助性 T 淋巴细胞（HTL）、细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞（CTL）和 B 淋巴细胞的优势表位来构建 MEV。为了增强疫苗的靶向性和免疫原性，设计中加入了类毒素受体（TLR）激动剂和 PADRE 辅助肽。此外，还对 MEV 的理化性质、三维结构、空间构象以及与 TLR 的分子相互作用进行了全面预测。结果 基于 8 个 HTL 表位、9 个 CTL 表位、10 个 B 淋巴细胞表位、Toll 样受体激动剂和辅助肽，成功构建了名为 ZL9810L 的新型 MEV。生物信息学分析表明，ZL9810L 疫苗具有良好的免疫原性和抗原性、无毒性和无致敏性，能显著诱导强烈的免疫应答，溶解性得分分别为 2.21451、0.8913 和 0.455。此外，ZL9810L 疫苗对全球 HLA I 类和 II 类等位基因的覆盖率分别达到 72.89 % 和 81.49 %。分子对接分析表明，ZL9810L 疫苗与 TLR2 和 TLR4 受体的结合能力良好，结合能分别为 -1028.5 kcal/mol 和 -1018.8 kcal/mol。免疫模拟预测该疫苗可有效激活先天性和适应性免疫细胞，包括 NK 细胞、巨噬细胞、B 淋巴细胞和 T 淋巴细胞。本研究设计的 ZL9810L 疫苗为结核病的控制和预防提供了一种新的候选疫苗。
{"title":"Harnessing bioinformatics for the development of a promising multi-epitope vaccine against tuberculosis: The ZL9810L vaccine","authors":"Li Zhuang , Yilu Zhao , Ling Yang , Linsheng Li , Zhaoyang Ye , Awais Ali , Yajing An , Ruizi Ni , Syed Luqman Ali , Wenping Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease posing a serious threat to human health, caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MTB) infection. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent and control TB, the existing Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine exhibits limited protective efficacy in adult pulmonary TB. Therefore, developing a novel TB vaccine is an urgent need.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) to combat MTB infection, utilizing bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. Dominant epitopes of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B lymphocytes were selected from antigens of MTB to construct the MEV. To enhance the targeting and immunogenicity of the vaccine, toll like receptor (TLR) agonists and PADRE helper peptides were incorporated into the design. In addition, comprehensive predictions have been made on the physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structure, spatial conformation, and molecular interactions with TLRs of MEVs. These evaluations also extend to the exploration of their immunological characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A novel MEV named ZL9810L was successfully constructed, based on 8 HTL epitopes, 9 CTL epitopes, 10 B lymphocyte epitopes, Toll-like receptor agonists, and auxiliary peptides. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the ZL9810L vaccine has excellent immunogenicity and antigenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization capability, capable of significantly inducing a strong immune response and solubility, with scores of 2.21451, 0.8913, and 0.455 respectively. Moreover, the global population coverage of HLA class I and II allele genes by the ZL9810L vaccine reached 72.89 % and 81.49 %, respectively. Molecular docking analysis indicated good binding capacities of the ZL9810L vaccine to TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, with binding energies of −1028.5 kcal/mol and −1018.8 kcal/mol respectively. Immune simulation predicted that the vaccine could effectively activate innate and adaptive immune cells, including NK cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>As a candidate for a novel TB vaccine, the ZL9810L vaccine exhibits significant immunogenicity and antigenicity, with no toxicity or allergenicity. The ZL9810L vaccine designed in this study provides a new vaccine candidate for TB control and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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