Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100032
Akmal Zubair, Rawaha Mukhtar, Hanbal Ahmed, Muhammad Ali
Zoonotic illnesses are defined as diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through various channels. More than sixty percent of disease-causing organisms capable of affecting humans are classified as zoonoses. This category encompasses many parasites, including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and others. The emergence of zoonotic diseases is influenced by a variety of various elements that come into play. These include changes in the climate, the clearing out of forests, the illicit trade of goods, the use of agricultural methods that are not sustainable, the eradication of ecosystems, urbanization, and neutralization. Artificial intelligence is now a trendy subject of debate. This popularity may be attributed to artificial intelligence's accuracy and its capacity to predict zoonotic illnesses. In the course of the inquiry into zoonotic illnesses, the use of artificial intelligence has shown to be of considerable assistance. The goal of this study is to shed light on the elements that contribute to the appearance and reappearance of zoonotic diseases, as well as the role that artificial intelligence particularly some of the most significant machine learning techniques, such as support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), Bayesian network, Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Clustering, Poisson Point Process and Deep Denoising Autoencoder to the fight against the various infectious diseases. In addition, this review will discuss the factors that contribute to the appearance and reappearance of zoonotic illnesses.
{"title":"Emergencies of zoonotic diseases, drivers, and the role of artificial intelligence in tracking the epidemic and pandemics","authors":"Akmal Zubair, Rawaha Mukhtar, Hanbal Ahmed, Muhammad Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zoonotic illnesses are defined as diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through various channels. More than sixty percent of disease-causing organisms capable of affecting humans are classified as zoonoses. This category encompasses many parasites, including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and others. The emergence of zoonotic diseases is influenced by a variety of various elements that come into play. These include changes in the climate, the clearing out of forests, the illicit trade of goods, the use of agricultural methods that are not sustainable, the eradication of ecosystems, urbanization, and neutralization. Artificial intelligence is now a trendy subject of debate. This popularity may be attributed to artificial intelligence's accuracy and its capacity to predict zoonotic illnesses. In the course of the inquiry into zoonotic illnesses, the use of artificial intelligence has shown to be of considerable assistance. The goal of this study is to shed light on the elements that contribute to the appearance and reappearance of zoonotic diseases, as well as the role that artificial intelligence particularly some of the most significant machine learning techniques, such as support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), Bayesian network, Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Clustering, Poisson Point Process and Deep Denoising Autoencoder to the fight against the various infectious diseases. In addition, this review will discuss the factors that contribute to the appearance and reappearance of zoonotic illnesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024
Wenwen Xin , Nan Yue , Jinglin Wang
Anthrax is a severe infectious illness triggered by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium is naturally found in soil and mainly impacts domestic and wild animals. Human anthrax infection occurs primarily through close occupational contact with infected livestock. Anthrax has been reported each year in China for decades since it became a reportable disease. However, concerns about anthrax are growing in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on Anthrax and Bacillus anthracis. We delineated the epidemiological traits of human anthrax in China as well as the potential risk factors for outbreaks. Additionally, we offer recommendations for prevention and control. We emphasize that effective management of anthrax in humans largely depends on the successful control of the disease in animals. It is also suggested that anthrax is unlikely to completely disappear or escalate into a large-scale epidemic in China in the near future. Human cases of anthrax are expected to remain at a low prevalence, which alleviates the need for excessive panic. Instead, proactive measures should be implemented to enhance the prevention and control of anthrax, ultimately leading to further improvements in public health.
{"title":"A review of epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and prevention strategies of human anthrax in China","authors":"Wenwen Xin , Nan Yue , Jinglin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthrax is a severe infectious illness triggered by the bacterium <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>. This bacterium is naturally found in soil and mainly impacts domestic and wild animals. Human anthrax infection occurs primarily through close occupational contact with infected livestock. Anthrax has been reported each year in China for decades since it became a reportable disease. However, concerns about anthrax are growing in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on Anthrax and <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>. We delineated the epidemiological traits of human anthrax in China as well as the potential risk factors for outbreaks. Additionally, we offer recommendations for prevention and control. We emphasize that effective management of anthrax in humans largely depends on the successful control of the disease in animals. It is also suggested that anthrax is unlikely to completely disappear or escalate into a large-scale epidemic in China in the near future. Human cases of anthrax are expected to remain at a low prevalence, which alleviates the need for excessive panic. Instead, proactive measures should be implemented to enhance the prevention and control of anthrax, ultimately leading to further improvements in public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes economic crises in dairy cattle production and poses public health impact. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, identify associated risk factors with bovine brucellosis and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dairy cattle owners on brucellosis.
Methods
A total of 426 blood samples of dairy cattle were screened with Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). Risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity and knowledge of respondents were assessed and data were analyzed using R software.
Results
The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.47 % (95 % CI: −0.182%-1.121%) and 4.43 % (95 % CI: −1.77 % - 10.47 %) at individual and herd level respectively. Analysis of risk factors using logistic regression indicated buying stock replacement (OR = 33.83, p = 0.000301), abortion history (OR = 5.90, 0.00579) and bull mating service (OR = 6.43, p = 0.01338) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity of Brucella infection in the dairy cattle.
Conclusion
The presence of serological reactors with significant risk factors indicates previous infection of brucellosis in the cattle population. Hence, culling of Brucella antibody reactor cows, stock replacement through Brucella testing and improving community awareness are recommended.
{"title":"Public health significance, seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in selected dairy farms of North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia","authors":"Gashaw Adane Erkyihun , Fikru Regassa Gari , Daniel Demissie Shewie , Teferi Bentti , Gezahegne Mamo Kassa","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes economic crises in dairy cattle production and poses public health impact. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, identify associated risk factors with bovine brucellosis and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dairy cattle owners on brucellosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 426 blood samples of dairy cattle were screened with Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). Risk factors associated with <em>Brucella</em> seropositivity and knowledge of respondents were assessed and data were analyzed using R software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.47 % (95 % CI: −0.182%-1.121%) and 4.43 % (95 % CI: −1.77 % - 10.47 %) at individual and herd level respectively. Analysis of risk factors using logistic regression indicated buying stock replacement (OR = 33.83, <em>p</em> = 0.000301), abortion history (OR = 5.90, 0.00579) and bull mating service (OR = 6.43, <em>p</em> = 0.01338) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity of <em>Brucella</em> infection in the dairy cattle.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The presence of serological reactors with significant risk factors indicates previous infection of brucellosis in the cattle population. Hence, culling of <em>Brucella</em> antibody reactor cows, stock replacement through <em>Brucella</em> testing and improving community awareness are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026
Li Zhuang , Yilu Zhao , Ling Yang , Linsheng Li , Zhaoyang Ye , Awais Ali , Yajing An , Ruizi Ni , Syed Luqman Ali , Wenping Gong
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease posing a serious threat to human health, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent and control TB, the existing Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine exhibits limited protective efficacy in adult pulmonary TB. Therefore, developing a novel TB vaccine is an urgent need.
Methods
This study designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) to combat MTB infection, utilizing bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. Dominant epitopes of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B lymphocytes were selected from antigens of MTB to construct the MEV. To enhance the targeting and immunogenicity of the vaccine, toll like receptor (TLR) agonists and PADRE helper peptides were incorporated into the design. In addition, comprehensive predictions have been made on the physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structure, spatial conformation, and molecular interactions with TLRs of MEVs. These evaluations also extend to the exploration of their immunological characteristics.
Results
A novel MEV named ZL9810L was successfully constructed, based on 8 HTL epitopes, 9 CTL epitopes, 10 B lymphocyte epitopes, Toll-like receptor agonists, and auxiliary peptides. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the ZL9810L vaccine has excellent immunogenicity and antigenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization capability, capable of significantly inducing a strong immune response and solubility, with scores of 2.21451, 0.8913, and 0.455 respectively. Moreover, the global population coverage of HLA class I and II allele genes by the ZL9810L vaccine reached 72.89 % and 81.49 %, respectively. Molecular docking analysis indicated good binding capacities of the ZL9810L vaccine to TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, with binding energies of −1028.5 kcal/mol and −1018.8 kcal/mol respectively. Immune simulation predicted that the vaccine could effectively activate innate and adaptive immune cells, including NK cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.
Conclusion
As a candidate for a novel TB vaccine, the ZL9810L vaccine exhibits significant immunogenicity and antigenicity, with no toxicity or allergenicity. The ZL9810L vaccine designed in this study provides a new vaccine candidate for TB control and prevention.
背景结核病（TB）是一种严重威胁人类健康的全球性传染病，由结核分枝杆菌（MTB）感染引起。虽然接种疫苗是预防和控制结核病的最有效方法，但现有的卡介苗（BCG）对成人肺结核的保护效力有限。本研究利用生物信息学和免疫信息学方法设计了一种新型多表位疫苗（MEV），以对抗 MTB 感染。从 MTB 抗原中筛选出辅助性 T 淋巴细胞（HTL）、细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞（CTL）和 B 淋巴细胞的优势表位来构建 MEV。为了增强疫苗的靶向性和免疫原性，设计中加入了类毒素受体（TLR）激动剂和 PADRE 辅助肽。此外，还对 MEV 的理化性质、三维结构、空间构象以及与 TLR 的分子相互作用进行了全面预测。结果 基于 8 个 HTL 表位、9 个 CTL 表位、10 个 B 淋巴细胞表位、Toll 样受体激动剂和辅助肽，成功构建了名为 ZL9810L 的新型 MEV。生物信息学分析表明，ZL9810L 疫苗具有良好的免疫原性和抗原性、无毒性和无致敏性，能显著诱导强烈的免疫应答，溶解性得分分别为 2.21451、0.8913 和 0.455。此外，ZL9810L 疫苗对全球 HLA I 类和 II 类等位基因的覆盖率分别达到 72.89 % 和 81.49 %。分子对接分析表明，ZL9810L 疫苗与 TLR2 和 TLR4 受体的结合能力良好，结合能分别为 -1028.5 kcal/mol 和 -1018.8 kcal/mol。免疫模拟预测该疫苗可有效激活先天性和适应性免疫细胞，包括 NK 细胞、巨噬细胞、B 淋巴细胞和 T 淋巴细胞。本研究设计的 ZL9810L 疫苗为结核病的控制和预防提供了一种新的候选疫苗。
{"title":"Harnessing bioinformatics for the development of a promising multi-epitope vaccine against tuberculosis: The ZL9810L vaccine","authors":"Li Zhuang , Yilu Zhao , Ling Yang , Linsheng Li , Zhaoyang Ye , Awais Ali , Yajing An , Ruizi Ni , Syed Luqman Ali , Wenping Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease posing a serious threat to human health, caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MTB) infection. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent and control TB, the existing Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine exhibits limited protective efficacy in adult pulmonary TB. Therefore, developing a novel TB vaccine is an urgent need.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) to combat MTB infection, utilizing bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. Dominant epitopes of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B lymphocytes were selected from antigens of MTB to construct the MEV. To enhance the targeting and immunogenicity of the vaccine, toll like receptor (TLR) agonists and PADRE helper peptides were incorporated into the design. In addition, comprehensive predictions have been made on the physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structure, spatial conformation, and molecular interactions with TLRs of MEVs. These evaluations also extend to the exploration of their immunological characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A novel MEV named ZL9810L was successfully constructed, based on 8 HTL epitopes, 9 CTL epitopes, 10 B lymphocyte epitopes, Toll-like receptor agonists, and auxiliary peptides. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the ZL9810L vaccine has excellent immunogenicity and antigenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization capability, capable of significantly inducing a strong immune response and solubility, with scores of 2.21451, 0.8913, and 0.455 respectively. Moreover, the global population coverage of HLA class I and II allele genes by the ZL9810L vaccine reached 72.89 % and 81.49 %, respectively. Molecular docking analysis indicated good binding capacities of the ZL9810L vaccine to TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, with binding energies of −1028.5 kcal/mol and −1018.8 kcal/mol respectively. Immune simulation predicted that the vaccine could effectively activate innate and adaptive immune cells, including NK cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>As a candidate for a novel TB vaccine, the ZL9810L vaccine exhibits significant immunogenicity and antigenicity, with no toxicity or allergenicity. The ZL9810L vaccine designed in this study provides a new vaccine candidate for TB control and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rabies is a viral zoonosis which affects nearly every region of the world. Once symptoms appear, the disease is 100 % fatal, although it is 100 % preventable through vaccination. Human rabies is typically caused by virus transmitted from the bite of an infected dog. Rabies results in significant economic costs and human fatalities, with children being disproportionately affected. Numerous countries have embraced a global goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. In line with this, Ethiopia has integrated a global prevention and elimination strategy into its national program, and is implementing various interventions. During 2022 and 2023, the Ministry of Agriculture, in partnership with One Health collaborators, vaccinated over 350,000 domestic dogs. Documenting these efforts and best practices is essential for sharing ongoing control and elimination experiences with other countries. This review outlines the burden and impact of rabies, the current status of the Ethiopian 2030 rabies control and elimination program, and its achievements and challenges. The review also highlights the current state of stakeholder collaboration and coordination efforts.
{"title":"Efforts of rabies elimination with a One Health approach and SARE tools in Ethiopia","authors":"Gashaw Adane Erkyihun , Sisay Getachew Deressa , Wubishet Zewdie Wakene , Fikru Regassa Gari","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rabies is a viral zoonosis which affects nearly every region of the world. Once symptoms appear, the disease is 100 % fatal, although it is 100 % preventable through vaccination. Human rabies is typically caused by virus transmitted from the bite of an infected dog. Rabies results in significant economic costs and human fatalities, with children being disproportionately affected. Numerous countries have embraced a global goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. In line with this, Ethiopia has integrated a global prevention and elimination strategy into its national program, and is implementing various interventions. During 2022 and 2023, the Ministry of Agriculture, in partnership with One Health collaborators, vaccinated over 350,000 domestic dogs. Documenting these efforts and best practices is essential for sharing ongoing control and elimination experiences with other countries. This review outlines the burden and impact of rabies, the current status of the Ethiopian 2030 rabies control and elimination program, and its achievements and challenges. The review also highlights the current state of stakeholder collaboration and coordination efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100030
Shun-Xian Zhang , Guo-Bing Yang , Jian Yang , Fan-Na Wei , Shan Lv , Lei Duan , Li-Guang Tian , Mu-Xin Chen , Qin Liu , Yan Lu , Ji-Chun Wang , Shi-Zhu Li , Xiao-Nong Zhou
Background
Malaria is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by Plasmodium parasites. This study analyzes data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to systematically assess global epidemiological trends and the malaria burden from 1990 to 2021, providing scientific insights for malaria prevention and control.
Methods
Using GBD 2021 data, we analyzed trends in malaria incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, regions, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future burden of malaria, while the average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to describe overall trends in age-standardized rates (ASR) and counts from 1990 to 2021.
Results
From 1990 to 2021, significant decreases were observed in the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR, AAPC = −7.25%; 95% CI: −11.68%, −2.81%), prevalence rate (ASPR, AAPC = −14.42%; 95% CI: −15.99%, −12.84%), mortality rate (ASMR, AAPC = −0.06%; 95 % CI: −0.08%, −0.05%), and age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.86%; 95 % CI: −5.81%, −3.91%). However, no significant changes were found in ASIR for East Asia (AAPC = −0.30%; 95% CI: −0.96%, 0.37%), high-income Asia Pacific (AAPC = −0.03%; 95% CI: −0.07%, 0.01%), and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa (AAPC = 1.09%; 95% CI: −29.12%, 31.30%), while the remaining 14 regions showed a decline. The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rates for malaria, as well as total cases and deaths, did not significantly differ between males and females across all age groups. Notably, the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates were observed in children under five years of age. Between 1990 and 2021, the ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rate for malaria were inversely correlated with SDI levels.
Conclusions
Although global malaria burden has steadily declined, malaria remains a serious public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, especially among children under five. To address the continuing threat of malaria, immediate implementation of stronger and more effective global control strategies is essential.
{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of malaria, 1990–2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","authors":"Shun-Xian Zhang , Guo-Bing Yang , Jian Yang , Fan-Na Wei , Shan Lv , Lei Duan , Li-Guang Tian , Mu-Xin Chen , Qin Liu , Yan Lu , Ji-Chun Wang , Shi-Zhu Li , Xiao-Nong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Malaria is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by Plasmodium parasites. This study analyzes data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to systematically assess global epidemiological trends and the malaria burden from 1990 to 2021, providing scientific insights for malaria prevention and control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using GBD 2021 data, we analyzed trends in malaria incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, regions, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future burden of malaria, while the average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to describe overall trends in age-standardized rates (ASR) and counts from 1990 to 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 1990 to 2021, significant decreases were observed in the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR, AAPC = −7.25%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −11.68%, −2.81%), prevalence rate (ASPR, AAPC = −14.42%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −15.99%, −12.84%), mortality rate (ASMR, AAPC = −0.06%; 95 % <em>CI</em>: −0.08%, −0.05%), and age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.86%; 95 % <em>CI</em>: −5.81%, −3.91%). However, no significant changes were found in ASIR for East Asia (AAPC = −0.30%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −0.96%, 0.37%), high-income Asia Pacific (AAPC = −0.03%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −0.07%, 0.01%), and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa (AAPC = 1.09%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −29.12%, 31.30%), while the remaining 14 regions showed a decline. The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rates for malaria, as well as total cases and deaths, did not significantly differ between males and females across all age groups. Notably, the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates were observed in children under five years of age. Between 1990 and 2021, the ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rate for malaria were inversely correlated with SDI levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although global malaria burden has steadily declined, malaria remains a serious public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, especially among children under five. To address the continuing threat of malaria, immediate implementation of stronger and more effective global control strategies is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100018
Liwang Cui, Kami Kim
The emergence of locally transmitted Plasmodium vivax malaria in Florida from May to July 2023 underscores the persistent threat of malaria reintroduction in non-endemic regions. The increasing instances of imported malaria associated with international travel, alongside the existence of competent local vectors, emphasize the critical need for public health authorities in non-endemic countries to remain vigilant and well-prepared to sustain a malaria-free status.
{"title":"Recent malaria outbreak in the USA: Risk of and response to malaria reintroduction in non-endemic regions","authors":"Liwang Cui, Kami Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The emergence of locally transmitted <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> malaria in Florida from May to July 2023 underscores the persistent threat of malaria reintroduction in non-endemic regions. The increasing instances of imported malaria associated with international travel, alongside the existence of competent local vectors, emphasize the critical need for public health authorities in non-endemic countries to remain vigilant and well-prepared to sustain a malaria-free status.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949924024000028/pdfft?md5=a01a4f9c6ad56e8750976a379ea660a6&pid=1-s2.0-S2949924024000028-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140320408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100020
Yuheng Liu , Yao Liao , Ji Wu , ZiFeng Zhu , DingHao Li , Lifu Wang
Tuberculosis (TB) is a globally prevalent infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A majority of TB patients develop a latent infection, making disease diagnosis more challenging. However, current diagnostic methods are not able to accurately identify TB patients and those with latent TB. Therefore, there is a need to develop new methods for the accurate diagnosis of TB. Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40∼160 nm, contain a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Recent research suggests that exosomes can be used for disease diagnosis, and exosome-derived substances such as proteins, miRNAs show great potential as disease biomarkers. This study aims to review the progress of exosomes in diagnosing TB and proposes new ideas for exploring exosomal biomarkers of TB.
{"title":"Progress of exosomes in diagnosis of tuberculosis","authors":"Yuheng Liu , Yao Liao , Ji Wu , ZiFeng Zhu , DingHao Li , Lifu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is a globally prevalent infectious disease caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. A majority of TB patients develop a latent infection, making disease diagnosis more challenging. However, current diagnostic methods are not able to accurately identify TB patients and those with latent TB. Therefore, there is a need to develop new methods for the accurate diagnosis of TB. Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40∼160 nm, contain a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Recent research suggests that exosomes can be used for disease diagnosis, and exosome-derived substances such as proteins, miRNAs show great potential as disease biomarkers. This study aims to review the progress of exosomes in diagnosing TB and proposes new ideas for exploring exosomal biomarkers of TB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949924024000041/pdfft?md5=2794c105989f0210e6c44780cb75d5cd&pid=1-s2.0-S2949924024000041-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2023.100007
Jun Feng , Zhen Xu , Yuan Zhuang , Mingxiang Liu , Jiayuan Luo , Yitong Wu , Yong Chen , Min Chen
Considered as the last defense line against Gram-negative bacteria, colistin is particularly effective against multiple drug-resistant bacteria such as multi-drug resistance (MDR) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). However, since the plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance-1 (mcr-1) was first reported in China in 2015, it has been widely detected from humans, animals, and the environment across 47 countries/regions worldwide by 2019, which has attracted the attention of the World Health Organization and global government departments, who formulated emergency strategies and interventions to contain its emergence and spread. At present, three kinds of colistin for clinical injection have been adopted in clinic in China. Due to drug pressure screening, the risk with Gram-negative bacteria developing resistance to colistin may corresponding increase. Therefore, rapid, accurate and sensitive detection methods are particularly needed. This review summarizes the prevalence of mcr-1, in addition to a diverse assortment of different detection techniques of colistin resistance, and analyzes the application scenarios, advantages, and challenges of different technologies, in order to provide a scientific evidence-based proof for the rapid detection of colistin resistance.
{"title":"The prevalence, diagnosis, and dissemination of mcr-1 in colistin resistance: Progress and challenge","authors":"Jun Feng , Zhen Xu , Yuan Zhuang , Mingxiang Liu , Jiayuan Luo , Yitong Wu , Yong Chen , Min Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2023.100007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2023.100007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considered as the last defense line against Gram-negative bacteria, colistin is particularly effective against multiple drug-resistant bacteria such as multi-drug resistance (MDR) and carbapenem-resistant <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> (CRE). However, since the plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance-1 (<em>mcr-1</em>) was first reported in China in 2015, it has been widely detected from humans, animals, and the environment across 47 countries/regions worldwide by 2019, which has attracted the attention of the World Health Organization and global government departments, who formulated emergency strategies and interventions to contain its emergence and spread. At present, three kinds of colistin for clinical injection have been adopted in clinic in China. Due to drug pressure screening, the risk with Gram-negative bacteria developing resistance to colistin may corresponding increase. Therefore, rapid, accurate and sensitive detection methods are particularly needed. This review summarizes the prevalence of <em>mcr-1</em>, in addition to a diverse assortment of different detection techniques of colistin resistance, and analyzes the application scenarios, advantages, and challenges of different technologies, in order to provide a scientific evidence-based proof for the rapid detection of colistin resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949924023000071/pdfft?md5=61c26d50a9ff064c3550394341a47742&pid=1-s2.0-S2949924023000071-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138570696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcit.2023.100005
Tian Zeng , Peng Huang , Weilong Tan , Zepei Feng , Jianguo Shao , Xueshan Xia , Chao Shen , Liqin Qian , Bingqing Wang , Zhengjie Li , Chuanlong Zhu , Yun Zhang , Ming Yue
Background
HCV/HIV co-infections were initially a contentious consideration for liver transplantation, primarily due to their suboptimal response to interferon-based treatments and unfavorable post-transplantation outcomes. The potential concern in this patient group arises from drug–drug interactions between DAAs and ARVs, with data on the effectiveness and safety of DAAs in this demographic primarily derived from isolated case studies. This extensive review assesses the safety and efficacy of DAAs in liver transplants for individuals with concurrent HIV and HCV infections.
Methods
Conducting a systematic search across multiple databases until April 2023, our primary focus was the evaluation of outcomes, specifically the proportion of sustained virologic responses at week 12 following therapy (SVR12). To gauge publication bias, we scrutinized funnel plots and conducted Egger tests.
Results
Nine studies encompassed a participant pool of 269 individuals, with a statistical estimate of SVR12 at 92% (95% CI: 88–95). Subgroup analysis showed that the ratio of binding SVR12 of genotype (GT) 1a was 97% (95% CI: 87–100), while that of GT3 was 100% (95% CI: 92–100); 88% (95%CI: 80–95) for pre-transplant treatments; and 95% (95%CI: 91–99) for post-transplant treatments subgroup. A total of 8 patients died during SVR12 completion while 269 had a survival rate of 99% (95% CI 97–100). After one year of follow-up, four studies recorded a 98% survival rate (95% CI 94–100). Egger's test did not reveal any publication bias.
Conclusion
Administration of DAAs during liver transplantation for HCV patients with HIV infections has a high efficacy and safety. Early consideration of HCV therapy should be the goal for all liver transplant recipients.
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of directly acting antiviral drugs in HCV patients with HIV in liver transplantation: A meta-analysis","authors":"Tian Zeng , Peng Huang , Weilong Tan , Zepei Feng , Jianguo Shao , Xueshan Xia , Chao Shen , Liqin Qian , Bingqing Wang , Zhengjie Li , Chuanlong Zhu , Yun Zhang , Ming Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2023.100005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2023.100005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>HCV/HIV co-infections were initially a contentious consideration for liver transplantation, primarily due to their suboptimal response to interferon-based treatments and unfavorable post-transplantation outcomes. The potential concern in this patient group arises from drug–drug interactions between DAAs and ARVs, with data on the effectiveness and safety of DAAs in this demographic primarily derived from isolated case studies. This extensive review assesses the safety and efficacy of DAAs in liver transplants for individuals with concurrent HIV and HCV infections.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Conducting a systematic search across multiple databases until April 2023, our primary focus was the evaluation of outcomes, specifically the proportion of sustained virologic responses at week 12 following therapy (SVR12). To gauge publication bias, we scrutinized funnel plots and conducted Egger tests.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Nine studies encompassed a participant pool of 269 individuals, with a statistical estimate of SVR12 at 92% (95% CI: 88–95). Subgroup analysis showed that the ratio of binding SVR12 of genotype (GT) 1a was 97% (95% CI: 87–100), while that of GT3 was 100% (95% CI: 92–100); 88% (95%CI: 80–95) for pre-transplant treatments; and 95% (95%CI: 91–99) for post-transplant treatments subgroup. A total of 8 patients died during SVR12 completion while 269 had a survival rate of 99% (95% CI 97–100). After one year of follow-up, four studies recorded a 98% survival rate (95% CI 94–100). Egger's test did not reveal any publication bias.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Administration of DAAs during liver transplantation for HCV patients with HIV infections has a high efficacy and safety. Early consideration of HCV therapy should be the goal for all liver transplant recipients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949924023000058/pdfft?md5=d05d48f565fa7cbefb97fc40c6aafd08&pid=1-s2.0-S2949924023000058-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134656657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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