Earthquake Research Advances最新文献

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The representative scientific results of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite 中国地震电磁卫星的代表性科学成果

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100314

Zhima Zeren, Yanyan Yang, Rui Yan, Zhenxia Zhang, Jie Wang, He Huang, Song Xu, Hengxin Lu, Na Zhou, Jianping Huang

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) launched on February 2, 2018, has been steadily operating in orbit for more than six years, exceeding its designed five-year lifespan expectation. The evaluation results suggest that the satellite platform and the majority of payloads are performing well, and still providing reliable measurements. This report briefly introduces the representative scientific results obtained from CSES-01's five-year observations. The first result is the long-term global geophysical field data accumulated for the first time, including the global geomagnetic field, the electromagnetic field and waves in a broad frequency band, the in-situ and profile ionospheric plasma parameters, and the energetic particles. The second result is that a series of data processing and validation methods were obtained, and some of the methods are unique worldwide. The third result is that the geomagnetic field, lithospheric magnetic field, and ionospheric electron density 3D models were built based on CSES-01’ s data. The fourth result is that statistical features of seismic-ionospheric disturbances were revealed and the direct observational evidence for the electromagnetic wave propagation models in the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere was also confirmed. The fifth result is the physical processing of the space weather events was clearly described, showing CSES-01's good capability of monitoring space weather conditions.

{"title":"The representative scientific results of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite","authors":"Zhima Zeren, Yanyan Yang, Rui Yan, Zhenxia Zhang, Jie Wang, He Huang, Song Xu, Hengxin Lu, Na Zhou, Jianping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) launched on February 2, 2018, has been steadily operating in orbit for more than six years, exceeding its designed five-year lifespan expectation. The evaluation results suggest that the satellite platform and the majority of payloads are performing well, and still providing reliable measurements. This report briefly introduces the representative scientific results obtained from CSES-01's five-year observations. The first result is the long-term global geophysical field data accumulated for the first time, including the global geomagnetic field, the electromagnetic field and waves in a broad frequency band, the in-situ and profile ionospheric plasma parameters, and the energetic particles. The second result is that a series of data processing and validation methods were obtained, and some of the methods are unique worldwide. The third result is that the geomagnetic field, lithospheric magnetic field, and ionospheric electron density 3D models were built based on CSES-01’ s data. The fourth result is that statistical features of seismic-ionospheric disturbances were revealed and the direct observational evidence for the electromagnetic wave propagation models in the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere was also confirmed. The fifth result is the physical processing of the space weather events was clearly described, showing CSES-01's good capability of monitoring space weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100384,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Research Advances","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141393790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of seismic spatiotemporal characteristics and migration distance in the Badong section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100316

Guoyong Duan , Fei Li , Kongwei Wang , Yaobo Xu

This paper aims to elucidate the seismic characteristics of the Three Gorges Reservoir area after impoundment and investigate the seismic source migration. Based on the seismic data analysis from the Badong segment in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, we assessed the local temporal and spatial variations in the frequent earthquakes. Correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between changes in reservoir water levels and the occurrence of reservoir-induced earthquakes. Additionally, we examined the regularity of earthquake occurrences at the exact location during different periods. Based on the fault mechanics principles, a formula was derived to estimate the length of open and wing-shaped rupture at the hypocenter under the influence of pore or excess pore water pressure. The results reveal that reservoir-induced seismicity demonstrates short-term cycles characterized by alternating "active periods" and "quiet periods," as well as long-term cycles with the combined periods. The probability of earthquakes occurring within one year at the epicentre is relatively high and decreases after four years. The derived formula can be utilized to estimate the seismic migration distance at the epicentre in the short term. These research findings provide valuable insights for analyzing the regularity of reservoir-induced earthquake activities and understanding the mechanism of seismic source migration.

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引用次数: 0

The evolution process between the earthquake swarm beneath the Noto Peninsula, central Japan and the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake sequence

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100332

Zhigang Peng , Xinglin Lei , Qing-Yu Wang , Dun Wang , Phuc Mach , Dongdong Yao , Aitaro Kato , Kazushige Obara , Michel Campillo

Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation, such as pre-slip, cascade triggering, aseismic slip, and fluid-driven models, have been proposed. However, it is still not clear which model plays the most important role in driving foreshocks and mainshock nucleation for given cases. In this study, we focus on the relationship between an intensive earthquake swarm that started beneath the Noto Peninsula in Central Japan since November 2020 and the nucleation of the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake. We relocate earthquakes listed in the standard Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog since 2018 with the double-different relocation method. Relocated seismicity revealed that the 2024 M 7.6 mainshock likely ruptured a thrust fault above a parallel fault where the M 6.5 Suzu earthquake occurred in May 2023. We find possible along-strike and along-dip expansion of seismicity in the first few months at the beginning of the swarm sequence, while no obvious migration pattern in the last few days before the M 7.6 mainshock was observed. Several smaller events occurred in between the M 5.5 and M 4.6 foreshocks that occurred about 4 min and 2 min before the M7.6 mainshock. The Coulomb stress changes from the M 5.5 foreshock were negative at the hypocenter of the M 7.6 mainshock, which is inconsistent with a simple cascade triggering model. Moreover, an M 5.9 foreshock was identified in the JMA catalog 14 s before the mainshock. Results from back-projection of high-frequency teleseismic P waves show a prolonged initial rupture process near the mainshock hypocenter lasting for ∼25 s, before propagating bi-laterally outward. Our results suggest a complex evolution process linking the earthquake swarm to the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock at a region of complex structures associated with the bend of a mapped large-scale reverse fault. A combination of fluid migration, aseismic slip and elastic stress triggering likely work in concert to drive both the prolonged earthquake swarm and the nucleation of the M7.6 mainshock.

{"title":"The evolution process between the earthquake swarm beneath the Noto Peninsula, central Japan and the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake sequence","authors":"Zhigang Peng , Xinglin Lei , Qing-Yu Wang , Dun Wang , Phuc Mach , Dongdong Yao , Aitaro Kato , Kazushige Obara , Michel Campillo","doi":"10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation, such as pre-slip, cascade triggering, aseismic slip, and fluid-driven models, have been proposed. However, it is still not clear which model plays the most important role in driving foreshocks and mainshock nucleation for given cases. In this study, we focus on the relationship between an intensive earthquake swarm that started beneath the Noto Peninsula in Central Japan since November 2020 and the nucleation of the 2024 <em>M</em> 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake. We relocate earthquakes listed in the standard Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog since 2018 with the double-different relocation method. Relocated seismicity revealed that the 2024 <em>M</em> 7.6 mainshock likely ruptured a thrust fault above a parallel fault where the <em>M</em> 6.5 Suzu earthquake occurred in May 2023. We find possible along-strike and along-dip expansion of seismicity in the first few months at the beginning of the swarm sequence, while no obvious migration pattern in the last few days before the <em>M</em> 7.6 mainshock was observed. Several smaller events occurred in between the <em>M</em> 5.5 and <em>M</em> 4.6 foreshocks that occurred about 4 min and 2 min before the M7.6 mainshock. The Coulomb stress changes from the <em>M</em> 5.5 foreshock were negative at the hypocenter of the <em>M</em> 7.6 mainshock, which is inconsistent with a simple cascade triggering model. Moreover, an <em>M</em> 5.9 foreshock was identified in the JMA catalog 14 s before the mainshock. Results from back-projection of high-frequency teleseismic P waves show a prolonged initial rupture process near the mainshock hypocenter lasting for ∼25 s, before propagating bi-laterally outward. Our results suggest a complex evolution process linking the earthquake swarm to the nucleation of the <em>M</em> 7.6 mainshock at a region of complex structures associated with the bend of a mapped large-scale reverse fault. A combination of fluid migration, aseismic slip and elastic stress triggering likely work in concert to drive both the prolonged earthquake swarm and the nucleation of the M7.6 mainshock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100384,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Research Advances","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geophysical delineation of the newly identified Gulmarg fault in the Kashmir Basin, NW Himalaya. Implications for active structural control

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100315

Ayaz Mohmood Dar, Syed Kaiser Bukhari

The Kashmir Basin, shaped by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, features prominent faults, including the Balapur fault and other fault zones. This study focuses on the Gulmarg fault within the Northwestern Himalaya, using advanced geomagnetic techniques for delineation. Geomagnetic measurements reveal the characteristics of the newly identified Gulmarg fault. Ground magnetic surveys with Proton Precession Magnetometers along linear profiles and a magnetic grid highlight fault-related anomalies. The results indicate a fault running through the Gulmarg meadows, approximately 1.6 km from the Balapur fault, suggesting a potential coupling between the two. Three profiles across the fault exhibit distinctive magnetic variations, highlighting the intricate nature of the fault structure. Gridding methods also reveal anomalies associated with subsurface water and hydraulic activities, underscoring the importance of advanced geophysical techniques. This study emphasizes the significance of detailed investigations to unravel the complex geological processes shaping the Kashmir Basin. The study provides valuable insights into the tectonic activity in the Gulmarg region, underscoring the role of geophysical studies in enhancing our understanding of dynamic geological structures like the Gulmarg fault zone.

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引用次数: 0

Coseismic deformation and seismogenic structure of the 2024 Hualien Earthquake measured by InSAR and GNSS 利用 InSAR 和 GNSS 测量 2024 年花莲地震的共震变形和震源结构

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100328

Jiangtao Qiu , Lingyun Ji , Liangyu Zhu , Yongsheng Li , Chuanjin Liu , Qiang Zhao

On April 3, 2024, an M7.3 earthquake occurred in the offshore area of Hualien County, Taiwan, China. The seismogenic structure at the epicentral location was highly complex, and studying this earthquake is paramount for understanding regional fault activity. In this study, we employed ascending and descending orbit Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and utilized differential interferometry (InSAR) technique to obtain the co-seismic deformation field of this event. The line-of-sight deformation field revealed that the main deformation caused by this earthquake was predominantly uplift, with maximum uplift values of approximately 38.8 cm and 46.1 cm for the ascending and descending orbits, respectively. By integrating the three-dimensional GNSS co-seismic deformation field, we identified the seismogenic fault located in the offshore thrust zone east of Hualien, trending towards the northwest. The fault geometry parameters, obtained through the inversion of an elastic half-space homogeneous model, indicated an optimal fault strike of 196°, a dip angle of 30.9°, and an average strike-slip of 0.4 m and dip-slip of −2.6 m. This suggests that the predominant motion along the seismogenic fault is thrusting. The distribution of post-seismic Coulomb stress changes revealed that aftershocks mainly occurred in stress-loaded regions. However, stress loading was observed along the northern segment of the Longitudinal Valley Fault, with fewer aftershocks. This highlights the importance of closely monitoring the seismic hazard associated with this fault segment.

{"title":"Coseismic deformation and seismogenic structure of the 2024 Hualien Earthquake measured by InSAR and GNSS","authors":"Jiangtao Qiu , Lingyun Ji , Liangyu Zhu , Yongsheng Li , Chuanjin Liu , Qiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On April 3, 2024, an <em>M</em>7.3 earthquake occurred in the offshore area of Hualien County, Taiwan, China. The seismogenic structure at the epicentral location was highly complex, and studying this earthquake is paramount for understanding regional fault activity. In this study, we employed ascending and descending orbit Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and utilized differential interferometry (InSAR) technique to obtain the co-seismic deformation field of this event. The line-of-sight deformation field revealed that the main deformation caused by this earthquake was predominantly uplift, with maximum uplift values of approximately 38.8 cm and 46.1 cm for the ascending and descending orbits, respectively. By integrating the three-dimensional GNSS co-seismic deformation field, we identified the seismogenic fault located in the offshore thrust zone east of Hualien, trending towards the northwest. The fault geometry parameters, obtained through the inversion of an elastic half-space homogeneous model, indicated an optimal fault strike of 196°, a dip angle of 30.9°, and an average strike-slip of 0.4 m and dip-slip of −2.6 m. This suggests that the predominant motion along the seismogenic fault is thrusting. The distribution of post-seismic Coulomb stress changes revealed that aftershocks mainly occurred in stress-loaded regions. However, stress loading was observed along the northern segment of the Longitudinal Valley Fault, with fewer aftershocks. This highlights the importance of closely monitoring the seismic hazard associated with this fault segment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100384,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Research Advances","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Global research trends in seismic landslide: A bibliometric analysis

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100329

Mengjie Yang , Shenghua Cui , Tao Jiang

Earthquake-induced landslides have always been a hot research topic in the field of geosciences. However, there have been few bibliometric analyses on this topic. To systematically understand the research status, this study is based on bibliometrics and extensively uses visualization analysis techniques. It combines quantitative and qualitative methods to conduct an in-depth analysis of 5 016 papers collected from the Web of Science (www.webofscience.com). The results revealed that: ①The number of papers on earthquake-induced landslides is steadily increasing, and is expected to continue to rise. ②Countries prone to frequent earthquakes have made significant contributions to the research on earthquake-induced landslides, and the frequent and effective cooperation among these countries has had a very positive impact on promoting landslide study. ③ Research on earthquake-induced landslides is no longer limited to the field of geology, and the future direction is to integrate knowledge and technical methods from multiple disciplines. In the research methods of earthquake-induced landslides, there is a gradual shift from "experience, theory" to "data-driven". This study can provide researchers in this field with information on the core research forces, evolving hot topics, and future development trends of earthquake-induced landslides.

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引用次数: 0

The rupture process of the Hualien M7.3 sequence on April 3, 2024

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100333

Zhigao Yang , Huifang Chen

The Hualien M 7.3 earthquake on April 3, 2024, was a significant and strong earthquake in Taiwan, China in the past two decades. The rupture process of the main shock and strong aftershocks is of great significance to the subsequent seismic activity and seismogenic tectonic research. Based on local strong-motion data, we used the IDS (Iterative Deconvolution and Stacking) method to obtain the rupture process of the mainshock and two strong aftershocks on the 23rd. The rupture of the mainshock was mainly unilateral, lasting 31 s, with a maximum slip of 2 m, and the depth of the large slip zone is about 41–49 km. There is a clear difference between the rupture depth of the main shock and the two strong aftershocks. The depths of the large slip zones of the latter two are 3–9 km and 8–10 km, respectively. There is also a significant difference in the seismogenic fault between the mainshock and the aftershocks, and we believe that there are two seismogenic fault zones in the study area, the deep and the shallow fault zone. The slip of the deep faults activates the shallow faults.

引用次数: 0

Characterization and application of submarine seismic ambient noise in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea 渤海和黄海海底地震环境噪声数据分析及其应用

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100311

Submarine seismic ambient noise imaging combines current marine and on-land seismic detection technologies. Based on data from several broadband shallow-sea type ocean bottom seismometers (SOBSs) deployed in the Bohai Sea and north Yellow Sea, this paper analyzes the submarine seismic ambient noise characteristics. It explores the theory, technology, method and application of the submarine seismic ambient noise imaging using the single-point horizontal and vertical spectral ratio method (HVSR). The observations yield the following results: 1) Submarine seismic ambient noise has consistent and constant energy, making it an appropriate passive seismic source for submarine high-frequency surface wave investigation. 2) Using the HVSR approach, a single three-component OBS could differentiate between the basement and sediments. Array seismic observation could be utilized to extract the frequency dispersion curve and invert it to obtain the velocity structure for more accurate stratification. 3) The SOBS we use is suitable for submarine surface wave exploration. 4) Tomography results with greater resolution and deeper penetration could be obtained by combining active and passive sources in a simultaneous inversion of the HVSR and frequency dispersion curve. Seamless land-to-ocean seismic research can be accomplished with submarine seismic ambient noise imaging technologies.

海底地震环境噪声成像结合了当前的海洋和陆地地震探测技术。本文基于部署在渤海和黄海北部的多台宽带浅海型海底地震仪（SOBS）的数据，分析了海底地震环境噪声特征。本文采用单点水平和垂直谱比法（HVSR），探讨了海底地震环境噪声成像的理论、技术、方法和应用。观测结果如下1）海底地震环境噪声能量稳定、恒定，是海底高频面波研究的合适被动震源。2) 利用高频表面波研究方法，单个三分量 OBS 可以区分基底和沉积。阵列地震观测可用于提取频散曲线并反演，以获得速度结构，从而更准确地进行分层。3) 我们使用的 SOBS 适用于海底表面波探测。4) 将主动源和被动源结合起来，同时反演 HVSR 和频率频散曲线，可以获得分辨率更高、穿透力更强的层析成像结果。利用海底地震环境噪声成像技术，可以实现从陆地到海洋的无缝地震研究。

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引用次数: 0

3D shear wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy structure in the shallow crust of Binchuan Basin in Yunnan, Southwest China, from ambient noise tomography 通过环境噪声层析成像研究中国西南云南宾川盆地浅部地壳的三维剪切波速度和方位各向异性结构

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100327

Jing Wang , Huajian Yao , Ying Liu , Baoshan Wang , Weitao Wang

The Binchuan Basin in northwest Yunnan, southwest China, is a rift basin developed at the intersection of the Red River Fault and Chenghai Fault, where historical earthquakes have occurred. Understanding the fine velocity structure of the shallow crust in this region can help improve earthquake location accuracy and our understanding of the relationship between fault zone structures and fault slip behaviors. Using the continuous waveform data recorded by 381 dense array stations in 2017, we obtained 7 915 Rayleigh-wave phase velocity dispersion curves in the period band of 0.2–6 s from ambient noise cross-correlation functions after rigorous data processing and quality control. We determined 3D isotropic and azimuthally anisotropic shear wave velocity models at depths above 6 km in the shallow crust based on the direct surface wave azimuthal anisotropic tomography method. The isotropic model reveals a strong correspondence between the S-wave velocity structure at depths of 0–1 km and the regional topography and lithology. The Binchuan depocenter, Zhoucheng depocenter, Xiangyun Basin, and Xihai Rift Basin are primarily composed of Quaternary deposits, which show low-velocity anomalies, while the regions with the Paleozoic shale, limestone, and basalt exhibit high-velocity anomalies. The nearly N–S orientation of fast directions from azimuthal anisotropy models are mainly controlled by the active Binchuan Fault with N–S strike as well as the NNW-oriented primary compressive stress.

中国西南云南西北部的宾川盆地是一个裂谷盆地，发育于红河断层和程海断层交汇处，历史上曾发生过地震。了解该地区浅层地壳的精细速度结构有助于提高地震定位的准确性，也有助于我们理解断层带结构与断层滑动行为之间的关系。利用 2017 年 381 个密集阵台站记录的连续波形数据，经过严格的数据处理和质量控制，我们从环境噪声交叉相关函数中获得了 7 915 条 0.2-6 秒周期带的雷利波相速度频散曲线。根据直接面波方位各向异性层析成像方法，我们确定了浅地壳 6 千米以上深度的三维各向同性和方位各向异性剪切波速度模型。各向同性模型揭示了 0-1 千米深度的 S 波速度结构与区域地形和岩性之间的强烈对应关系。宾川沉积中心、周城沉积中心、祥云盆地和西海断裂盆地主要由第四系沉积组成，呈现低速异常，而古生代页岩、石灰岩和玄武岩地区则呈现高速异常。从方位各向异性模型来看，近N-S向的快速方向主要受N-S走向的活动宾川断裂以及NNW向的主压应力控制。

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A fast survey report about bridge damages by the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake 关于 2024 年能登半岛地震造成的桥梁损坏的快速调查报告

Earthquake Research Advances

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100312

The 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake was a significant seismic event that caused extensive damage across the region, characterized by a strong shake, subsequent tsunami, fires, liquefaction, and landslides. An emergency survey was conducted by our team from January 6 to January 8, 2024, focusing primarily on the impact of the earthquake on road bridges. This preliminary report includes ground motion records from the most affected areas and their response spectra, providing insights into the earthquake's intensity and characteristics. Among the key findings, substantial damage was reported to the long-span bridges connecting Noto Island to the mainland, specifically the Noto Island Ohashi Bridge and the Naka-Noto Agriculture Bridge (Twin Bridge Noto). These bridges are crucial as they serve as the sole access points to Noto Island. Additionally, the survey recorded damage to several other structures, including the Okogawa Bridges, Ouchigata Bridge, and a collapsed old wooden bridge.

2024 年能登半岛地震是一次重大地震事件，对整个地区造成了广泛破坏，其特点是强烈震动、随后的海啸、火灾、液化和山体滑坡。2024 年 1 月 6 日至 1 月 8 日，我们的团队进行了一次紧急调查，主要关注地震对道路桥梁的影响。这份初步报告包括受影响最严重地区的地动记录及其响应谱，为了解地震烈度和特征提供了依据。在主要发现中，连接能登岛和大陆的大跨度桥梁，特别是能登岛大桥和中能登农业大桥（能登双桥）受到了严重破坏。这些桥梁至关重要，因为它们是进入能登岛的唯一通道。此外，调查还记录了其他几座建筑的损坏情况，包括大川桥、大内形桥和一座倒塌的旧木桥。

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