Environmental Pollution (1970)最新文献

Roe deer antlers from three southern forest regions in Poland exposed to industrial pollution and from Białowieża Forest were investigated with regard to heavy metal and sulphur content. Zinc, lead, cadmium, iron and chromium occurred at higher levels in the antlers from the investigated regions than in the controls. The heavy metal pollution index shows that the greatest pollution by heavy metals occurs in Ojców National Park as well as in Silesian forests. Niepołomice Forest is contaminated mainly by derivatives of sulphur dioxide. Roe deer antlers appear to be sensitive indicators of industrial pollution in the forest ecosystem. Furthermore they are valuable bioindicators since they comprise the pollution sample accumulated in 130 days of growth and also because they may be available every year in great quantity.

Spray irrigation was used to test the survival and efficiency of forage grasses as a concentrating mechanism for the inorganic waste elements in leachate from a municipal solid waste sanitary landfill. Lime (0·67 metric tonnes/ha), rock phosphate, and superphosphate (each at 11·2 metric tonnes/ha) were applied in a randomised complete block design to reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea L., tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreb., cv. ‘Ky 31’, orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata L., bromegrass Bromus inermis Leyss., and bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cvs. ‘Midland’ and ‘Tufcote’. Leachate was applied by overhead rotary sprinklers in weekly 8-h applications from 22 October 1974 to 28 April 1975. The total application averaged about 155 cm.

Sprayed leachate contained about 500 ppm of Ca, 150 to 200 ppm of Na, Fe, and Cl, 50 to 100 ppm of Mn, K, Mg, and N, 2 to 5 ppm of Al, Sr, Zn, and P, and less than 0·5 ppm of Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased from approximately 7500 mg/litre in water emerging from landfill drains to 5000 mg/litre in sprayed leachate. Electroconductivity ranged from 3000 to 4000 μmhos/cm and pH from 5·3 to about 5·5.

Leachate irrigation appreciably increased Na, Fe, Mn, Cl, and S levels in all forages except orchardgrass. Lime significantly prevented Mn accumulation and benefited forage grass persistence. Reed canarygrass generally contained the highest levels of most elements and along with Tufcote bermudagrass was more leachate-tolerant than other grasses. Seasonal factors affected the uptake of several elements, e.g. Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, K, and Co were significantly lower in regrowth cuttings as compared with the first cuttings of Midland bermudagrass and reed canarygrass.

The great skua combines the traits favouring accumulation of pollutants. Levels of PCB and DDE are high, but there is no evidence of egg-shell thinning. There are indications of age-accumulation of heavy metals in adult great skuas and renal cadmium levels are very high in some individuals. Selenium concentrations correlate with mercury and cadmium concentrations. Possible protective effects of selenium are discussed. Levels of PCBs, DDE, HCB and dieldrin in eggs all correlate with each other, and vary greatly between individuals, suggesting individual variation in excretory rates, feeding habits or distribution in winter. Mercury levels in primary feathers correlate with those in liver so may be used to monitor without killing birds. The feeding habits and migrations of the great skua make it a suitable indicator of offshore pollution in the north-east Atlantic.