Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0016
E. Jessop
Public health and health systems must prepare a plan for the emergencies and disasters that will inevitably occur sooner or later. Such plans are needed at global, national, and local levels. A basic framework for emergency preparedness will include a cycle of plan–prepare–respond–recover–report. Planning includes consideration of all events that may occur, prioritized by severity and likelihood. Preparation includes consideration of staff, supplies, structures, and systems—including decision and communication systems. For mass casualty incidents, public health will likely have a lesser role in the response phase; but for pandemics, public health expertise is crucial. A prolonged recovery phase must be expected, even for acute incidents such as earthquakes and terrorism. Post-disaster incident reports allow learning to be shared; such reports also feed back into a revised plan. Mental healthcare and service abroad require specific attention. The concept of ‘everyday resilience’ can help systems to cope.
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Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0013
J. Smith, J. Mapstone
The importance of social and environmental factors in determining the health status of a population provides the context for the role of health services in health promotion and disease prevention. Health service providers play important roles as advocates, leaders, and partners in disease prevention and health promotion strategies. The initial sections of this chapter discuss the definition of prevention, levels of prevention, and the place of population-wide and high-risk approaches. It then discusses some of the public health skills that are required in prevention programmes, including assessing needs and priorities, evidence of effectiveness, the role of behavioural and implementation sciences, and the importance of evaluation. The chapter illustrates these principles using examples from communicable and non-communicable disease control.
{"title":"Health services for health promotion and disease prevention","authors":"J. Smith, J. Mapstone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of social and environmental factors in determining the health status of a population provides the context for the role of health services in health promotion and disease prevention. Health service providers play important roles as advocates, leaders, and partners in disease prevention and health promotion strategies. The initial sections of this chapter discuss the definition of prevention, levels of prevention, and the place of population-wide and high-risk approaches. It then discusses some of the public health skills that are required in prevention programmes, including assessing needs and priorities, evidence of effectiveness, the role of behavioural and implementation sciences, and the importance of evaluation. The chapter illustrates these principles using examples from communicable and non-communicable disease control.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"50 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76337045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0002
Rodrigo Tobias, J. Schweickardt, M. Harris
Access to healthcare is a particular challenge in extreme, remote contexts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Brazil, the primary care and social care policies of the early 1990s have led to remarkable improvements in healthcare access in urban, peri-urban, and rural contexts. This chapter examines the strategies that the Brazilian government has developed to address access in its most extreme context—the Amazon region. The chapter explores how these policies have had to be adapted to account for the extreme environments of the vast, impenetrable rainforest region of the Amazon and the particular needs of indigenous populations and fluvial communities.
{"title":"Access to healthcare in the remote and resource-poor region of the Brazilian Amazon","authors":"Rodrigo Tobias, J. Schweickardt, M. Harris","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Access to healthcare is a particular challenge in extreme, remote contexts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Brazil, the primary care and social care policies of the early 1990s have led to remarkable improvements in healthcare access in urban, peri-urban, and rural contexts. This chapter examines the strategies that the Brazilian government has developed to address access in its most extreme context—the Amazon region. The chapter explores how these policies have had to be adapted to account for the extreme environments of the vast, impenetrable rainforest region of the Amazon and the particular needs of indigenous populations and fluvial communities.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"27 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89686635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0004
C. McKevitt, N. Fudge, C. Pinel
Patients and patient organizations, and other members of the public and communities are widely recognized as important stakeholders in processes through which healthcare systems and services are designed, delivered, and monitored. Their involvement in these processes is promoted not only as a strategy to enhance the quality of systems and services, but also as an act of democratic participation. Yet putting involvement into practice is not straightforward. This chapter outlines the field of involvement in healthcare, focusing on some of the key areas of debate. These include definitions of involvement, the rationales put forward, involvement as represented in policy, and the methods used. The chapter summarizes some current key debates in relation to questions of who is involved, power, and evidence of effectiveness.
{"title":"Involving patients and publics in healthcare","authors":"C. McKevitt, N. Fudge, C. Pinel","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Patients and patient organizations, and other members of the public and communities are widely recognized as important stakeholders in processes through which healthcare systems and services are designed, delivered, and monitored. Their involvement in these processes is promoted not only as a strategy to enhance the quality of systems and services, but also as an act of democratic participation. Yet putting involvement into practice is not straightforward. This chapter outlines the field of involvement in healthcare, focusing on some of the key areas of debate. These include definitions of involvement, the rationales put forward, involvement as represented in policy, and the methods used. The chapter summarizes some current key debates in relation to questions of who is involved, power, and evidence of effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88854084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0014
A. Streetly, N. Houssami
This chapter outlines the concept and definition of population screening. It identifies key challenges and considerations in converting the simple concept of early identification of disease into population screening programmes. Ethical considerations are important in evaluating the potential benefits and harms of screening programmes. These inform the criteria used to determine whether it is appropriate to introduce screening. Screening tests must usually be sensitive to maintain public confidence in a screening programme, but specific tests are also required because false positives may often outnumber true positives in a population screening context. Assessment of screening programme effectiveness usually requires randomized controlled trials that minimize the potential effects of lead time and length bias. The chapter concludes by discussing policy decisions involving starting, stopping, and changing programmes, as well as how screening programme performance can be measured.
{"title":"Population screening","authors":"A. Streetly, N. Houssami","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the concept and definition of population screening. It identifies key challenges and considerations in converting the simple concept of early identification of disease into population screening programmes. Ethical considerations are important in evaluating the potential benefits and harms of screening programmes. These inform the criteria used to determine whether it is appropriate to introduce screening. Screening tests must usually be sensitive to maintain public confidence in a screening programme, but specific tests are also required because false positives may often outnumber true positives in a population screening context. Assessment of screening programme effectiveness usually requires randomized controlled trials that minimize the potential effects of lead time and length bias. The chapter concludes by discussing policy decisions involving starting, stopping, and changing programmes, as well as how screening programme performance can be measured.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83787990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0011
E. Jessop
Any jurisdiction needs to assess whether its healthcare system is performing well. There are many dimensions of evaluation, but a basic set includes saving life, relief of suffering, and treating patients with dignity: these may be monitored by statistics of mortality, quality of life, and patient experience. Sets of indicators can give a system-wide overview, and aspects of individual services can be evaluated by clinical audit. Confidential enquiries are useful for rare, serious events. Investigation may need to be followed by action, but the decision to act is never simple. New health systems can be evaluated by the standard research designs, but qualitative investigation is important.
{"title":"Evaluating healthcare systems and services","authors":"E. Jessop","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Any jurisdiction needs to assess whether its healthcare system is performing well. There are many dimensions of evaluation, but a basic set includes saving life, relief of suffering, and treating patients with dignity: these may be monitored by statistics of mortality, quality of life, and patient experience. Sets of indicators can give a system-wide overview, and aspects of individual services can be evaluated by clinical audit. Confidential enquiries are useful for rare, serious events. Investigation may need to be followed by action, but the decision to act is never simple. New health systems can be evaluated by the standard research designs, but qualitative investigation is important.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83662070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ehbc.2005.09.012
{"title":"Fire safety and adherence to medication resources","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ehbc.2005.09.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehbc.2005.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"9 6","pages":"Page 414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ehbc.2005.09.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71734159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1016/J.EHBC.2005.09.003
B. Ltd.
{"title":"Comprehensive care in heart failure","authors":"B. Ltd.","doi":"10.1016/J.EHBC.2005.09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EHBC.2005.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"39 1","pages":"391-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90565666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1016/J.EHBC.2005.09.011
N. Murali, A. Ghosh
{"title":"Dissemination of science, FUTON bias and open access: implications for evidence-based medicine","authors":"N. Murali, A. Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/J.EHBC.2005.09.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EHBC.2005.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"374-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81544839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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