Geoenergy Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Bio-based flow improvers for waxy petroleum crude","authors":"C.F. Uzoh ,&nbsp;S.U John ,&nbsp;H.A. Ezea ,&nbsp;C.M. Ezechukwu ,&nbsp;L.I. Igbonekwu ,&nbsp;E.M. Madiebo","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the efficacy of bio-based flow improvers, soybean oil (SBO) and castor oil (CAO), in mitigating the flow challenges posed by waxy crude oil, using Bonny Light crude oil as a case study. The study evaluated the impact of these additives on viscosity, gel strength, and pour point reduction. The performance of these additives was compared with a conventional flow improver, xylene. Results indicated that both SBO and CAO effectively reduced viscosity, gel strength, and pour point of the crude oil. Castor oil demonstrated superior performance in reducing gel strength, achieving a 98% reduction at 0.1 v/v concentration. Soybean oil, on the other hand, exhibited better performance in reducing pour point, with a 56.3% reduction at 1.9 v/v concentration. Xylene showed the highest viscosity reduction but had a less pronounced effect on gel strength and pour point. Optimum viscosity reduction of 85%, 83%, and 87% was achieved for SBO, CAO, and xylene, respectively, at specific process conditions. Similarly, gel strength reduction reached 94.36%, 94.89%, and 95.79% for SBO, CAO, and xylene, respectively. Pour point reduction was 56.3%, 52.7%, and 45.5% for SBO, CAO, and xylene, respectively, at the highest concentration tested. The study demonstrated the potential of bio-based additives as viable alternatives to conventional flow improvers for waxy crude oil. Further research is necessary to optimize their performance and explore their application in different crude oil systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 213444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influential factors on electric breakdown damage of insulator in electric pulse rock breaking drill bits","authors":"Xiaohua Zhu ,&nbsp;Wuji Tang ,&nbsp;Weiji Liu ,&nbsp;Siqi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the working process of the Electric Pulse rock Breaking (EPB) drill bit, the insulator will have electrical breakdown failure under the action of long-term strong voltage, resulting in the loss of rock breaking ability of the EPB drill bit. Based on the simplified circuit analysis and the electric breakdown PDM (Probability Development Model), numerical simulation and laboratory experiment were conducted to study the electric field strength distribution in the insulation and the evolution law of the breakdown path. In this paper, nylon (PA), epoxy resin (EP), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the base material, boron nitride (BN), glass fiber (GFR) as the filler to construct 8 kinds of electrical insulation composite materials, considering the material properties of different components and particle size. The effects of different insulators, filling particles, load voltage and insulator thickness on the breakdown path, growth rate and deterioration area in the insulation were analyzed. The results show that the breakdown path of the electric branches develops along the direction of electric field distortion. Using GFR as filler can effectively inhibit the diffusion capacity and development speed of the breakdown channel, reduce the deterioration area, but the breakdown voltage will be reduced. The research results have certain guiding significance for the engineering application of EPB and the optimization design of EPB drill bit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 213504"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A three-phase dispersion profile model for stratified pipe flow: Effects of gas bubbles on the distribution of oil and water droplets","authors":"R. Skartlien ,&nbsp;J. Nossen ,&nbsp;G.W. Johnson ,&nbsp;T.K. Kjeldby","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A three-phase dispersion profile model for stratified gas/oil/water pipe flow was developed. The main goal was to incorporate the effects of gas bubbles on the cross-sectional distribution of oil and water droplets in the continuous liquids. Gas bubbles entrain from the gas layer above the oil/water layers and modify the oil and water dispersion profiles in several different ways. Increased hindered settling due to gas bubbles, reduction of the effective background mixing density that affects buoyancy, turbulence suppression due to droplets and bubbles and finally reduction of oil and water droplet entrainment rate due to area blocking by gas bubbles at the oil/water interface. All three dispersion profiles were modelled consistently with respect to their mutual coupling. The tuned model qualitatively reproduced the shapes and magnitude of the volume fraction profile data obtained from X-ray measurements. Several areas where identified where more fundamental experimental research would be needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 213469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemistry of hot springs from Caldas Novas Thermal Complex, Brazil","authors":"Marina Lunardi,&nbsp;Daniel Marcos Bonotto","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central Brazil is home to the world's greatest geothermal water complex that is unrelated to magmatism. Hot springs arise along a metamorphic terrain in two main locations 35 km apart, i.e. Caldas Novas and Rio Quente cities. A large-scale dome of 20 × 12 km oval feature with a long axis going NNW-SSE, primarily made of quartzite from the Paranoá Group and surrounded by schists of the younger Araxá Group, works as the aquifer's main recharge area for rainwater. This geological structure separates both cities by a few kilometers and grants its waters a few chemical differences. Three groups of samples from the area, consisting of rainwater, surface water, and groundwater have been analyzed for major and minor constituents. Two major types of groundwater composition have been identified. The first occurs at Rio Quente city, featuring a moderate temperature (37.5 °C), slightly acidic pH (mean = 6.3 ± 0.3), lower total dissolved solids (TDS, mean = 59.6 ± 9.8 mg/L), and lower dissolved concentrations of Ca²⁺ (mean = 5.7 ± 3.1 mg/L), Mg²⁺ (mean = 2.0 ± 1.1 mg/L), and HCO₃⁻ (mean = 20.0 ± 2.2 mg/L). The second arises at Caldas Novas city, exhibiting relatively higher temperature (mean = 41.9 °C), pH (mean = 7.3 ± 0.6), TDS (mean = 147.1 ± 28.6 mg/L), and dissolved concentrations of Ca²⁺ (mean = 16.4 ± 8.4 mg/L), Mg²⁺ (mean = 7.4 ± 2.6 mg/L), and HCO₃⁻ (mean = 99.8 ± 23.5 mg/L). The crystalline rocks terrain, while extensively weathered, also provide a wide range of minor elements to those waters, which are chiefly found on the suspended solids fraction rather than in its dissolved form. Dissolved Pb and Fe exceeded the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water in some surface and groundwater samples, whilst some calculations indicated that P, K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Pb, Br and Ba tend to remain adsorbed in the particulate matter. However, the use of the USSL salinity diagram pointed out that all analyzed water samples offer no hazard to irrigation in most soil types. Subsurface reservoir temperatures were also estimated by means of different solute geothermometers and, among them, the quartz geothermometer yielded the most reasonable values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 213502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A compound real options framework for optimal project portfolio allocation under uncertainty: The case of marginal field development under reservoir and price uncertainty","authors":"S. Fedorov ,&nbsp;V. Hagspiel ,&nbsp;S. Haseldonckx ,&nbsp;T. Hyldmo ,&nbsp;M.H. Skudal","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decreasing average size of oil and gas (O&amp;G) discoveries on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) has increased interest in mitigating the uncertainties involved in O&amp;G investment decisions. Marginal fields, in particular, will not be able to support the same data gathering as larger fields, as the cost of appraisal wells may outweigh the potential revenues of the field. This lack of information increases subsurface uncertainty, making the investment decision more complex. Therefore, modeling this uncertainty and accounting for managerial flexibility is essential when evaluating O&amp;G investments. Using existing infrastructure through tiebacks is one of the most cost-efficient solutions for developing smaller O&amp;G discoveries. With spare capacities opening up on maturing production facilities, tiebacks from marginal fields to these facilities can be an appropriate investment option.</div><div>This paper presents a compound real options analysis (CROA) that allows us to evaluate a portfolio of two marginal fields under reservoir- and oil price uncertainty. The proposed methodology allows identification of additional value from managerial flexibility when investing in tiebacks to an existing host. The methodology is applied to a case where a decision-maker has to choose which field should be tied back first while knowing there is an option to develop the other field afterwards. Based on updates of crude spot prices and sizes of the reservoirs, the decision maker can evaluate whether to exercise the option to invest in either field or wait and reevaluate in consecutive years. We analyze what drives this choice and propose decision rules considering a portfolio view of O&amp;G projects. The CROA approach is applied to a realistic case study resulting in improved decisions and, thereby, a return on investment of 25.4 % higher than the value resulting from the industry standard myopic valuation approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 213472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission model and analysis of characteristics of downhole wireless RFID signal based on FSK modulation","authors":"Jiafeng Wu ,&nbsp;Anni Wang ,&nbsp;Dongli Qin ,&nbsp;Xiaocan Du ,&nbsp;Shujun Wang ,&nbsp;Zaisheng Hao ,&nbsp;Guangze Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is a new type of intelligent drilling and completion technology that can be used for remote control of downhole tools. In RF modulation, frequency shift keying (FSK) has stronger anti-interference ability compared to amplitude shift keying (ASK), but its transmission characteristics for downhole RF signal are not yet clear, which cannot provide theoretical support for designing downhole RFID systems. In this paper, a transmission model for downhole wireless RF signals based on FSK modulation is established by combining Maxwell's equations, Biot-Savart's law, and the proposed model was verified through the simulation results and the experimental results, and the influence of the excitation intensity, the transmission distance, and the conductivity of drilling fluid on transmission attenuation was deeply studied. This study highlights the influence of conductivity on drilling or completion fluids by integrating 2FSK modulation, excitation, propagation, and induction reception of downhole electromagnetic waves into the proposed model. The mathematical model proposed in this study has been proven to predict transmission characteristic values close to experimental results with an average accuracy of over 90%. The results show that the excitation voltage, the transmission distance and conductivity of drilling and completion fluids have a significant impact on the propagation and reception of downhole RF signals. These analysis results can provide effective guidance and inspiration for the design and application of digital drilling and completion instruments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 213503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in naturally fractured depleted oil reservoir: Influence of fracture","authors":"Fatemeh Aghababaei,&nbsp;Behnam Sedaee","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last decade, the sources of clean energy supply to meet human needs have been given much attention by researchers worldwide. Compressed air storage in underground formations is an excellent way to balance energy production and consumption. During off-peak hours, with the consumption of excess electrical energy, the air is temporarily stored at high pressure in the desired environment. The stored compressed air produces recovered electrical power during the needed hours and peak energy consumption. Compressed air energy storage in underground structures, including depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, due to having a suitable storage capacity for air and because their geological characteristics have already been well identified, is one of the storage methods. In order to underground storage of compressed air in aquifers and salt caverns, research have been carried out, but so far, studies have yet to be carried out regarding the storage of compressed air in depleted natural fractured oil reservoirs. This study simulated the storage of compressed air in a naturally fractured depleted oil reservoir, the effect of fracture on the rate of oxidation reactions, air dissolution and air diffusion in the oil and water phases. Also, for the first time, an examination of the fracture properties, including porosity, permeability, and fracture spacing on the amount of air recovery during CAES, was numerically simulated. Significantly Increasing the fracture porosity and permeability improves the air recovery and leads to a 19% and 16% respectively increase in the air recovery factor. In the fractured reservoir, increasing the fracture porosity has the most significant effect on reducing the air recovery factor and reducing the fracture spacing has the most negligible effect on the air recovery. Finally, the results of this study showed that due to the consumption and loss of air in the fractured reservoir compared to the conventional reservoir, the air recovery factor in the fractured reservoirs is less than the conventional reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 213496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vibration analysis of push-the-bit rotary steerable bottom hole assembly","authors":"Jianbo Jia,&nbsp;Qilong Xue,&nbsp;Yafeng Li,&nbsp;Xinze Li,&nbsp;Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of oil and gas fields to the deep-sea, the rotary steerable system is widely used. Downhole vibration is an important factor affecting the performance of rotary steerable system. Currently, the lack of research on vibration during operation of rotary steerable system has affected the development of deep-sea oil and gas field development technology. In this paper, the dynamic model of the push-pull rotary steerable system is established based on the similarity principle. The model includes Bit-rock interaction model, Drillstring-borehole contact model and guiding force model of rotary steerable system, the trajectory and vibration of drill bit under different guiding forces are simulated. Then, the actual drilling experiment of the full-scale Push-The-Bit Rotary Steerable System (PTB-RSS) in the horizontal section is carried out. The acceleration and speed signals of the push-pull rotary steerable system in the process of applying guiding force are collected and verified with the calculation results of the dynamic model. It is found that the vibration frequency and amplitude of the Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) gradually increase with the increase of the guiding force of the PTB-RSS during the drilling stage, which induce high-frequency torsional vibration to a certain extent. In addition, the dynamic simulation shows that when the guiding force of the rotary steerable system is increased to a certain extent, the vibration of the BHA gradually stabilizes, but the vibration amplitude does not decrease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 213429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frictional loss and permeability estimation of sediment in salt cavern: A combined approach of mathematical model, experimental validation, and numerical simulations","authors":"Peng Li ,&nbsp;Yinping Li ,&nbsp;Xilin Shi ,&nbsp;Kun Yang ,&nbsp;Xinghui Fu ,&nbsp;Hongling Ma ,&nbsp;Chunhe Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harnessing gas storage in sediment voids presents a promising trajectory for the future construction of large-scale underground gas reservoirs in low-grade salt mines. This approach not only augments the effective gas volume but also enhances the stability of the cavern. In contrast to traditional gas injection and brine discharge process, where brine is expelled from the upper pure brine space without involving brine seepage in sediment voids, gas storage in sediment voids entails expelling brine from these spaces, thus necessitating an understanding of the brine seepage characteristics in the sediment, which remains unclear. This study presents a comprehensive approach for estimating sediment frictional loss and permeability in interconnected wells, integrating mathematical modeling, experimental validation, and numerical simulation. The mathematical principles governing sediment behavior during in-situ gas/brine injection and brine discharge tests are theoretically elucidated, accompanied by derived formulas. Experimental verification is conducted in the horizontal interconnected wells (Ha4-5) of the Huaian salt mine in Jiangsu, yielding the sediment frictional loss (0.53 MPa) and permeability (6.9 × 10⁻¹¹ m²). Subsequently, a 2D cross-sectional numerical model is established using the COMSOL software, considering the measured and predicted well morphologies. The model provides insights into the relationship between sediment frictional losses and permeability, yielding an inverse calculation of the average permeability (1.016 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²). Simulation results depict laminar brine flow characteristics in the cavern during gas/brine injection and brine discharge processes, with frictional loss occurring as brine passes through sediment. Examination of the brine seepage and pressure fields in the sediment reveals consistent brine flow velocity after passing through the sediment. This combined approach focuses on investigating the seepage characteristics of sediment at the bottom of salt caverns, offering valuable insights for estimating frictional losses and permeability in similar salt mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 213497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of acid retardation based on acid-etched fracture morphology","authors":"Pingli Liu ,&nbsp;Jinlong Li ,&nbsp;Juan Du ,&nbsp;Jinming Liu ,&nbsp;Gang Xiong ,&nbsp;Pengfei Chen ,&nbsp;Yaochen Li ,&nbsp;Xiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acid fracturing is the most effective production enhancement measure for carbonate reservoir stimulation. The retardation performance of acid systems is one of the key parameters influencing the effectiveness of acid fracturing. However, current methods for evaluating acid retardation, based on static dissolution experiments and acid-rock reaction kinetics, have certain limitations. This study introduces a new method for evaluating acid retardation by simulating acid flow in formation fractures. The morphology of acid-etched fractures was obtained, and the depth and width distribution of the etched fractures were quantitatively analyzed to assess the acid retardation performance. In addition, high-temperature dissolution experiments were used to evaluate the acid's dissolution capacity, and acid-rock reaction kinetics experiments were conducted to determine the acid-rock reaction rate and activation energy of the acid systems. The results show that at 130 °C, the reaction rate between hydrochloric (HCl) acid and rock (2.12 × 10⁻⁵ mol/(s·cm²)) was the fastest, followed by Diverting acid, while G acid had the slowest reaction rate (1.51 × 10⁻⁶ mol/(s·cm²)). The activation energy of weak acid systems was much higher than that of strong acid systems. The new evaluation method revealed that the average fracture width and depth etched by HCl acid were the largest (7.57 mm and 6.39 mm, respectively), while the fracture depth etched by G acid was the smallest (0.87 mm), and the average fracture width etched by Acetic acid was the smallest (2.30 mm). This indicates that acetic acid has a stronger etching ability along the fracture length compared to G acid. Additionally, the fracture width and depth curves of strong acids (e.g., HCl acid and Diverting acid) showed a downward trend, whereas those of weak acids (Acetic acid and G acid) showed an upward trend. This suggests that Diverting acid has poor retardation performance, while G acid has the best retardation performance. Furthermore, the roughness of fractures etched by strong acids was much greater than that of fractures etched by weak acids, indicating that strong acids have a stronger non-uniform etching ability. To balance the non-uniform fracture etching morphology and the effective reach of the acid, a combination of strong and weak acids can be used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100578,"journal":{"name":"Geoenergy Science and Engineering","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 213492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}