Beekeeping is growing in popularity in urban areas with more and more city dwellers in Europe and North America keeping bees in their spare time. In Berlin, for example, we can observe new ways of thinking and behaving that straddle ecological concerns, human-animal interaction and a new perception of the self and the environment.
The hardness, residual stress and other properties of a component's surface layers are crucial to its functionality and durability. To achieve specific improvements to the component's “skin”, engineers need a more detailed understanding of the physical and chemical processes at work during manufacturing processes and how these can be exploited to modify the material properties.
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