Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448673
{"title":"IEEE Power & Energy Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448673","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"2 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448669
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy, and Regulation Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448669","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"2 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142172633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448671
{"title":"Blank Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3448671","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"2 3","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3454413
Payal Vyankat Dahiwale;Zakir H. Rather;Indradip Mitra
In realizing seamless mass adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the government plays a vital role by framing and implementing various EV related policies. These policies, if framed adequately, play a key role in achieving electrification of transportation in States. The literature review suggests that there is a pressing need to develop a unified method to analyze the EV policy of a State and determine its effectiveness as well as key interventions to strengthen EV policy. Therefore, to determine the quality and the effectiveness of EV policies, a quantitative analysis of EV policies by using the Hamming distance and the L1 norm (Manhattan distance) has been proposed in this paper. The policies are analyzed based on essential interventions to promote and strengthen electric mobility. This paper proposes an L1 norm-based EV policy analysis that assigns a remoteness score to indicate the status of the existing EV policy and its implementation when compared to the ideal EV policy. The paper proposes an approach that is based on three methods to improve the remoteness score: cost of intervention implementation, benefit of the intervention to the EV ecosystem, and the number of move/steps that are required to reduce the remoteness score. The proposed approach as applied to various Indian State EV policies has identified the States whose EV policies have lower remoteness score, thereby highlighting the States having relatively better EV policies. The analysis of these methods for optimal intervention selection when implemented for various State EV policies shows that the intervention implementation cost-based method is the most economical one. This paper formulates a linear optimization problem with the objective of intervention-implementation cost minimization to develop an economical roadmap to reduce the remoteness score. Recommendations for EV policy makers and stakeholders using an optimization based quantitative analysis of EV policies in India are also presented in this paper.
{"title":"A Distance Metric Based Approach for Analyzing, Assessing, and Strengthening EV Policy","authors":"Payal Vyankat Dahiwale;Zakir H. Rather;Indradip Mitra","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3454413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3454413","url":null,"abstract":"In realizing seamless mass adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the government plays a vital role by framing and implementing various EV related policies. These policies, if framed adequately, play a key role in achieving electrification of transportation in States. The literature review suggests that there is a pressing need to develop a unified method to analyze the EV policy of a State and determine its effectiveness as well as key interventions to strengthen EV policy. Therefore, to determine the quality and the effectiveness of EV policies, a quantitative analysis of EV policies by using the Hamming distance and the L1 norm (Manhattan distance) has been proposed in this paper. The policies are analyzed based on essential interventions to promote and strengthen electric mobility. This paper proposes an L1 norm-based EV policy analysis that assigns a remoteness score to indicate the status of the existing EV policy and its implementation when compared to the ideal EV policy. The paper proposes an approach that is based on three methods to improve the remoteness score: cost of intervention implementation, benefit of the intervention to the EV ecosystem, and the number of move/steps that are required to reduce the remoteness score. The proposed approach as applied to various Indian State EV policies has identified the States whose EV policies have lower remoteness score, thereby highlighting the States having relatively better EV policies. The analysis of these methods for optimal intervention selection when implemented for various State EV policies shows that the intervention implementation cost-based method is the most economical one. This paper formulates a linear optimization problem with the objective of intervention-implementation cost minimization to develop an economical roadmap to reduce the remoteness score. Recommendations for EV policy makers and stakeholders using an optimization based quantitative analysis of EV policies in India are also presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"46-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the modern power grids, the energy market has been developing rapidly, along with the growth of multi-energy combined tradings. Consequently, studies of interactions behaviours between various agents (e.g., game theory) in the energy market becomes prevalent to properly analyze and regulate the energy market. However, most of existing works have been focusing on the equilibria analysis of static games, and little works have been done regarding designing feedback control on dynamic games, particularly when the system dynamics changes under disturbances. In this paper, a novel game-based feedback control design method is proposed using semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices. The state-space equations of the dynamic game is firstly derived considering the decision logics and interactive correlations between various agents in the energy market. Then, a novel set of mathematical derivations has been proposed to implement control on some agents such that the price of the energy market can be regulated despite of randomly changing states and potential disturbances to the decision making. Finally, a simulated energy market using the proposed STP game-based control is demonstrated, where the results are discussed and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated.
{"title":"Game-Based Feedback Control Design Toward Dynamic Energy Market","authors":"Yingzhe Jia;Yiliang Li;Wei Qiu;Long Chen;Kaiqi Sun;Yuying Zhang;Heung-Wing Joseph Lee;Jun-e Feng;Vladimir Terzija","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3454234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3454234","url":null,"abstract":"In the modern power grids, the energy market has been developing rapidly, along with the growth of multi-energy combined tradings. Consequently, studies of interactions behaviours between various agents (e.g., game theory) in the energy market becomes prevalent to properly analyze and regulate the energy market. However, most of existing works have been focusing on the equilibria analysis of static games, and little works have been done regarding designing feedback control on dynamic games, particularly when the system dynamics changes under disturbances. In this paper, a novel game-based feedback control design method is proposed using semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices. The state-space equations of the dynamic game is firstly derived considering the decision logics and interactive correlations between various agents in the energy market. Then, a novel set of mathematical derivations has been proposed to implement control on some agents such that the price of the energy market can be regulated despite of randomly changing states and potential disturbances to the decision making. Finally, a simulated energy market using the proposed STP game-based control is demonstrated, where the results are discussed and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"2 4","pages":"561-569"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3453907
Ogün Yurdakul;Erik Ela;Farhad Billimoria
Flexible ramping products (FRPs) emerge as a promising instrument for addressing steep and uncertain ramping needs through market mechanisms. Initial implementations of FRPs in North American electricity markets, however, revealed several shortcomings in existing FRP designs. In many instances, FRP prices failed to signal the true value of ramping capacity, most notably evident in zero FRP prices observed in a myriad of periods during which the system was in acute need for rampable capacity. These periods were marked by scheduled but undeliverable FRPs, often calling for operator out-of-market actions. On top of that, the methods used for procuring FRPs have been primarily rule-based, lacking explicit economic underpinnings. In this paper, we put forth an alternative framework for FRP procurement, which seeks to set FRP requirements and schedule FRP awards such that the expected system operation cost is minimized. Using real-world data from U.S. ISOs, we showcase the relative merits of the framework in (i) reducing the total system operation cost, (ii) improving price formation, (iii) enhancing the the deliverability of FRP awards, and (iv) reducing the need for out-of-market actions.
{"title":"Flexible Ramping Product Procurement in Day-Ahead Markets","authors":"Ogün Yurdakul;Erik Ela;Farhad Billimoria","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3453907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3453907","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible ramping products (FRPs) emerge as a promising instrument for addressing steep and uncertain ramping needs through market mechanisms. Initial implementations of FRPs in North American electricity markets, however, revealed several shortcomings in existing FRP designs. In many instances, FRP prices failed to signal the true value of ramping capacity, most notably evident in zero FRP prices observed in a myriad of periods during which the system was in acute need for rampable capacity. These periods were marked by scheduled but undeliverable FRPs, often calling for operator out-of-market actions. On top of that, the methods used for procuring FRPs have been primarily rule-based, lacking explicit economic underpinnings. In this paper, we put forth an alternative framework for FRP procurement, which seeks to set FRP requirements and schedule FRP awards such that the expected system operation cost is minimized. Using real-world data from U.S. ISOs, we showcase the relative merits of the framework in (i) reducing the total system operation cost, (ii) improving price formation, (iii) enhancing the the deliverability of FRP awards, and (iv) reducing the need for out-of-market actions.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"13-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The urgent need for decarbonization in the energy sector has led to an increased emphasis on the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, into power grids. While these resources offer significant environmental benefits, they also introduce challenges related to intermittency and variability. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies have emerged as a very promising solution to address these challenges by storing excess energy during periods of high generation and delivering it when demand is high or renewable resources are scarce for a sustained amount of time. This paper introduces a novel methodology for estimating the boundary technology cost of LDES systems for economic viability in decarbonized energy systems. Our methodology is applied to estimate the boundary costs in 2050 for the state of California to achieve full retirement of gas power plants. California's ambitious decarbonization goals and transition to a renewable energy-based power system present an ideal context for examining the role of LDES. The results also offer insights into the needed capacity expansion planning and the operational contribution of LDES in the California's energy landscape, taking into account the unique energy demand profiles and renewable resource availability of the region. Our findings are intended to provide complementary information to guide decision-makers, energy planners, and any other stakeholders in making informed choices about LDES investment in the context of a decarbonized energy future.
{"title":"Boundary Technology Costs for Economic Viability of Long-Duration Energy Storage Systems in California","authors":"Patricia Silva;Alexandre Moreira;Miguel Heleno;André Luís Marques Marcato","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3444750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3444750","url":null,"abstract":"The urgent need for decarbonization in the energy sector has led to an increased emphasis on the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, into power grids. While these resources offer significant environmental benefits, they also introduce challenges related to intermittency and variability. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies have emerged as a very promising solution to address these challenges by storing excess energy during periods of high generation and delivering it when demand is high or renewable resources are scarce for a sustained amount of time. This paper introduces a novel methodology for estimating the boundary technology cost of LDES systems for economic viability in decarbonized energy systems. Our methodology is applied to estimate the boundary costs in 2050 for the state of California to achieve full retirement of gas power plants. California's ambitious decarbonization goals and transition to a renewable energy-based power system present an ideal context for examining the role of LDES. The results also offer insights into the needed capacity expansion planning and the operational contribution of LDES in the California's energy landscape, taking into account the unique energy demand profiles and renewable resource availability of the region. Our findings are intended to provide complementary information to guide decision-makers, energy planners, and any other stakeholders in making informed choices about LDES investment in the context of a decarbonized energy future.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"32-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3421888
Hassan Haes Alhelou;Behrooz Bahrani;Jin Ma
This industry-oriented paper proposes a novel sophisticated frequency control and its ancillary services framework for the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) power system considering the special design of its current automatic generation control system, which does not involve interconnectors between different power regions, resulting in technical challenges for both stability and security of the system. The proposed new method converts the NEM centralized frequency control system to a fully decentralized one with virtual consideration of interconnectors' power, thus the stability and security would be improved, and high fluctuations in interchanged power would be smoothed without extra costs of infrastructure and procurement of frequency control ancillary reserves (FCASs). The novel idea is to model the interconnectors' power deviation as unknown input to the operator in each power region, like load disturbances and renewable power variations, using dynamic observation techniques, for enabling the proposed method capabilities. The method is theoretically verified that it can enhance stability and security and stabilize both local frequencies and power exchanges. The experiment results confirm the capability of the proposed method for the NEM system and its superiority over the existing adopted approaches in industries.
{"title":"An Affordable Sophisticated Frequency Control Ancillary Services for Australian National Electricity Market System Considering Industry and Infrastructure Challenges","authors":"Hassan Haes Alhelou;Behrooz Bahrani;Jin Ma","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3421888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3421888","url":null,"abstract":"This industry-oriented paper proposes a novel sophisticated frequency control and its ancillary services framework for the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) power system considering the special design of its current automatic generation control system, which does not involve interconnectors between different power regions, resulting in technical challenges for both stability and security of the system. The proposed new method converts the NEM centralized frequency control system to a fully decentralized one with virtual consideration of interconnectors' power, thus the stability and security would be improved, and high fluctuations in interchanged power would be smoothed without extra costs of infrastructure and procurement of frequency control ancillary reserves (FCASs). The novel idea is to model the interconnectors' power deviation as unknown input to the operator in each power region, like load disturbances and renewable power variations, using dynamic observation techniques, for enabling the proposed method capabilities. The method is theoretically verified that it can enhance stability and security and stabilize both local frequencies and power exchanges. The experiment results confirm the capability of the proposed method for the NEM system and its superiority over the existing adopted approaches in industries.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3417954
Yonghong Chen;Richard O'Neill;Peter Whitman
In the presence of non-convex constraints, RTOs/ISOs need to introduce side payments to ensure non-confiscatory pricing. The side payment is not uniform and is non-transparent. To address this concern, Convex Hull Price (CHP) is developed to minimize uplift. However, the side payment defined in the tariff of RTOs/ISOs usually only covers make-whole-payments (MWP), not consistent with the uplift defined in CHP. This paper introduces a unified solution approach that can achieve uniform prices under different market rules. Previous research has shown that by developing a convex hull and convex envelope formulation for individual resources, a CHP model that minimizes uplift can be solved by linear programming (LP) using relaxation of the binary terms of the security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. This paper proves that by adjusting resource upper bounds based on the SCUC solution, the one-pass LP relaxation of the SCUC problem can also be used to derive average incremental price (AIC), eliminating MWP. Case studies using both small systems and the MISO full day ahead models are presented to compare MWP, uplift and generator profit under LMP, CHP and AIC.
{"title":"A Comparison of Three Methods for ISO Pricing","authors":"Yonghong Chen;Richard O'Neill;Peter Whitman","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3417954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3417954","url":null,"abstract":"In the presence of non-convex constraints, RTOs/ISOs need to introduce side payments to ensure non-confiscatory pricing. The side payment is not uniform and is non-transparent. To address this concern, Convex Hull Price (CHP) is developed to minimize uplift. However, the side payment defined in the tariff of RTOs/ISOs usually only covers make-whole-payments (MWP), not consistent with the uplift defined in CHP. This paper introduces a unified solution approach that can achieve uniform prices under different market rules. Previous research has shown that by developing a convex hull and convex envelope formulation for individual resources, a CHP model that minimizes uplift can be solved by linear programming (LP) using relaxation of the binary terms of the security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. This paper proves that by adjusting resource upper bounds based on the SCUC solution, the one-pass LP relaxation of the SCUC problem can also be used to derive average incremental price (AIC), eliminating MWP. Case studies using both small systems and the MISO full day ahead models are presented to compare MWP, uplift and generator profit under LMP, CHP and AIC.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"59-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3411531
Zelong Lu;Lei Yan;Jianxue Wang;Chongqing Kang;Mohammad Shahidehpour;Zuyi Li
This letter proposes a market-clearing-based locational marginal carbon emission (LMCE) metric to assess the marginal carbon emission effect of nodal load demand. Unlike the prevalent carbon emission flow (CEF) method that relies on a hypothetical power-flow tracking process, the proposed LMCE metric depends on a novel sensitivity analysis of market-clearing results, capable of revealing both energy-dependent and network-dependent impacts on emissions. Additionally, we introduce a locational average carbon emission (LACE) metric, derived from LMCE, to effectively measure the general emission effect. It offers insights into demand-side carbon emission effects, such as a negative LMCE and LACE indicating emission reduction even as load increases. It can also prevent excessive demand-side emission allocations. Overall, the proposed method provides a clear perspective for the ongoing decarbonization policies.
{"title":"A Market-Clearing-Based Sensitivity Model for Locational Marginal and Average Carbon Emission","authors":"Zelong Lu;Lei Yan;Jianxue Wang;Chongqing Kang;Mohammad Shahidehpour;Zuyi Li","doi":"10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3411531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMPR.2024.3411531","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a market-clearing-based locational marginal carbon emission (LMCE) metric to assess the marginal carbon emission effect of nodal load demand. Unlike the prevalent carbon emission flow (CEF) method that relies on a hypothetical power-flow tracking process, the proposed LMCE metric depends on a novel sensitivity analysis of market-clearing results, capable of revealing both energy-dependent and network-dependent impacts on emissions. Additionally, we introduce a locational average carbon emission (LACE) metric, derived from LMCE, to effectively measure the general emission effect. It offers insights into demand-side carbon emission effects, such as a negative LMCE and LACE indicating emission reduction even as load increases. It can also prevent excessive demand-side emission allocations. Overall, the proposed method provides a clear perspective for the ongoing decarbonization policies.","PeriodicalId":100639,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets, Policy and Regulation","volume":"2 4","pages":"579-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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