Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100090
Nan Tian , Junwei Chen , Yanping Liu
The concentration distribution in blend of polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polycaprolactone (PCL) and subsequent crystallization were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, in-situ small angle X-ray scattering and wide angle X-ray scattering. By using PEOs with a molecular weight of 1 × 106 g/mol (PEO1M) and 1 × 105 g/mol (PEO100k), respectively, it is revealed that in initial blend the concentration of PEO1M in PEO-rich region is higher than that determined by miscibility. This non-equilibrium distribution induced by crystallization is maintained after melting, since slow relaxation of PEO1M hinders the redistribution process. Crystallization behavior of blend with 25 % of PEO1M at different melting temperatures was further investigated. The crystallinity shows no dependence on melting temperature, while the long period of PEO1M decreases continuously when melting temperature exceeds 140 °C. This decrease indicates more PCL chains diffuse into PEO-rich regions with increasing temperature and molten PCL chains reduce the entanglement number of PEO1M as solvent. Moreover, the periodicity of PEO1M lamellae becomes worse when crystallization proceeds faster, which is related to slower exclusion of PCL chains.
{"title":"Crystallization in blend of polycaprolactone and high molecular weight polyethylene oxide","authors":"Nan Tian , Junwei Chen , Yanping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concentration distribution in blend of polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polycaprolactone (PCL) and subsequent crystallization were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, in-situ small angle X-ray scattering and wide angle X-ray scattering. By using PEOs with a molecular weight of 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> g/mol (PEO1M) and 1 × 10<sup>5</sup> g/mol (PEO100k), respectively, it is revealed that in initial blend the concentration of PEO1M in PEO-rich region is higher than that determined by miscibility. This non-equilibrium distribution induced by crystallization is maintained after melting, since slow relaxation of PEO1M hinders the redistribution process. Crystallization behavior of blend with 25 % of PEO1M at different melting temperatures was further investigated. The crystallinity shows no dependence on melting temperature, while the long period of PEO1M decreases continuously when melting temperature exceeds 140 °C. This decrease indicates more PCL chains diffuse into PEO-rich regions with increasing temperature and molten PCL chains reduce the entanglement number of PEO1M as solvent. Moreover, the periodicity of PEO1M lamellae becomes worse when crystallization proceeds faster, which is related to slower exclusion of PCL chains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773183923000447/pdfft?md5=ebf92418a54f20f601f7b514280c2161&pid=1-s2.0-S2773183923000447-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100080
Swayam Patel , Sakshi Sutaria , Rajveer Daga , Manan Shah , Mitul Prajapati
Although nuclear power plants produce about 20% of India's power, the risk posed by radioactive leakage is considerable. Radiation leakage detection devices must be installed in all nuclear power plants to ensure that avoidable catastrophes never occur again and that the loss of human life is prevented. A safe atmosphere for inhabitants and workers may be ensured by keeping a consistent radiation level in all applications that use radioactive material. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor technology, or CMOS, uses complementary and symmetrical MOSFETS for logic-based functions in various applications, such as analog circuits (CMOS sensors). The Internet of Things (IoT) extends the power of the Internet beyond computing devices to a multitude of other things, processes, and environments. The main objective of this paper is to find a better and more creative solution for radioactive leakage detection techniques over present-day techniques. In this paper, the Authors aim to integrate CMOS and IOT applications for radioactive leakage detection methods on an industrial level. Within this paper, we have given brief descriptions of CMOS and IoT with their types, functions, methodology, and applications. CMOS is considered to be the most sophisticated and precise technology that can be employed to measure radiation leaks of all types (alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, and neutrons). With the help of IOT, massive disasters can be averted using complex alert systems. A well-coordinated combination of the two technologies has the potential to vastly increase leak detection potential and consistency. The study's major goal is to develop new and improved technology for detecting released radiation in the industry in order to obtain real-time information about the material leaked, as well as the location of the leak and the quantity of leakage that occurred, in order to reduce the danger of a natural catastrophe.
{"title":"A systematic study on complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology (CMOS) and Internet of Things (IOT) for radioactive leakage detection in nuclear plant","authors":"Swayam Patel , Sakshi Sutaria , Rajveer Daga , Manan Shah , Mitul Prajapati","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although nuclear power plants produce about 20% of India's power, the risk posed by radioactive leakage is considerable. Radiation leakage detection devices must be installed in all nuclear power plants to ensure that avoidable catastrophes never occur again and that the loss of human life is prevented. A safe atmosphere for inhabitants and workers may be ensured by keeping a consistent radiation level in all applications that use radioactive material. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor technology, or CMOS, uses complementary and symmetrical MOSFETS for logic-based functions in various applications, such as analog circuits (CMOS sensors). The Internet of Things (IoT) extends the power of the Internet beyond computing devices to a multitude of other things, processes, and environments. The main objective of this paper is to find a better and more creative solution for radioactive leakage detection techniques over present-day techniques. In this paper, the Authors aim to integrate CMOS and IOT applications for radioactive leakage detection methods on an industrial level. Within this paper, we have given brief descriptions of CMOS and IoT with their types, functions, methodology, and applications. CMOS is considered to be the most sophisticated and precise technology that can be employed to measure radiation leaks of all types (alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, and neutrons). With the help of IOT, massive disasters can be averted using complex alert systems. A well-coordinated combination of the two technologies has the potential to vastly increase leak detection potential and consistency. The study's major goal is to develop new and improved technology for detecting released radiation in the industry in order to obtain real-time information about the material leaked, as well as the location of the leak and the quantity of leakage that occurred, in order to reduce the danger of a natural catastrophe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49699925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100082
Zhuoxi Li , Yuyu Liang , Xiang Li , Wanjun Mu , Baihua Chen , Jun Tu , Lina Lv , Yanqiu Yang , Xingliang Li
The thermodynamic parameters of the complexes of Th with N-methylethylenediamine-N,Nʹ,Nʹ-triacetic acid (MEDTA; denoted as H3L with three dissociable protons) were studied. Potentiometry and microcalorimetry were used to determine formation constants and enthalpies, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis revealed two successively formed complexes, namely, ThL+ and ThL22− (L3− denotes the totally deprotonated MEDTA). Results indicated that both complexation reactions were exothermic and driven by entropic force. The first stepwise reaction (Th4+ + L3− = ThL+) was mainly driven by entropy with minimal effect on enthalpy change. The second stepwise reaction (ThL+ + L3− = ThL22−) was more exothermic and showed less entropic change than the first stepwise reaction. The strong chelation of MEDTA would inhibit the hydrolysis of Th4+ and increase solubility.
{"title":"Thermodynamics of Thorium(IV) complexes with N-methylethylenediamine-N,Nʹ,Nʹ-triacetate in aqueous solutions: Potentiometry and microcalorimetry","authors":"Zhuoxi Li , Yuyu Liang , Xiang Li , Wanjun Mu , Baihua Chen , Jun Tu , Lina Lv , Yanqiu Yang , Xingliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermodynamic parameters of the complexes of Th with <em>N</em>-methylethylenediamine-<em>N</em>,<em>Nʹ</em>,<em>N</em>ʹ-triacetic acid (MEDTA; denoted as H<sub>3</sub>L with three dissociable protons) were studied. Potentiometry and microcalorimetry were used to determine formation constants and enthalpies, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis revealed two successively formed complexes, namely, ThL<sup>+</sup> and ThL<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup> (L<sup>3−</sup> denotes the totally deprotonated MEDTA). Results indicated that both complexation reactions were exothermic and driven by entropic force. The first stepwise reaction (Th<sup>4+</sup> + L<sup>3−</sup> = ThL<sup>+</sup>) was mainly driven by entropy with minimal effect on enthalpy change. The second stepwise reaction (ThL<sup>+</sup> + L<sup>3−</sup> = ThL<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup>) was more exothermic and showed less entropic change than the first stepwise reaction. The strong chelation of MEDTA would inhibit the hydrolysis of Th<sup>4+</sup> and increase solubility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773183923000368/pdfft?md5=c4327bb66fe3968a08c1c752b7054164&pid=1-s2.0-S2773183923000368-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135763758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100081
Guangming Ran, Mao Yang, Linjie Zhao, Chengjian Xiao
In order to have a deep understanding of the tritium migration and release mechanisms in ceramic breeders, computer simulation of the tritium release behavior of Li4SiO4 ceramic breeder was performed by using an improved tritium release model. The influences of various factors, such as surface adsorbed water, water vapor in the purge gas, hydrogen in the purge gas, grain size and tritium production amount, on the tritium release process were systematically investigated. The simulation results have shown that: 1) The surface adsorbed water and water vapor in the purge gas can remarkably facilitate tritium release as tritiated water (HTO) in low temperature region (typically <450 °C); 2) Adding hydrogen to the purge gas is effective to promote tritium release as tritium gas (HT), but the effectiveness is sensitive to surface adsorbed water and water vapor in the purge gas; 3) Large grain size and tritium production amount can relatively weaken the effects of surface adsorbed water and water vapor in the purge gas. In general, the simulation results were consistent with the observations in tritium release experiments, which were helpful to further elucidate the complex behavior of tritium release from Li4SiO4.
{"title":"Computer simulation of tritium release behavior of Li4SiO4 ceramic breeder with an improved packed bed model","authors":"Guangming Ran, Mao Yang, Linjie Zhao, Chengjian Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to have a deep understanding of the tritium migration and release mechanisms in ceramic breeders, computer simulation of the tritium release behavior of Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> ceramic breeder was performed by using an improved tritium release model. The influences of various factors, such as surface adsorbed water, water vapor in the purge gas, hydrogen in the purge gas, grain size and tritium production amount, on the tritium release process were systematically investigated. The simulation results have shown that: 1) The surface adsorbed water and water vapor in the purge gas can remarkably facilitate tritium release as tritiated water (HTO) in low temperature region (typically <450 °C); 2) Adding hydrogen to the purge gas is effective to promote tritium release as tritium gas (HT), but the effectiveness is sensitive to surface adsorbed water and water vapor in the purge gas; 3) Large grain size and tritium production amount can relatively weaken the effects of surface adsorbed water and water vapor in the purge gas. In general, the simulation results were consistent with the observations in tritium release experiments, which were helpful to further elucidate the complex behavior of tritium release from Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49699971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100071
Ping Li , Zhuanhong Lu , Jingjing Wang , Teng He , Niya Ou , Jianjun Liang , Qiaohui Fan
Uranium oxides are tightly related to the whole nuclear fuel cycle in the nuclear industry. However, the understanding of the chemical states in mixed valence uranium oxides remains scattered and deserves more exploration. The current study aims to recognize the valences of uranium in U3O8 by a simple X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation. U3O8 mixed with TiO2 was photocatalytically reduced under UV or X-ray irradiation, and the chemical states were in-situ determined by XPS. Under UV irradiation, the shoulder peaks at 380.9 eV (U 4f7/2) and 392.7 eV (U 4f5/2) gradually increased, and an enhancement in intensity was also observed at 399.6 eV, which is the characteristic of U(V) satellite. Therefore, it was proved that the shoulder peak originated from U(V), and U3O8 consists of U(V) and U(VI). Under the irradiation by X-ray, the main lines of U 4f shifted lower by ∼0.8 eV, and a new satellite at ∼397.6 eV appeared and grew with increasing irradiation time, proving the generation of U(IV). This in turn verified that the shoulder peaks in primary U3O8 should be U(V) rather than U(IV). Therefore, it was confirmed by the current study that there are two-U(V) and one-U(VI) in each U3O8 unit cell.
{"title":"XPS determination of the uranium valences in U3O8","authors":"Ping Li , Zhuanhong Lu , Jingjing Wang , Teng He , Niya Ou , Jianjun Liang , Qiaohui Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Uranium oxides are tightly related to the whole nuclear fuel cycle in the nuclear industry. However, the understanding of the chemical states in mixed valence uranium oxides remains scattered and deserves more exploration. The current study aims to recognize the valences of uranium in U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> by a simple X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation. U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> mixed with TiO<sub>2</sub> was photocatalytically reduced under UV or X-ray irradiation, and the chemical states were in-situ determined by XPS. Under UV irradiation, the shoulder peaks at 380.9 eV (U 4f<sub>7/2</sub>) and 392.7 eV (U 4f<sub>5/2</sub>) gradually increased, and an enhancement in intensity was also observed at 399.6 eV, which is the characteristic of U(V) satellite. Therefore, it was proved that the shoulder peak originated from U(V), and U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> consists of U(V) and U(VI). Under the irradiation by X-ray, the main lines of U 4f shifted lower by ∼0.8 eV, and a new satellite at ∼397.6 eV appeared and grew with increasing irradiation time, proving the generation of U(IV). This in turn verified that the shoulder peaks in primary U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> should be U(V) rather than U(IV). Therefore, it was confirmed by the current study that there are two-U(V) and one-U(VI) in each U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> unit cell.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49699970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100073
Rong Liu , Yiwei Yang , Zhizhou Ren , Zhongwei Wen , Jie Wen , Xingyan Liu , Yonghao Chen , Han Yi , Zijie Han , Qiping Chen , Jie Bao , Qi An , Huaiyong Bai , Ping Cao , Pinjing Cheng , Zengqi Cui , Ruirui Fan , Changqing Feng , Minhao Gu , Fengqin Guo , Peng Zhu
The neutron-induced cross sections are of great significance for the design of nuclear devices and advanced reactors for the nuclear energy production. At CSNS Back-n white neutron source, new measurements of the fission cross sections and total cross sections are performed with two sets of Day-one spectrometers based on the multi-cell fast fission ionization chamber (FIC). The neutron-induced 236,238U fission cross sections relative to 235U from the fission threshold energy to 200 MeV were measured by using the TOF method and the Fast Ionization Chamber Spectrometer for Fission Cross Section Measurement (FIXM) in the single/double bunch mode of Back-n. The experimental uncertainties are analyzed in detail, and the results from the two modes are consistent. The measured 236,238U/235U fission cross section ratios are compared with previous experiments and evaluations. The 236,238U(n,f) cross sections are obtained based on the standard 235U fission cross section. The neutron total cross sections of carbon and aluminum in the energy region from 1 eV to 20 MeV have been measured by using the TOF method and transmission method based on the Neutron Total Cross Section Spectrometer (NTOX) in the double bunch mode. The total cross section results after unfolding are in good agreement with the previous measurements as well as the broadening of the ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0 evaluation with Gaussian function within the experimental uncertainty. The present results provide the experimental data for further measurements, relevant evaluations and the design of nuclear system.
{"title":"Progress in measurements of fission cross sections and total cross sections at CSNS Back-n white neutron source","authors":"Rong Liu , Yiwei Yang , Zhizhou Ren , Zhongwei Wen , Jie Wen , Xingyan Liu , Yonghao Chen , Han Yi , Zijie Han , Qiping Chen , Jie Bao , Qi An , Huaiyong Bai , Ping Cao , Pinjing Cheng , Zengqi Cui , Ruirui Fan , Changqing Feng , Minhao Gu , Fengqin Guo , Peng Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The neutron-induced cross sections are of great significance for the design of nuclear devices and advanced reactors for the nuclear energy production. At CSNS Back-n white neutron source, new measurements of the fission cross sections and total cross sections are performed with two sets of Day-one spectrometers based on the multi-cell fast fission ionization chamber (FIC). The neutron-induced <sup>236,238</sup>U fission cross sections relative to <sup>235</sup>U from the fission threshold energy to 200 MeV were measured by using the TOF method and the Fast Ionization Chamber Spectrometer for Fission Cross Section Measurement (FIXM) in the single/double bunch mode of Back-n. The experimental uncertainties are analyzed in detail, and the results from the two modes are consistent. The measured <sup>236,238</sup>U/<sup>235</sup>U fission cross section ratios are compared with previous experiments and evaluations. The <sup>236,238</sup>U(n,f) cross sections are obtained based on the standard <sup>235</sup>U fission cross section. The neutron total cross sections of carbon and aluminum in the energy region from 1 eV to 20 MeV have been measured by using the TOF method and transmission method based on the Neutron Total Cross Section Spectrometer (NTOX) in the double bunch mode. The total cross section results after unfolding are in good agreement with the previous measurements as well as the broadening of the ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0 evaluation with Gaussian function within the experimental uncertainty. The present results provide the experimental data for further measurements, relevant evaluations and the design of nuclear system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49699926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100072
Wanjun Mu, Baihua Chen, Xingliang Li
With as goal of improving on traditional α-ZrP, four zirconium phosphonate materials were prepared as potential adsorbents for the removal of 90Sr from nuclear wastewater. A typical sol–gel method was used, for phosphonates: hydroxy ethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tri-(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP), ethylene diamine tetra-(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP), and diethylenetriamine penta-(methylenephosphonic acid) (DETPMP) to give ZrP-HEDP, ZrP-ATMP, ZrP-EDTMP and ZrP-DETPMP, respectively. These materials exhibit a similar crystalline phase to α-ZrP, but have a completely different morphology. After loading of these organophosphonate groups, the original sheet-morphology disappears, and the materials were consistent with smaller particles. However, the loading of organophosphonate groups expands the inter-layer distances. Remarkably, these materials have a stronger ability to remove Sr2+, with higher adsorption capacity than α-ZrP, especially ZrP-ATMP due to its wider layer distance. The maximum adsorption capacities for Sr2+ are 158 mg g−1, 175 mg g−1, 115 mg g−1 and 76 mg g−1for ZrP-HEDP, ZrP-ATMP, ZrP-EDTMP and ZrP-DETPMP, respectively, while that ofα-ZrP is 55 mg g−1. The higher adsorption capacities of these zirconium phosphonate materials is attributed to their wider interlayer spacing, allowing more room for Sr2+ to move.
{"title":"A comparative study of adsorption properties of zirconium (IV) phosphonates for removal of 90Sr","authors":"Wanjun Mu, Baihua Chen, Xingliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With as goal of improving on traditional α-ZrP, four zirconium phosphonate materials were prepared as potential adsorbents for the removal of <sup>90</sup>Sr from nuclear wastewater. A typical sol–gel method was used, for phosphonates: hydroxy ethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tri-(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP), ethylene diamine tetra-(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP), and diethylenetriamine penta-(methylenephosphonic acid) (DETPMP) to give ZrP-HEDP, ZrP-ATMP, ZrP-EDTMP and ZrP-DETPMP, respectively. These materials exhibit a similar crystalline phase to α-ZrP, but have a completely different morphology. After loading of these organophosphonate groups, the original sheet-morphology disappears, and the materials were consistent with smaller particles. However, the loading of organophosphonate groups expands the inter-layer distances. Remarkably, these materials have a stronger ability to remove Sr<sup>2+</sup>, with higher adsorption capacity than α-ZrP, especially ZrP-ATMP due to its wider layer distance. The maximum adsorption capacities for Sr<sup>2+</sup> are 158 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, 175 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, 115 mg g<sup>−1</sup> and 76 mg g<sup>−1</sup>for ZrP-HEDP, ZrP-ATMP, ZrP-EDTMP and ZrP-DETPMP, respectively, while that ofα-ZrP is 55 mg g<sup>−1</sup>. The higher adsorption capacities of these zirconium phosphonate materials is attributed to their wider interlayer spacing, allowing more room for Sr<sup>2+</sup> to move.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49727900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To study inverse effect of hydrogen isotopes in LaNi5 for hydrogen isotope separation at ambient temperature, temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope effect in LaNi5-H(D) system was investigated in the temperature range -70 °C to 3 °C. Isotherms of hydrogen isotopes were tested in an automated Sieverts apparatus with a thermostat, and pressure differences were studied between H2 and D2. Isotope exchange process was carried out and H2-HD-D2 equilibrium was judged by online chromatography, separation factors were calculated to investigate the thermodynamic isotope effect. In the H2, D2 isotherms, average time interval (0.5h) between each equilibrium point was relatively short due to high precision temperature control. From the plateau pressures at a constant hydrogen (or deuterium) concentration in LaNi5 (2D or 2H atoms/mole of LaNi5) the partial molar enthalpies, ⊿H, and entropies, ⊿S of formation were calculated. ⊿H and ⊿S kept good accordance with the values from references, which indicated good performance of the Sieverts apparatus. The isotope exchange equilibrium was reached within 1h. The results showed that ratio between H2 pressure and D2 pressure, r(H-D) = P(D2)/P(H2), dropped as temperature decreased and the inverse effect was found (r(H-D)<1.0) below -5 °C according to the absorption branch of isotherms, whereas the effect was estimated to appear below 60 °C from the desorption branch. The separation factor of the H2-HD-D2 mixture, decreased as temperature increased and the inverse effect happened below -20 °C. The inverse effect was affected by the isotherm hysteresis and HD existence.
{"title":"Temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope effect in LaNi5-H(D) system","authors":"Weiwei Wang, Hairong Li, Yiwu Mao, Lidong Xia, Weiguang Zhang, Xiaosong Zhou, Xinggui Long","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To study inverse effect of hydrogen isotopes in LaNi<sub>5</sub> for hydrogen isotope separation at ambient temperature, temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope effect in LaNi<sub>5</sub>-H(D) system was investigated in the temperature range -70 °C to 3 °C. Isotherms of hydrogen isotopes were tested in an automated Sieverts apparatus with a thermostat, and pressure differences were studied between H<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>2</sub>. Isotope exchange process was carried out and H<sub>2</sub>-HD-D<sub>2</sub> equilibrium was judged by online chromatography, separation factors were calculated to investigate the thermodynamic isotope effect. In the H<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>2</sub> isotherms, average time interval (0.5h) between each equilibrium point was relatively short due to high precision temperature control. From the plateau pressures at a constant hydrogen (or deuterium) concentration in LaNi<sub>5</sub> (2D or 2H atoms/mole of LaNi<sub>5</sub>) the partial molar enthalpies, ⊿<em>H</em>, and entropies, ⊿<em>S</em> of formation were calculated. ⊿<em>H</em> and ⊿<em>S</em> kept good accordance with the values from references, which indicated good performance of the Sieverts apparatus. The isotope exchange equilibrium was reached within 1h. The results showed that ratio between H<sub>2</sub> pressure and D<sub>2</sub> pressure, r(H-D) = P(D<sub>2</sub>)/P(H<sub>2</sub>), dropped as temperature decreased and the inverse effect was found (r(H-D)<1.0) below -5 °C according to the absorption branch of isotherms, whereas the effect was estimated to appear below 60 °C from the desorption branch. The separation factor of the H<sub>2</sub>-HD-D<sub>2</sub> mixture, decreased as temperature increased and the inverse effect happened below -20 °C. The inverse effect was affected by the isotherm hysteresis and HD existence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49840111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100062
Yang Yang, Zhilin Chen, Po Huang, Shenghan Cheng, Wenxiang Jiang
Estimation of both the surface tritium and tritium in bulk in key materials of fusion reactors is of great importance for tritium safety and the management of tritium-contaminated material. For the further quantitative analysis of tritium in solids, the elaborate BIXS spectra were calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation. Four types of tritium depth profile were considered to evaluate the quantitative estimation method. It is found that the attenuation of X-rays in tungsten depends on both the energy of X-rays and the depth of X-rays. The evaluation of tritium amount in surface layer indicated that the intensity of Ar(Kα) peak could be used to evaluate the surface tritium within 400 nm from the surface in most cases and the deviations were less than 9% in the calculation. The intensity of both W(Lα) X-rays and the high energy X-rays can be employed to roughly estimate the total tritium amount. For linearly decreasing and exponentially decreasing distribution, the maximum calculation deviations were 24.9% and 28.8%, respectively. While for Gaussian distribution, the maximum deviations were 146% and 53%, respectively. And it can also be used for tritium estimation in other materials.
{"title":"Quantitative estimation of tritium amount in surface layer and bulk of tungsten sample using BIXS","authors":"Yang Yang, Zhilin Chen, Po Huang, Shenghan Cheng, Wenxiang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Estimation of both the surface tritium and tritium in bulk in key materials of fusion reactors is of great importance for tritium safety and the management of tritium-contaminated material. For the further quantitative analysis of tritium in solids, the elaborate BIXS spectra were calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation. Four types of tritium depth profile were considered to evaluate the quantitative estimation method. It is found that the attenuation of X-rays in tungsten depends on both the energy of X-rays and the depth of X-rays. The evaluation of tritium amount in surface layer indicated that the intensity of Ar(Kα) peak could be used to evaluate the surface tritium within 400 nm from the surface in most cases and the deviations were less than 9% in the calculation. The intensity of both W(Lα) X-rays and the high energy X-rays can be employed to roughly estimate the total tritium amount. For linearly decreasing and exponentially decreasing distribution, the maximum calculation deviations were 24.9% and 28.8%, respectively. While for Gaussian distribution, the maximum deviations were 146% and 53%, respectively. And it can also be used for tritium estimation in other materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49840115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100060
Shan-fang Huang
The motion of a single bubble in a 2-D vertical channel filled with stagnant or moving fluid is simulated for various sets of conditions using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method. The volume of fluid (VOF) model is applied to track the interface of the bubble. Corresponding results are compared with experimental and theoretical studies, and good agreement is achieved. Two-phase flows composed of various fluids are simulated to check the impact of physical properties on bubble dynamics, and buoyancy is found to have a key influence on the bubble rising behavior, including both the trajectory and the terminal rising velocity. The dimensionless number Bu is introduced to characterize this effect, and a larger Bu leads to a larger bubble rising velocity. Three other dimensionless numbers Eo, We, and Mo are introduced to study the bubble deformation which can be characterized by aspect ratio E, and an approximately linear relationship is found between E, Eo, and bubble size. Inertial force is proved to influence the bubble motion significantly in moving fluid, whose velocity dominates the bubble terminal speed. The simulation of motion for two bubbles is also performed and investigated detailedly.
{"title":"Mechanism study of bubble dynamics under the buoyancy effects","authors":"Shan-fang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucana.2023.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The motion of a single bubble in a 2-D vertical channel filled with stagnant or moving fluid is simulated for various sets of conditions using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method. The volume of fluid (VOF) model is applied to track the interface of the bubble. Corresponding results are compared with experimental and theoretical studies, and good agreement is achieved. Two-phase flows composed of various fluids are simulated to check the impact of physical properties on bubble dynamics, and buoyancy is found to have a key influence on the bubble rising behavior, including both the trajectory and the terminal rising velocity. The dimensionless number Bu is introduced to characterize this effect, and a larger Bu leads to a larger bubble rising velocity. Three other dimensionless numbers Eo, We, and Mo are introduced to study the bubble deformation which can be characterized by aspect ratio E, and an approximately linear relationship is found between E, Eo, and bubble size. Inertial force is proved to influence the bubble motion significantly in moving fluid, whose velocity dominates the bubble terminal speed. The simulation of motion for two bubbles is also performed and investigated detailedly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100965,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49840110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}