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Nuclear morphometry of neoplastic cells as a method for diagnosis of histiocytoma, mastocytoma and transmissible venereal tumor in dogs 犬肿瘤细胞核形态测定在组织细胞瘤、肥大细胞瘤和传染性性肿瘤诊断中的应用
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.003
Kátia Cristina de Andrade Waldemarin , Marcelo Emílio Beletti , Luciano da Fontoura Costa

Image analysis has been used in medicine and veterinary science as an increasingly important auxiliary tool for histopathology evaluation, because of its potential for decreasing the intrinsic subjectivity of the human visual analysis. However, the geometrical features currently used are often inefficient, not always leading to correct diagnosis. The present work has as its main objective to suggest several approaches to geometric and texture characterization of the cell nuclei, characterized by low computational cost, rapid analysis and sound biological interpretation and good agreement with the visual analysis by expert pathologists. We consider digital images of histological slides obtained from histiocytoma, mastocytoma and transmissible venereal tumors in dogs. Segmented cell nuclei of these tumors were evaluated morphometrically considering the features normally used in medicine together with novel features suggested in the present work, applied in order to characterize the distribution and morphology of the nucleoli and heterochromatin inside the nuclei. Statistical characterization of the obtained results was performed through variance and discriminant analysis, leading to the identification of the most important features. The approach proposed in this article has been verified to be an effective auxiliary tool for differential diagnosis of histiocytoma, mastocytoma and TVT in dogs. Its low computational cost allows fast morphometric evaluation, paving the way for real-time tumor diagnosis.

图像分析在医学和兽医科学中作为一种越来越重要的辅助工具用于组织病理学评估,因为它有可能减少人类视觉分析的内在主观性。然而,目前使用的几何特征往往是低效的,并不总是导致正确的诊断。本工作的主要目的是提出几种方法来描述细胞核的几何和纹理特征,其特点是计算成本低,分析快速,生物学解释良好,与病理学专家的视觉分析一致。我们考虑从狗的组织细胞瘤、肥大细胞瘤和传染性性病肿瘤中获得的组织学切片的数字图像。考虑到医学上通常使用的特征以及本工作中提出的新特征,对这些肿瘤的分节细胞核进行形态计量学评估,以表征细胞核内核仁和异染色质的分布和形态。通过方差和判别分析对获得的结果进行统计表征,从而确定最重要的特征。本文提出的方法已被证实是鉴别犬组织细胞瘤、肥大细胞瘤和TVT的有效辅助工具。它的低计算成本允许快速形态测量评估,为实时肿瘤诊断铺平道路。
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引用次数: 15
Identification of tuberculosis bacteria based on shape and color 基于形状和颜色的结核细菌鉴定
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.007
Manuel G. Forero , Filip Sroubek , Gabriel Cristóbal

Tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis are serious illnesses which control is based on early diagnosis. A technique commonly used consists of analyzing sputum images for detecting bacilli. However, the analysis of sputum is time consuming and requires highly trained personnel to avoid high errors. Image-processing techniques provide a good tool for improving the manual screening of samples. In this paper, a new autofocus algorithm and a new bacilli detection technique is presented with the aim to attain a high specificity rate and reduce the time consumed to analyze such sputum samples. This technique is based on the combined use of some invariant shape features together with a simple thresholding operation on the chromatic channels. Some feature descriptors have been extracted from bacilli shape using an edited dataset of samples. A k-means clustering technique was applied for classification purposes and the sensitivity vs specificity results were evaluated using a standard ROC analysis procedure.

结核病和其他分枝杆菌病是严重的疾病,控制的基础是早期诊断。一种常用的技术包括分析痰图像以检测杆菌。然而,痰液的分析是耗时的,需要训练有素的人员来避免高误差。图像处理技术为改进人工筛选样品提供了一个很好的工具。本文提出了一种新的自动聚焦算法和一种新的杆菌检测技术,以获得高特异性和减少分析此类痰样本所需的时间。该技术是基于结合使用一些不变的形状特征以及对彩色通道进行简单的阈值处理。使用编辑的样本数据集从杆菌形状中提取了一些特征描述符。采用k-均值聚类技术进行分类,并使用标准ROC分析程序对敏感性和特异性结果进行评估。
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引用次数: 164
A texture approach to leukocyte recognition 白细胞识别的纹理方法
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.02.007
Daniela Mayumi Ushizima Sabino , Luciano da Fontoura Costa , Edgar Gil Rizzatti , Marco Antonio Zago

Millions of white blood cells are manually classified in laboratories using microscopes, a painstaking and subjective task. A trained medical technician takes about 15 min to evaluate and count 100 cells for each blood slide, a time consuming and susceptible to error procedure. Leukocyte shape is usually insufficient to differentiate even among normal types since it varies widely. The current paper addresses the pattern recognition problem of blood image analysis and how textural information can improve differentiation among leukocytes. Cooccurrence probabilities can be used as a measure of gray scale image texture, a statistical method for characterizing the spatial organization of the gray-tones. We calculate five textural attributes based on gray level cooccurrence matrices (GLCM) as energy, entropy, inertia and local homogeneity, testing these features in leukocyte recognition. Several parameters must be estimated for obtaining GLCM, therefore we implement datamining algorithms for estimating suitable scales. Feature selection methods are also applied to define the most discriminative attributes for describing the cellular patterns. Experimental results show that texture parameters are essential to differentiate among the five types of normal leukocytes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, evidencing the importance of biological aspects regarded by hematologists as nuclear chromatin and cytoplasmical granularity.

数百万个白细胞在实验室里用显微镜进行人工分类,这是一项艰苦而主观的任务。一名训练有素的医疗技术人员需要大约15分钟来评估和计数每张血玻片上的100个细胞,这是一个耗时且容易出错的过程。由于白细胞形态差异很大,因此即使在正常类型之间,白细胞形态通常也不足以区分。本文讨论了血液图像分析的模式识别问题,以及纹理信息如何提高白细胞之间的分化。协同概率可以作为灰度图像纹理的度量,这是一种表征灰度空间组织的统计方法。我们基于灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)计算了能量、熵、惯性和局部均匀性五种纹理属性,并在白细胞识别中测试了这些特征。为了获得GLCM,必须估计几个参数,因此我们实现了数据挖掘算法来估计合适的尺度。特征选择方法也用于定义描述细胞模式的最具判别性的属性。实验结果表明,纹理参数是区分五种类型的正常白细胞和慢性淋巴细胞白血病的关键,证明了血液学家认为的核染色质和细胞质粒度等生物学方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 165
3D characterization and localization of anatomical landmarks of the foot by FastSCAN 利用FastSCAN对足部解剖标志进行三维表征和定位
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.009
Xiang Liu , Wangdo Kim , Burkhard Drerup

Anatomical landmarks

Biomechanics

Curvature maps

The landmarks on the body surface are important to shape and motion analysis. It is much better if the landmarks are anatomical ones, which are independent of position and coordinate system. The objective of this method is to present an easy-implemented method for extracting anatomical landmarks on the cylindraceous body surface which could be used in motion analysis or in medical treatment. The surface is scanned by FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA) and described by scattered three-dimensional surface points. The method provides the estimation of second-order derivatives by way of least-squares surface fitting to calculate the Gaussian curvature and mean curvature. To separate convexity from concavity, the Koenderink shape index maps of foot and leg are given as examples. The landmarks formed by underlying muscles and skeletal structures such as the malleoli distinguish themselves clearly on the Koenderink shape index maps. Minutes after the foot and leg are scanned, the curvature maps of the foot and leg provide the shape information and the loci of landmarks avail the statistical shape analysis as well as foot underside deformation analysis. Furthermore, the anatomical landmarks around the knee and ankle, defining the transcondylar and transmalleolar axis, make it possible to calculate the tibial torsion by this non-invasive way. Generally, this method is fast and accurate. However, it gives some inaccurate results on the patch edge, which should be interpreted with caution, when it is applied on a surface patch in other occasions because of a small number of points unevenly distributed in the operator. Presently, the method is computationally intensive although the time can be reduced to a few seconds at the sacrifice of image resolution. Further efforts will be made to get the real-time information.

解剖标志生物力学特征图体表上的标志对形状和运动分析很重要。如果是与位置和坐标系无关的解剖标志就更好了。该方法的目的是提供一种易于实现的提取圆柱体表面解剖标志的方法,可用于运动分析或医学治疗。通过FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA)对表面进行扫描,并通过分散的三维表面点进行描述。该方法采用最小二乘曲面拟合的方法估计二阶导数,计算高斯曲率和平均曲率。为了区分凹凸,以脚和腿的Koenderink形状索引图为例。在Koenderink形状索引图上,由底层肌肉和骨骼结构(如踝骨)形成的地标清晰地区分出来。扫描足部和腿部几分钟后,足部和腿部的曲率图提供形状信息,地标的轨迹利用统计形状分析和脚底变形分析。此外,膝关节和踝关节周围的解剖标志,定义了经髁和经踝轴,使得通过这种无创方式计算胫骨扭转成为可能。一般来说,这种方法快速、准确。但是,由于少量点不均匀分布在算子中,在其他场合将其应用于表面斑块时,会在斑块边缘上给出一些不准确的结果,应谨慎解释。目前,该方法虽然可以在牺牲图像分辨率的情况下将时间缩短到几秒,但计算量很大。将进一步努力获取实时信息。
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引用次数: 0
A dynamical model with adaptive pixel moving for microarray images segmentation 基于自适应像素移动的微阵列图像分割动态模型
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.008
Antonio P.G. Damiance Jr., Liang Zhao, Andre C.P.L.F. Carvalho

Gene expression analysis is one of the main research issues in computational biology. Such analysis can provide very relevant information related to cell activity. Several techniques have been employed for this analysis. One of them is the analysis of microarray images. This paper proposes a new data clustering method based on dynamical system modelling for the segmentation of microarray images.

The proposed approach employs a network consisting of interacting elements, where each element represents an input data as an attribute vector. Each element of the network receives attractions from other elements within a certain region. Those attractions, determined by a predefined similarity measure, drive the elements to converge to their corresponding cluster centre. With this model, neither the number of pixel clusters nor the initial guessing of cluster centres is required. Moreover, the proposed model allows the omission of the gridding process. The results obtained so far have been very promising.

基因表达分析是计算生物学的主要研究课题之一。这种分析可以提供与细胞活动相关的非常相关的信息。这种分析采用了几种技术。其中之一是微阵列图像的分析。提出了一种基于动态系统建模的数据聚类方法,用于微阵列图像的分割。所提出的方法采用了一个由交互元素组成的网络,其中每个元素将输入数据表示为属性向量。网络中的每个元素都受到一定区域内其他元素的吸引。这些吸引力由预定义的相似性度量决定,驱动元素收敛到相应的集群中心。使用该模型,既不需要像素簇的数量,也不需要簇中心的初始猜测。此外,该模型允许省略网格化过程。到目前为止取得的结果是很有希望的。
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引用次数: 16
Computational modeling of thoracic and abdominal anatomy using spatial relationships for image segmentation 利用空间关系进行图像分割的胸腹解剖计算建模
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.005
O. Camara , O. Colliot , I. Bloch

This paper presents an original hierarchical segmentation approach of several thoracic and abdominal structures in CT and emission PET images. Segmentation results will be used to initialize a non-linear registration procedure between these complementary imaging modalities. Therefore, structures involved in the segmentation system must be visible in both CT and emission PET images in order to compute a spatial transformation between them. Thus, the chosen structures include lungs, kidneys and liver (skin and skeleton are also segmented as support structures). In the hierarchical segmentation procedure, the extraction of a given structure is driven by information derived from a simpler one. This information is composed of spatial constraints inferred from the previously segmented structures and expressed by means of Regions Of Interest (ROI) in which the search for new structures will take place. The segmentation of each structure follows a two-phase process: a first stage is composed of automatic thresholding and other low-level operations in the ROI defined by previously segmented objects; a second stage employs a 3D deformable model to refine and regularize results provided by the former step. Visual inspection by medical experts has stated that the proposed segmentation approach provides results which are accurate enough to guide a subsequent non-linear registration procedure.

本文提出了一种原始的分层分割方法,对CT和发射PET图像中的一些胸腹结构进行分割。分割结果将用于初始化这些互补成像模式之间的非线性配准过程。因此,分割系统中涉及的结构必须在CT和发射PET图像中都是可见的,以便计算它们之间的空间变换。因此,所选择的结构包括肺、肾和肝(皮肤和骨骼也被分割为支持结构)。在分层分割过程中,给定结构的提取是由更简单结构的信息驱动的。该信息由从先前分割的结构中推断出的空间约束组成,并通过感兴趣区域(ROI)表示,在感兴趣区域中搜索新结构。每个结构的分割遵循两个阶段的过程:第一阶段是由先前分割对象定义的ROI中的自动阈值和其他低级操作组成;第二阶段采用三维可变形模型来细化和正则化前一步提供的结果。医学专家的目视检查表明,拟议的分割方法提供的结果足够准确,可以指导随后的非线性注册程序。
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引用次数: 44
Image contrast enhancement via entropy production 通过熵产生增强图像对比度
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.004
Mario Ferraro , Giuseppe Boccignone

In this paper a novel approach for image contrast enhancement is proposed. Employing a thermodynamical model to define local information content, the method derives a measure of local contrast which takes into account spatial structure across multiple scales. From this measure a local contrast map is computed, which is then applied to the image, giving rise to a selective enhancement of the original image. Here some applications to medical images will be presented as well as a comparison with other methods.

本文提出了一种增强图像对比度的新方法。采用热力学模型来定义局部信息内容,该方法推导出考虑到跨多个尺度的空间结构的局部对比度量。从这个度量中计算出一个局部对比度图,然后应用到图像上,从而产生对原始图像的选择性增强。这里将介绍一些在医学图像中的应用,并与其他方法进行比较。
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引用次数: 7
Morphometrical data analysis using wavelets 基于小波的形态计量数据分析
Pub Date : 2004-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.006
C.M. Takemura , R.M. Cesar- Jr. , R.A.T. Arantes , L. da F. Costa , E. Hingst-Zaher , V. Bonato , S.F. dos Reis

In this paper, we present a new shape analysis approach using the well-known wavelet transform and exploring shape representation by landmarks. First, we describe the approach adopted to represent the landmarks data as parametric signals. Then, we show the relation of the derivatives of Gaussian wavelet transform applied to the signal-to-differential properties of the shape that it represents. We present experimental results using real data to show how it is possible to characterize shapes through multiscale and differential signal-processing techniques in order to relate morphological variables with phylogenetic signal, environmental factors and sexual dimorphism. The goal of this research is to develop an effective wavelet transform-based method to represent and classify multiple classes of shapes given by landmarks.

在本文中,我们提出了一种新的形状分析方法,利用众所周知的小波变换和探索形状的标志表示。首先,我们描述了将地标数据表示为参数信号的方法。然后,我们展示了高斯小波变换的导数与它所代表的形状的信微分性质的关系。我们使用真实数据展示了如何通过多尺度和差分信号处理技术来表征形状,以便将形态学变量与系统发育信号、环境因素和两性二态性联系起来。本研究的目的是开发一种有效的基于小波变换的方法来表示和分类由地标给出的多类形状。
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引用次数: 8
3D characterization and localization of anatomical landmarks of the foot 足部解剖标志的三维表征和定位
Pub Date : 2004-06-15 DOI: 10.1145/1044588.1044641
Xiang Liu, Wangdo Kim, B. Drerup
The anatomical landmarks on the body surface are important to shape and motion analysis. This paper presents a method for extracting anatomical landmarks on the foot from scattered 3D surface points collected by FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA). By least squares surface fitting, the surface is reconstructed from the scattered points and the Gaussian curvature and mean curvature are calculated. The landmarks formed by underlying muscles and skeletal structures distinguish themselves clearly on the Koenderink shape index maps. The loci of landmarks avail further analysis such as the arch height and tibial torsion.
体表解剖标志对形体和运动分析具有重要意义。本文提出了一种从FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA)收集的分散的3D表面点中提取足部解剖地标的方法。通过最小二乘曲面拟合,从散点重构曲面,计算高斯曲率和平均曲率。由底层肌肉和骨骼结构形成的地标在Koenderink形状索引图上清晰地区分开来。足弓高度和胫骨扭转等标志的位置可作进一步分析。
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引用次数: 30
A robust hardware algorithm for real-time object tracking in video sequences 视频序列中实时目标跟踪的鲁棒硬件算法
Pub Date : 2004-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rti.2004.05.002
Mahmoud Meribout , Lazher Khriji , Mamoru Nakanishi

Most of the emerging content-based multimedia technologies are based on efficient methods to solve machine early vision tasks. Among other tasks, object segmentation is perhaps the most important problem in single image processing. The solution of this problem is the key technology of the development of the majority of leading-edge interactive video communication technology and telepresence systems. The aim of this paper is to present a robust framework for real-time object segmentation and tracking in video sequences taken simultaneously from different perspectives. The other contribution of the paper is to present a new dedicated parallel hardware architecture. It is composed of a mixture of Digital Signal Processing and Field Programmable Gate Array technologies and uses the Content Addressable Memory as a main processing unit. Experimental results indicate that small amount of hardware can deliver real-time performance and high accuracy. This is an improvement over previous systems, where execution time of the second-order using a greater amount of hardware has been proposed.

大多数新兴的基于内容的多媒体技术都是基于解决机器早期视觉任务的有效方法。在其他任务中,目标分割可能是单幅图像处理中最重要的问题。这一问题的解决是大多数前沿交互式视频通信技术和远程呈现系统发展的关键技术。本文的目的是提出一个鲁棒的框架,用于从不同角度同时拍摄的视频序列的实时目标分割和跟踪。本文的另一个贡献是提出了一种新的专用并行硬件体系结构。它是由数字信号处理和现场可编程门阵列技术的混合组成,并使用内容可寻址存储器作为主要处理单元。实验结果表明,少量的硬件可以提供实时性和高精度。这是对以前系统的改进,在以前的系统中,已经提出了使用更多硬件的二阶执行时间。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Real-Time Imaging
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