Results in Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Exploring hydrocarbon potential with non-invasive techniques: An airborne gamma-ray spectrometric and geochemical analysis of the Shendam Area, North-Central Nigeria","authors":"N.K. Samaila ,&nbsp;M.U. Faruk ,&nbsp;T.P. Bata ,&nbsp;V.B. Diyelmak ,&nbsp;E.Y. Yenne ,&nbsp;J.A. Bulus ,&nbsp;T. Aga ,&nbsp;A.P. Adelabu","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducted an integrated investigation employing airborne gamma-ray spectrometry (AGRS) and geochemical analysis to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential in the Shendam area, located in Northcentral Nigeria. This comprehensive study revealed significant concentrations of key geochemical indicators, including total carbon, total sulphur, potassium oxide (K₂O), thorium (Th), and uranium (U), all of which are commonly associated with organic matter and hydrocarbon-bearing minerals. The geochemical data highlight areas of potential hydrocarbon presence, providing valuable context for the AGRS findings. The airborne gamma-ray spectrometric survey, which included DRAD (Delineation of Radioactive Anomalies) values ranging from 4.67 % to 10.18 %, was pivotal in identifying prospective hydrocarbon zones within the sedimentary formations of the study area. These high DRAD values suggest the possibility of hydrocarbon micro-seepages from underlying reservoirs, indicating favourable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation. The spatial distribution of these anomalies, combined with the geochemical data, enhances our understanding of potential hydrocarbon zones. Although the preliminary results are promising, confirming the commercial viability of hydrocarbon reserves in the Shendam area requires further investigation. Subsequent exploration efforts should include seismic surveys and exploratory drilling to validate these initial findings. This study highlights the effectiveness of non-invasive methods, such as AGRS and geochemical analysis, in providing detailed and high-resolution insights into subsurface conditions. By minimising ground disturbances, the technique offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to early-stage hydrocarbon exploration, paving the way for more targeted and informed drilling operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing seismic hazard from a potential magnitude 8.0 earthquake along the Indo-Burmese wedge and its impact on Northeast India","authors":"Prasanta Chingtham,&nbsp;Babita Sharma,&nbsp;Kapil Mohan,&nbsp;Himanshu Mittal,&nbsp;Sireesha Jaladi","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 2016 Mw 6.7 Manipur earthquake in Northeast India caused significant structural damage across the region. This study simulates a plausible Mw 8.0 earthquake to assess its potential impact, employing the Empirical Green's Function Method (EGFM) to estimate probable ground motions while incorporating path and site effects. Fault parameters for the simulated event were validated using recorded data from the Manipur earthquake, revealing a similar rupture directivity pattern in the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) distribution between the element earthquake (a smaller recorded event used for modeling) and the simulated earthquake. PGA values across Northeast India ranged from 3 gals to 103 gals for the Mw 6.7 event and from 11 gals to 342 gals for the simulated Mw 8.0 earthquake, with Shillong recording the highest PGA due to seismic wave interference, rupture directivity, and site amplification, despite being situated 214 km from the intermediate-depth source zone (typically between 55 km and 160 km depth). The source depth likely enabled direct wave propagation over long distances, emphasizing the need to analyze simulated earthquake waveforms across varying geological formations. A comprehensive understanding of ground response parameters, simulation methodologies, and the effects of geological and geomorphological features is crucial for refining earthquake preparedness strategies in Northeast India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A framework for reinterpretation of legacy hydrocarbon data for sustainable groundwater mapping: Case studies from the Napuu and Lotikipi Aquifers, Kenya","authors":"Abiud Masinde","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater resources are increasingly critical for climate resilience, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Yet groundwater mapping remains challenging due to sparse hydrogeological data. Meanwhile, oil and gas exploration has generated extensive subsurface datasets, including seismic and well log data, which remain underutilized for groundwater studies. This paper presents a general framework on how oil and gas subsurface data can be repurposed to identify sustainable shallow groundwater resources, addressing the gap caused by limited dedicated groundwater data. The framework, which is based on seismic and well logs, involves the assessment of stratigraphy, aquifer characteristics, water quality and chemistry, structural influences on groundwater distribution, and hydro-stratigraphic interpretation. This approach is applied to Kenya's Napuu and Lotikipi aquifers. Results reveal that in the Napuu Aquifer, the fluvial and coarse sandstones between 300–1000 m represent the most promising targets, with confirmed high permeability (20–80 m/day), porosity exceeding 20 % and fresh to slightly brackish water (TDS-Total Dissolved Solids) 600–1200 mg/L), supported by pressure testing. In the Lotikipi Aquifer, the Pliocene sandstone unit (LKT76), located between 220–470 m, emerged as the most promising aquifer zone. It displays high porosity (24–32 %), excellent permeability (20–80 m/day), and favorable water quality with TDS values between 500–1000 mg/L. Structural analysis highlighted major normal faults influencing aquifer compartmentalization and recharge pathways in both aquifers. Deeper formations beyond 1000 m displayed reduced permeability and higher salinity, reinforcing the focus on shallower groundwater development. These insights demonstrate how existing oil and gas data can significantly enhance groundwater exploration, supporting climate-resilient water management in data-scarce regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the steadfastness of the least-squares reverse-time migration wavefield extrapolation via 1st-order Riemannian axis finite-difference solver","authors":"Hussein Muhammed ,&nbsp;AbdelHafiz Gadelmula ,&nbsp;Zhenchun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring Earth's deep regions via Least-Squares Reverse-Time Migration (LSRTM) methods is of significant interest due to its exceptional structural-amplitude clarity. This cutting-edge seismic imaging technique is time-consuming and memory-intensive, thus wavefield extrapolation was proposed to be in the Pseudodepth domain (1^st-order Riemannian coordinate system’s axis) to address these issues and to prevent oversampling/aliasing when modeling deeper subsurface zones. Stabilizing the generated Riemannian wavefield involves implementing an appropriate mapping velocity and obtaining the vertical axis operator which partially converts the finite difference solver from time to frequency domains. Each Cartesian point <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> has a corresponding vertical-time point <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, allowing interpolation of the reconstructed source wavefield through a Cartesian-to-Riemannian mapping function. Our stability and convergence analysis indicates that the spatial derivatives of the 1^st-order Riemannian axis can be approximated by Fourier pseudo-spectral methods and fast-Fourier transforms using a special Gaussian-like impulse function. This function generates the source term vector-matrix within the finite-difference operator. The mapping velocity, derived as a differential form of the initial input velocity model, controls the CFL conditions of the associated Riemannian-finite difference operator. Numerical, synthetic, and seismic field data examples show that this approach is more stable and efficient in extrapolating a smooth 1^st-order Riemannian axis-based finite-difference wavefield while adhering to Claerbout’s principle for locating subsurface reflectors. Additionally, choosing the appropriate sampling rate for the new vertical axis is inversely related to the maximum frequency of the impulse wavelet and directly related to the minimum velocity value in the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gauging sediment thickness in a seismically prone city in the context of the recent 6.4 M Assam earthquake","authors":"Rajib Biswas,&nbsp;Nilutpal Bora","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports estimation of sediment thickness in a seismically prone city, namely Tezpur of Northeast, India via ambient noise measurements. Accordingly, a three-component broadband sensor was used to accrue ambient noise at seventy various locations of Tezpur. Estimation of resonance frequencies has been done from horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. <em>Via</em> as estimated resonance frequencies and available borehole feed, an empirical power law has been formulated which allows for boarder mapping of sediment thickness. The results indicate a predominance of lateral heterogeneity in the area under study. Apart from that, estimates of <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> hint at diverse soil types existing in this region. All these inputs can be of help for geotechnical engineers as well as policy makers to foster earthquake resilience in the context of the recent 2021 6.4 M_W earthquake whose epicenter was very nearby to the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for temporal identification of aquacultural ponds","authors":"Vaishnavi Joshi ,&nbsp;Dipanwita Haldar ,&nbsp;Subhadip Dey","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate classification of ponds under aquaculture practices (AP) and not under aquaculture practices (NAP) is essential for effective monitoring and sustainable management practices. In this study, we have integrated optical and SAR data alongside key spectral indices, such as the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) and the Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI), to distinguish between AP and NAP ponds across different seasons. The analysis reveals distinct spectral and surface characteristics between the two classes for both optical and SAR modalities. Especially for SAR data, NAP ponds exhibit higher anisotropy (<span><math><mi>A</mi></math></span>) and lower entropy (<span><math><mi>H</mi></math></span>), while AP ponds show lower <span><math><mi>A</mi></math></span> and higher <span><math><mi>H</mi></math></span>, reflecting complex management practices. Optical indices further highlight differences, with higher water clarity and nutrient enrichment in AP ponds. The Random Forest classifier obtained a maximum overall accuracy of 94<!--> <!-->% by combining optical and SAR data, significantly outperforming other classifiers. The advantages of combining optical and SAR data, as supported by the t-SNE plots showing enhanced separability between the AP and NAP ponds. Seasonal variability also plays a critical role, with AP pond areas expanding during the monsoon season and contracting in the summer due to maintenance and evaporation. A notable shift in aquaculture practices was observed, with AP ponds covering 4617.47<!--> <!-->ha in January and increasing to 4686.73<!--> <!-->ha in September, highlighting the influence of seasonal factors. Spatial analysis revealed a dynamic shift in the usage of ponds, with aquaculture practices peaking during favorable monsoon conditions and declining during summer. The integration of multisource data significantly improves classification accuracy and captures the nuanced variability of aquaculture practices. Although environmental conditions, seasonal changes, and pond management practices influence classification performance, the proposed methodology offers a robust, scalable approach to monitoring aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical, diagenetic and depositional characteristics of the Maastrichtian Agbaja Formation ironstone exposed at Enegbaki, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Toba Emmanuel Bamidele ,&nbsp;Olusola Johnson Ojo","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examines the Maastrichtian Agbaja Formation ironstones at Enegbaki, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria. The ironstone deposit has attracted significant exploration and resource evaluation efforts but its physical characteristics and paleogeographic significance remain uninvestigated. Lithostratigraphic features of the ironstones reveal association with claystone and shale. Twelve ironstone samples were selected for thin-section and polished-section microscopy, XRD, XRF, and ICPMS. Microscopy reveals that the coated grains are either rounded to spherical, partly elongated and the occurrence of whole and broken Fe-coated grains suggest an environment which is relatively agitated, involving multiple episodes of growth and reworking. Mineralogical analysis reveals the presence of amorphous components, goethite, magnetite, siderite, chamosite, maghemite and hematite in the order of abundance. Fe₂O_3, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ constitute more than 80 % of the oxides in the samples and the Rare Earth Elements range from 129 to 249 ppm. The mineral assemblage of the ironstones indicate that the clay precursors were derived from deep chemical weathering, transported and deposited during periods of reduced clastic sediment influx in shallow to full marine environments. Two depositional facies of the ironstones are recognized; the reduced facies at the lower part comprising chamosite, siderite and magnetite and the oxidized facies are at the upper part consisting of goethite, maghemite and hematite. The main diagenetic features are the early diagenetic chamosite and siderite formation, followed by replacement of kaolinitic clays by goethite and dehydration of goethite to form hematite at the middle to late-stage diagenesis. The ironstone is characterized by intermediate Nd concentration (13.4 – 38.9 ppm), negative Ce and positive Y anomalies suggesting it is of replacement diagenetic origin and this is supported by the presence of preserved clay precursors in the ironstone. The study reveals occurrence of chamosite and siderite in the investigated ironstones indicating that extreme Eh-pH conditions in full marine environment were recorded in the Bida Basin during the Upper Cretaceous period. The presence of chamositic oolitic ironstone and reducing condition in the lower part of the ironstones in study area offers probably evidence of K/T boundary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping spatiotemporal variations in soil erosion using RUSLE model in Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Christopher Uche Ezeh ,&nbsp;Kwasi Preko ,&nbsp;Kwaku Adjei ,&nbsp;Sarah Schönbrodt-Stitt ,&nbsp;Yaw Mensah Asare ,&nbsp;Ogbonnaya Igwe","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion is a geomorphic hazard that has significantly degraded much of Anambra State’s landscape. To assess the spatiotemporal variations from 2017 to 2022, we employed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and trend analysis. The mean erosivity ranged from 1565.17 to 1817.60 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with a coefficient of variation (CV) between 8.68 % and 11.29 %. The C-factor has CV values that ranged from 90.91 % to 103.45 %. The mean annual soil loss varied from 21.32 to 26.51 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The lowest erosion was recorded in 2017, and the highest in 2019; however, a general increase in erosion was observed from 2017 to 2022. Soil loss, C-factor, and R-factor displayed rising trends, with p-values of 0.13, 0.01, and 1.00, respectively. This indicates that land cover change is a dominant driver of accelerated soil erosion in the state. Nevertheless, the critical role of erosivity is evident, as the year with the highest rainfall erosivity corresponded with the maximum soil loss. Soil loss is especially severe in ten local government areas (LGAs): Oyi, Nnewi North, Aguata, Idemili North, Anaocha, Nnewi South, Awka South, Njikoka, Idemili South, and Onitsha North. The findings reveal an increasing soil erosion trend at a rate of 0.75 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ annually in the state. Accordingly, we recommend aggressive reforestation, and intensive conservation agriculture practices such as reduced to no-till agriculture, cover-cropping, and agroforestry. Additionally, the Anambra State Erosion, Watershed, and Climate Change Agency (ANSEWCCA) should also extend their intervention and stabilisation efforts to rill erosion through nature-based approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of remote sensing and geophysics in geological mapping of southern block of Chitradurga Schist Belt areas in upstream Cauvery basin, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka","authors":"Samarth Urs M,&nbsp;Nagendra P,&nbsp;B.V. Suresh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present mapping and comparision of the geology of the southern block of the Chitradurga schist belt (CSB). We have used ASTER images and geophysical data to compare the geology. Consequently, present study confirms how remote sensing integrated with geophysical surveys can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of regional geological mapping. False colour composites, band ratios, rock indices (QI, MI, and CI), mineral indices, and broadband albedo were used for lithological mapping. Remote sensing results were correlated with digitized thematic geophysical data viz. gravity anomalies, magnetic and radiometric data. The results were validated with lithological data obtained from the Geological Survey of India. Results showed that southern portion of CSB is fringed within a gneiss and dominated by amphibolites interbedded with narrow quartzite bands. To its west, occurs a narrow belt of ultramafites and acidic intrusions. In some localities, the amphibolites are overlain by mica schists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphase deformation and control of structural position on lineament distribution in a pop-up fault-propagation fold: Inferences from structural and lineament analysis of the Kambhu anticline, Southern Kirthar Fold Belt, Pakistan","authors":"Aijaz Ali Halepoto ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hassan Agheem ,&nbsp;Shabeer Ahmed ,&nbsp;Surriya Bibi Ahmedani ,&nbsp;Rafique Ahmed Lashari","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Southern Kirthar Fold Belt represents the southernmost extent of the active left-lateral transpressional regime between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This study investigates the structural geometry, deformation history, lineament distribution and the control of structural position on lineament distribution within the Kambhu anticline, a 37 km long and 7 km wide structure located in the frontal part of the Southern Kirthar Fold belt. The analysis is based on geological map (1:253,440), topographic maps (1:50,000) and Digital Elevation Model acquired by Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission with spatial resolution of 30 m. The Kambhu anticline is a north-south trending, asymmetrical, doubly-plunging, upright, gentle and east-vergent pop-up fault-propagation fold that has undergone two post-folding deformation phases. It was cut across by two antagonistic tear faults, dividing it into northern, central and southern segments. Subsequently, the southern segment was re-deformed by a regional left-lateral strike-slip fault step-over. Lineament analysis reveals that longitudinal lineaments are primarily concentrated along synclinal hinges, while, transverse and oblique lineaments are mainly distributed across the back-limb and hinge zone. Contrary to conventional models, this study identifies a dense population of lineaments in the back-limb, likely associated with the pop-up folding mechanism and post-folding anticlockwise drag induced by strike-slip faulting. The study highlights the significance of polyphase deformation in structural segmentation and controlling lineament density and orientation in pop-up fault-propagation folds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}