Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100128
Haojiang Xi , Zhifeng Luo , Yue Guo
Reservoir classification and evaluation of fractured gas reservoirs are essential for optimizing development strategies and enhancing oil and gas recovery rates. In this study, we utilized geological and engineering parameters to construct new feature dimensions and applied the K-means clustering algorithm to classify reservoirs into three categories based on unobstructed flow rates. We developed a novel machine learning framework that integrates Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), and Stacking models, addressing class imbalance in small sample datasets. This framework achieved a classification accuracy of 92 %, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional methods. Through global and local interpretability analysis using SHAP values, we identified the critical features influencing the model's predictions, enhancing transparency and practicality. Using data from the Bozi-Dabei Block in the Tarim Basin, we validated the accuracy and applicability of our approach. This framework not only deepens the understanding of complex reservoir characteristics but also optimizes reservoir classification accuracy, providing robust technical support for the efficient development of unconventional oil and gas resources.
{"title":"Reservoir evaluation method based on explainable machine learning with small samples","authors":"Haojiang Xi , Zhifeng Luo , Yue Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reservoir classification and evaluation of fractured gas reservoirs are essential for optimizing development strategies and enhancing oil and gas recovery rates. In this study, we utilized geological and engineering parameters to construct new feature dimensions and applied the K-means clustering algorithm to classify reservoirs into three categories based on unobstructed flow rates. We developed a novel machine learning framework that integrates Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), and Stacking models, addressing class imbalance in small sample datasets. This framework achieved a classification accuracy of 92 %, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional methods. Through global and local interpretability analysis using SHAP values, we identified the critical features influencing the model's predictions, enhancing transparency and practicality. Using data from the Bozi-Dabei Block in the Tarim Basin, we validated the accuracy and applicability of our approach. This framework not only deepens the understanding of complex reservoir characteristics but also optimizes reservoir classification accuracy, providing robust technical support for the efficient development of unconventional oil and gas resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100127
Kaled H. Mudhee , Maysoon Muhi Hilal , Mohammed Alyami , Erhart Rendal , Sameer Algburi , Aws Zuhair Sameen , Azizbek Khurramov , Nouha Ghanem Abboud , Maha Barakat
The study presents a comparative analysis of emission scenarios proposed by key institutions, including Shell, British Petroleum (BP), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), within the framework of the Paris Agreement's ambitious goals. The Agreement seeks to limit global temperature rise to below 2 °C, ideally to 1.5 °C. Using a comprehensive analytical framework, the study evaluates each institution's projected carbon pathways, energy compositions, and policy recommendations. The findings reveal that IPCC scenarios demonstrate the strongest alignment with the Paris Agreement's targets, emphasizing a rapid transition to renewable energy and stringent mitigation measures. In contrast, the scenarios put forward by Shell and BP, although showing significant carbon reductions, remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, raising concerns about the ability to meet the 1.5 °C and 2 °C targets. The IEA scenarios provide a middle ground, promoting decarbonization while still supporting natural gas as a transitional energy source. Disparities in transparency and methodological consistency are also identified across the scenarios, with the IPCC leading in clarity and scientific rigor. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of harmonizing the strengths of different institutional approaches, while addressing the respective limitations, to ensure that the global community can stay on track to meet or exceed the climate objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement's. The study concludes that collective action, accelerated technological advancement, and policy shifts are crucial to achieving a sustainable, Net Zero future.
{"title":"Assessing climate strategies of major energy corporations and examining projections in relation to Paris Agreement objectives within the framework of sustainable energy","authors":"Kaled H. Mudhee , Maysoon Muhi Hilal , Mohammed Alyami , Erhart Rendal , Sameer Algburi , Aws Zuhair Sameen , Azizbek Khurramov , Nouha Ghanem Abboud , Maha Barakat","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study presents a comparative analysis of emission scenarios proposed by key institutions, including Shell, British Petroleum (BP), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), within the framework of the Paris Agreement's ambitious goals. The Agreement seeks to limit global temperature rise to below 2 °C, ideally to 1.5 °C. Using a comprehensive analytical framework, the study evaluates each institution's projected carbon pathways, energy compositions, and policy recommendations. The findings reveal that IPCC scenarios demonstrate the strongest alignment with the Paris Agreement's targets, emphasizing a rapid transition to renewable energy and stringent mitigation measures. In contrast, the scenarios put forward by Shell and BP, although showing significant carbon reductions, remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, raising concerns about the ability to meet the 1.5 °C and 2 °C targets. The IEA scenarios provide a middle ground, promoting decarbonization while still supporting natural gas as a transitional energy source. Disparities in transparency and methodological consistency are also identified across the scenarios, with the IPCC leading in clarity and scientific rigor. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of harmonizing the strengths of different institutional approaches, while addressing the respective limitations, to ensure that the global community can stay on track to meet or exceed the climate objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement's. The study concludes that collective action, accelerated technological advancement, and policy shifts are crucial to achieving a sustainable, Net Zero future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100126
Michail Purdin
This study presents a method for defining low-potential energy sources based on thermodynamic analysis. It defines low potential energy sources and presents the results of calculating temperature levels corresponding to the concept of a low potential energy source. A classification of energy sources by thermal level was carried out, including sources of cold, low-potential heat and cold at reduced temperatures, low-potential heat and cold at elevated temperatures, and high-temperature sources. The analysis demonstrates the correspondence between thermodynamic assessment and practical views of many researchers on low-potential energy sources. Conclusions about the influence of external factors on the temperature range for these sources are drawn. It is shown that factors affecting the range of low-potential temperatures include: the temperature potential of consumers, as a reference point for temperature, and the efficiency of local stations for converting heat into work or electricity. Narrowed assessment is presented based on optimal conditions for humans (22 °C), from −90 °C to 203 °C, and extended assessment based on limits of liquid water existence at atmospheric pressure and temperatures (0–100 °C) from −104 °C to 329 °C with an efficiency of heat conversion stations of 38 %.
{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis for definition of low-potential heat sources","authors":"Michail Purdin","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a method for defining low-potential energy sources based on thermodynamic analysis. It defines low potential energy sources and presents the results of calculating temperature levels corresponding to the concept of a low potential energy source. A classification of energy sources by thermal level was carried out, including sources of cold, low-potential heat and cold at reduced temperatures, low-potential heat and cold at elevated temperatures, and high-temperature sources. The analysis demonstrates the correspondence between thermodynamic assessment and practical views of many researchers on low-potential energy sources. Conclusions about the influence of external factors on the temperature range for these sources are drawn. It is shown that factors affecting the range of low-potential temperatures include: the temperature potential of consumers, as a reference point for temperature, and the efficiency of local stations for converting heat into work or electricity. Narrowed assessment is presented based on optimal conditions for humans (22 °C), from −90 °C to 203 °C, and extended assessment based on limits of liquid water existence at atmospheric pressure and temperatures (0–100 °C) from −104 °C to 329 °C with an efficiency of heat conversion stations of 38 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100123
Wenhao Xia , Kelai Xi , Honggang Xin , Wenzhong Ma , Hui Zhao , Shengbin Feng , Weidong Dan
The Chang 8 member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin exhibits extensive development of tight sandstone reservoirs. In comparison to conventional reservoirs, these tight sandstone reservoirs demonstrate smaller pore-throat systems and stronger heterogeneity due to interactions between inherent sedimentary components and various diagenetic processes. To further investigate the influence of microscopic pore throat structure on macroscopic physical properties and oil content within the reservoir, a comprehensive study was conducted utilizing high pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-CT scanning, and other pore throat testing methods. This study was complemented by observation techniques such as polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal imaging, to study the pore throat system of reservoirs under the influence of different sedimentary components and diagenesis. By comparison, it is observed that the radius of the primary pore throat system in the tight sandstone reservoir ranges from 0.01 to 1 μm. The structural characteristics of the pore throat system significantly impact the macroscopic physical properties of the reservoir. Due to variations in testing methods, high pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) reveal different fractal dimensions of the reservoir's pore throat system. Therefore, it is better to respectively utilize fractal dimension Df2, Df2-NMR, Df2-CT, and pore throat parameters to characterize the microscopic pore throat system with a radius ranging from 0.01 to 1 μm. The decrease in the average pore throat radius and the increased irregularity of pore shape contribute to heightened heterogeneity in the micro-pore throat structure within the reservoir. This negatively impacts its physical properties and oil content. Furthermore, it is important to note that the minimum threshold of pore throat radius plays a crucial role as a primary factor determining the fluid seepage capacity within this reservoir. Moreover, when isolated pores exist, reduced fluid mobility ensues, which further worsens the seepage conditions of the reservoir. The chlorite rims development reservoir shows a low fractal dimension in its micro-pore throats, contributing to superior macroscopic petrophysical properties and oil content. However, compression, siliceous cementation, and calcite cementation negatively impact the average pore throat radius by increasing micropores, inaccessible pores, and narrow throat content. This results in a stronger heterogeneity of the pore throat structure, leading to poor seepage conditions and lower oil content.
{"title":"The influence of pore throat heterogeneity and fractal characteristics on reservoir quality: A case study of chang 8 member tight sandstones, Ordos Basin","authors":"Wenhao Xia , Kelai Xi , Honggang Xin , Wenzhong Ma , Hui Zhao , Shengbin Feng , Weidong Dan","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Chang 8 member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin exhibits extensive development of tight sandstone reservoirs. In comparison to conventional reservoirs, these tight sandstone reservoirs demonstrate smaller pore-throat systems and stronger heterogeneity due to interactions between inherent sedimentary components and various diagenetic processes. To further investigate the influence of microscopic pore throat structure on macroscopic physical properties and oil content within the reservoir, a comprehensive study was conducted utilizing high pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-CT scanning, and other pore throat testing methods. This study was complemented by observation techniques such as polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal imaging, to study the pore throat system of reservoirs under the influence of different sedimentary components and diagenesis. By comparison, it is observed that the radius of the primary pore throat system in the tight sandstone reservoir ranges from 0.01 to 1 μm. The structural characteristics of the pore throat system significantly impact the macroscopic physical properties of the reservoir. Due to variations in testing methods, high pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) reveal different fractal dimensions of the reservoir's pore throat system. Therefore, it is better to respectively utilize fractal dimension <em>D</em><sub><em>f2</em></sub>, <em>D</em><sub><em>f2-NMR</em></sub>, <em>D</em><sub><em>f2-CT</em></sub>, and pore throat parameters to characterize the microscopic pore throat system with a radius ranging from 0.01 to 1 μm. The decrease in the average pore throat radius and the increased irregularity of pore shape contribute to heightened heterogeneity in the micro-pore throat structure within the reservoir. This negatively impacts its physical properties and oil content. Furthermore, it is important to note that the minimum threshold of pore throat radius plays a crucial role as a primary factor determining the fluid seepage capacity within this reservoir. Moreover, when isolated pores exist, reduced fluid mobility ensues, which further worsens the seepage conditions of the reservoir. The chlorite rims development reservoir shows a low fractal dimension in its micro-pore throats, contributing to superior macroscopic petrophysical properties and oil content. However, compression, siliceous cementation, and calcite cementation negatively impact the average pore throat radius by increasing micropores, inaccessible pores, and narrow throat content. This results in a stronger heterogeneity of the pore throat structure, leading to poor seepage conditions and lower oil content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100124
Qusay Hassan , Ali Khudhair Al-Jiboory , Aws Zuhair Sameen , Maha Barakat , Karrar Yahia Mohammad Abdalrahman , Sameer Algburi
The study investigates the potential of transitioning Iraq, a nation significantly dependent on fossil fuels, toward a green hydrogen-based energy system as a pathway to achieving sustainable economic resilience. As of 2022, Iraqi energy supply is over 90 % reliant on hydrocarbons, which also account for 95 % of the country foreign exchange earnings. The global energy landscape is rapidly shifting towards cleaner alternatives, and the volatility of oil prices has made it imperative for the country to diversify its energy sources. Green hydrogen, produced through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, offers a promising alternative given country vast renewable energy potential. The analysis indicates that, with strategic investments in green hydrogen infrastructure, the country could reduce its hydrocarbon dependency by 30 % by the year 2030. This transition could not only address pressing environmental challenges but also contribute to the economic stability of the country. However, the shift to green hydrogen is not without significant challenges, including water scarcity, technological limitations, and the necessity for a robust regulatory framework. The findings underscore the importance of international partnerships and supportive policies in facilitating this energy transition. Adopting renewable energy and green hydrogen technologies, the country has the potential to become a leader in sustainable energy within the region. This shift would not only drive economic growth and energy security but also contribute to global efforts towards environmental sustainability, positioning country favorably in a future low-carbon economy.
{"title":"Transitioning to sustainable economic resilience through renewable energy and green hydrogen: The case of Iraq","authors":"Qusay Hassan , Ali Khudhair Al-Jiboory , Aws Zuhair Sameen , Maha Barakat , Karrar Yahia Mohammad Abdalrahman , Sameer Algburi","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates the potential of transitioning Iraq, a nation significantly dependent on fossil fuels, toward a green hydrogen-based energy system as a pathway to achieving sustainable economic resilience. As of 2022, Iraqi energy supply is over 90 % reliant on hydrocarbons, which also account for 95 % of the country foreign exchange earnings. The global energy landscape is rapidly shifting towards cleaner alternatives, and the volatility of oil prices has made it imperative for the country to diversify its energy sources. Green hydrogen, produced through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, offers a promising alternative given country vast renewable energy potential. The analysis indicates that, with strategic investments in green hydrogen infrastructure, the country could reduce its hydrocarbon dependency by 30 % by the year 2030. This transition could not only address pressing environmental challenges but also contribute to the economic stability of the country. However, the shift to green hydrogen is not without significant challenges, including water scarcity, technological limitations, and the necessity for a robust regulatory framework. The findings underscore the importance of international partnerships and supportive policies in facilitating this energy transition. Adopting renewable energy and green hydrogen technologies, the country has the potential to become a leader in sustainable energy within the region. This shift would not only drive economic growth and energy security but also contribute to global efforts towards environmental sustainability, positioning country favorably in a future low-carbon economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The background is the same for addressing the twin challenges of attaining thermal comfort and concurrently reducing energy use and CO2 emissions. As a safeguard against worsening contamination, combining geothermal energy with an All-Air Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system (HVAC) with 100 % fresh air intake is also crucial in the context of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, this study suggests using geothermal energy as a backup source to run a typical All-Air centralized HVAC system. The resulting system is referred to as a combined system from now on, and its primary goals are to lower the amount of operating energy needed while being environmentally and financially sound. In this context, the creative way of combining the suggested geothermal duct with the All-Air HVAC system possesses various insights, as demonstrated by the thorough thermal analysis and related design. Strong conclusions were derived from a thorough case study focused on Lebanon: adding 100 % fresh air intake leads to an astounding yearly energy savings of 67 %, whereas configurations with 10 % and 30 % fresh air produced energy savings of 52 % and 36 %, respectively. In the study, a geothermal multi-duct system was also suggested and looked at. The research revealed that the 311-m length of the single geothermal duct connected to a pressure of 7000 Pa was reduced to 210 m and the pressure drop was lowered to 140 Pa when a geothermal multi-duct system was employed. Furthermore, as the computed payback period makes clear, the integrated system presents an appealing chance to drastically cut resource usage during energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions, and provide 100 % fresh air circulation.
{"title":"Using geothermal energy in enhancing all-air HVAC system performance - Case study, thermal analysis and economic insights","authors":"Mohamad Darwiche , Jalal Faraj , Samer Ali , Rabih Murr , Rani Taher , Hicham El Hage , Mahmoud Khaled","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The background is the same for addressing the twin challenges of attaining thermal comfort and concurrently reducing energy use and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. As a safeguard against worsening contamination, combining geothermal energy with an All-Air Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system (HVAC) with 100 % fresh air intake is also crucial in the context of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, this study suggests using geothermal energy as a backup source to run a typical All-Air centralized HVAC system. The resulting system is referred to as a combined system from now on, and its primary goals are to lower the amount of operating energy needed while being environmentally and financially sound. In this context, the creative way of combining the suggested geothermal duct with the All-Air HVAC system possesses various insights, as demonstrated by the thorough thermal analysis and related design. Strong conclusions were derived from a thorough case study focused on Lebanon: adding 100 % fresh air intake leads to an astounding yearly energy savings of 67 %, whereas configurations with 10 % and 30 % fresh air produced energy savings of 52 % and 36 %, respectively. In the study, a geothermal multi-duct system was also suggested and looked at. The research revealed that the 311-m length of the single geothermal duct connected to a pressure of 7000 Pa was reduced to 210 m and the pressure drop was lowered to 140 Pa when a geothermal multi-duct system was employed. Furthermore, as the computed payback period makes clear, the integrated system presents an appealing chance to drastically cut resource usage during energy consumption, lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and provide 100 % fresh air circulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100122
Hassan Munther , Qusay Hassan , Anees A. Khadom , Hameed B. Mahood
The study evaluates the potential of solar, wind, and hybrid PV/WT renewable energy systems for green hydrogen production in four Iraqi cities. Through a comparative analysis of six distinct scenarios involving the deployment of 60 MWp solar panels, 30 MWp wind turbines, and 45 MWp hybrid PV/WT systems, the research aims to ascertain the most energy-efficient and cost-effective strategy for hydrogen generation. This evaluation is aligned with the operational capacities of two types of water electrolyzers: Alkaline (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM), each with a 17.5 MWp capacity. Employing the HOMER Pro software for system simulation and optimization, and considering a project timeline from 2022 to 2042, the study identifies Anbar City as the prime location for green hydrogen production, highlighting solar PV panels as the most economical option with the lowest levelized cost of energy at US $4.5/MWh. The analysis further demonstrates that hydrogen production costs are US $1.98/kg for AWE electrolyzers and US $2.72/kg for PEM electrolyzers, with net present costs of US $26.31 million and US $35.91 million, respectively. Moreover, the annual hydrogen output is estimated at 1.11 million kg for AWE and 1.19 million kg for PEM electrolyzers. These insights significantly contribute to the strategic planning and development of Iraqi green hydrogen sector, offering a valuable framework for policymakers and stakeholders invested in sustainable energy transitions.
{"title":"Evaluating the techno-economic potential of large-scale green hydrogen production via solar, wind, and hybrid energy systems utilizing PEM and alkaline electrolyzers","authors":"Hassan Munther , Qusay Hassan , Anees A. Khadom , Hameed B. Mahood","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study evaluates the potential of solar, wind, and hybrid PV/WT renewable energy systems for green hydrogen production in four Iraqi cities. Through a comparative analysis of six distinct scenarios involving the deployment of 60 MWp solar panels, 30 MWp wind turbines, and 45 MWp hybrid PV/WT systems, the research aims to ascertain the most energy-efficient and cost-effective strategy for hydrogen generation. This evaluation is aligned with the operational capacities of two types of water electrolyzers: Alkaline (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM), each with a 17.5 MWp capacity. Employing the HOMER Pro software for system simulation and optimization, and considering a project timeline from 2022 to 2042, the study identifies Anbar City as the prime location for green hydrogen production, highlighting solar PV panels as the most economical option with the lowest levelized cost of energy at US $4.5/MWh. The analysis further demonstrates that hydrogen production costs are US $1.98/kg for AWE electrolyzers and US $2.72/kg for PEM electrolyzers, with net present costs of US $26.31 million and US $35.91 million, respectively. Moreover, the annual hydrogen output is estimated at 1.11 million kg for AWE and 1.19 million kg for PEM electrolyzers. These insights significantly contribute to the strategic planning and development of Iraqi green hydrogen sector, offering a valuable framework for policymakers and stakeholders invested in sustainable energy transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100121
Charity M. Nkinyam , Chika Oliver Ujah , Kingsley C. Nnakwo , Daramy V.V. Kallon
Organic photovoltaics have attracted considerable interest in recent years as viable alternatives to conventional silicon-based solar cells. The present study addressed the increasing demand for alternative energy sources amid greenhouse gas emissions and rising traditional energy costs. OPV cells hold multiple benefits compared to their inorganic equivalents, including high flexibility, low weight, and the promise of inexpensive solution manufacturing. Typically, the active layer OPV cells comprise a blend of electron-donating and electron-receiving organic materials that may absorb a wide range of sunlight on adjustment. Recent breakthroughs in materials science and device engineering have led to significant advancements in OPV, including non-fullerene acceptors and efficiency exceeding 19.6 %, highlighting a transformative shift towards more efficient and eco-friendly energy alternatives. The review addressed the prospects and challenges of this innovative technology, outlining current limitations and proposing efficiency improvement strategies involving photo-protective mechanisms, stable material design, and approaches to comprehend and enhance OPV performance. Despite the promising outlook, challenges such as degradation and stability issues, power conversion efficiency, and manufacturing complexities remain substantial barriers that need resolution for widespread adoption. In conclusion, the study advocated for future research in OPV technology to focus on innovative approaches, technological advancements, and collaborative efforts toward novel materials development, creative engineering solutions, and optimized device architectures, enhancing the effectiveness and stability of OPV cells. This review emphasized the urgency of tackling such problems to fully exploit the opportunities offered by OPVs for a greener and more efficient energy future.
{"title":"Insight into organic photovoltaic cell: Prospect and challenges","authors":"Charity M. Nkinyam , Chika Oliver Ujah , Kingsley C. Nnakwo , Daramy V.V. Kallon","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic photovoltaics have attracted considerable interest in recent years as viable alternatives to conventional silicon-based solar cells. The present study addressed the increasing demand for alternative energy sources amid greenhouse gas emissions and rising traditional energy costs. OPV cells hold multiple benefits compared to their inorganic equivalents, including high flexibility, low weight, and the promise of inexpensive solution manufacturing. Typically, the active layer OPV cells comprise a blend of electron-donating and electron-receiving organic materials that may absorb a wide range of sunlight on adjustment. Recent breakthroughs in materials science and device engineering have led to significant advancements in OPV, including non-fullerene acceptors and efficiency exceeding 19.6 %, highlighting a transformative shift towards more efficient and eco-friendly energy alternatives. The review addressed the prospects and challenges of this innovative technology, outlining current limitations and proposing efficiency improvement strategies involving photo-protective mechanisms, stable material design, and approaches to comprehend and enhance OPV performance. Despite the promising outlook, challenges such as degradation and stability issues, power conversion efficiency, and manufacturing complexities remain substantial barriers that need resolution for widespread adoption. In conclusion, the study advocated for future research in OPV technology to focus on innovative approaches, technological advancements, and collaborative efforts toward novel materials development, creative engineering solutions, and optimized device architectures, enhancing the effectiveness and stability of OPV cells. This review emphasized the urgency of tackling such problems to fully exploit the opportunities offered by OPVs for a greener and more efficient energy future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100109
Hari Om , Anirbid Sircar , Tejaswini Gautam , Kriti Yadav , Namrata Bist
Hydrogen is an industrially significant gas and is considered a potential clean fuel. In the time of climate change; when the global impetus is towards reducing the reliance on fossil fuel, there is a need to go for other alternatives to secure the supply of this strategic gas as almost 95 % of Hydrogen is generated from fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is a reliable green energy source that harnesses crust thermal heat to generate power and is independent of physical weather processes. In this study, we outlined the different production techniques of hydrogen and evaluated the utilization of geothermal resources in the generation of green hydrogen. This study evaluated the different electrolyzers and geothermal energy-based green hydrogen production models and we concluded that cogeneration of hydrogen with the geothermal plant is strongly dependent on the temperature of the geothermal fluid, its flow rate, the cycle of the plant, and the ORC working fluid. Green hydrogen production utilizes the waste thermal energy of the plant thus increasing the plant efficiency and plant output diversification adds up to its economy. In this study, we also outlined the feasibility prospects of geothermal-based green hydrogen and concluded that geothermal energy-based green hydrogen can be a promising way to decarbonization.
{"title":"Comprehensive review of hydrogen generation utilizing geothermal energy","authors":"Hari Om , Anirbid Sircar , Tejaswini Gautam , Kriti Yadav , Namrata Bist","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is an industrially significant gas and is considered a potential clean fuel. In the time of climate change; when the global impetus is towards reducing the reliance on fossil fuel, there is a need to go for other alternatives to secure the supply of this strategic gas as almost 95 % of Hydrogen is generated from fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is a reliable green energy source that harnesses crust thermal heat to generate power and is independent of physical weather processes. In this study, we outlined the different production techniques of hydrogen and evaluated the utilization of geothermal resources in the generation of green hydrogen. This study evaluated the different electrolyzers and geothermal energy-based green hydrogen production models and we concluded that cogeneration of hydrogen with the geothermal plant is strongly dependent on the temperature of the geothermal fluid, its flow rate, the cycle of the plant, and the ORC working fluid. Green hydrogen production utilizes the waste thermal energy of the plant thus increasing the plant efficiency and plant output diversification adds up to its economy. In this study, we also outlined the feasibility prospects of geothermal-based green hydrogen and concluded that geothermal energy-based green hydrogen can be a promising way to decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transition to renewable energy sources and distributed energy generation (DG) has spurred the global evolution of energy production methods. However, virtual power plants (VPPs) face challenges due to fluctuations in renewable energy sources (RES) production, such as those from photovoltaics and wind turbines. Factors like temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and high-frequency interference contribute to unstable output power, potentially affecting power supply quality with voltage fluctuations and frequency changes. To address these challenges, it is crucial to smooth alternating current before grid transmission.
This paper proposes a solution involving a smart grid with decentralized generators and controllable loads forming a VPP. The approach introduces a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) comprising batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Equipped with proportional-integral (PI) and model predictive control (MPC) regulators, the HESS aims to regulate inverter voltage for renewable energy. By converting fluctuating electricity into high-quality power, the system enables seamless integration into the VPP, thereby preventing disruptions in generation processes and reducing potential costs associated with damage caused by power fluctuations to grid-connected devices.
In the context of the HESS, a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine have been developed, with the proposed system connected to an RLC series load through an IGBT inverter. To evaluate the effectiveness of the HESS within the proposed VPP, two different scenarios were examined by varying the location of these systems in a 14-bus microgrid.
{"title":"Virtual power plant management with hybrid energy storage system","authors":"Mohammadreza Moghadam , Navid Ghaffarzadeh , Mehrdad Tahmasebi , Jagadeesh Pasupuleti","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2024.100107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to renewable energy sources and distributed energy generation (DG) has spurred the global evolution of energy production methods. However, virtual power plants (VPPs) face challenges due to fluctuations in renewable energy sources (RES) production, such as those from photovoltaics and wind turbines. Factors like temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and high-frequency interference contribute to unstable output power, potentially affecting power supply quality with voltage fluctuations and frequency changes. To address these challenges, it is crucial to smooth alternating current before grid transmission.</div><div>This paper proposes a solution involving a smart grid with decentralized generators and controllable loads forming a VPP. The approach introduces a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) comprising batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Equipped with proportional-integral (PI) and model predictive control (MPC) regulators, the HESS aims to regulate inverter voltage for renewable energy. By converting fluctuating electricity into high-quality power, the system enables seamless integration into the VPP, thereby preventing disruptions in generation processes and reducing potential costs associated with damage caused by power fluctuations to grid-connected devices.</div><div>In the context of the HESS, a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine have been developed, with the proposed system connected to an RLC series load through an IGBT inverter. To evaluate the effectiveness of the HESS within the proposed VPP, two different scenarios were examined by varying the location of these systems in a 14-bus microgrid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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