Urban Governance最新文献

Collecting, processing, and distributing information has always been a core function of government. This core function has evolved from the earliest ancient governments using clay tablets to today's smart cities relying on integrated data exchanges (IDE). A smart city “uses information and information technology to make better decisions to improve the quality of life” (Nam & Pardo, 2011). The IDE framework builds upon the data platform literature (O'Reilly, 2011) by incorporating governance systems to manage a smart city's activities. This conceptual paper takes existing research, synthesizes it, and creates a new framework to identify how cities can select the appropriate governance rules to facilitate the political, financial, and operational sustainability of their IDEs, and derivatively, their smart city efforts.

The paper explains the current state of greenfield development for housing in major German cities. The respective projects are a result of the ways metro regions are structured both administratively and physically, the resulting governance arena that is dominated by the core cities but characterized by a number of constraints that make large greenfield developments increasingly difficult, and the complex socioeconomic and cultural realities in relatively “mature” post-industrial urban environments. The paper demonstrates that the resulting development model builds on an attempt to realize “urban” features and qualities in the periphery. It seeks to meet the changing demand for housing and to respond to multiple sustainability requirements. In this respect, it differs significantly from “modernist” suburban development in the 20th century both in terms of physical structures and the roles of the participating stakeholders.

For this purpose, the paper analyzes the governance arenas surrounding important greenfield projects that are currently developed. It shows how contested decision making is in a complex environment of contradicting claims to urban planning and housing policies, and that the new neighborhoods can neither be seen as mere appendices of existing peripheral settlements, nor will they ever be able to act as autonomous “new towns”. The planning and implementation efforts depend on the ability of the core cities of metro areas to coordinate fragmented governance arenas, to mobilize supporters and to overcome tenacious resistance from a loose coalition of opponents to peripheral development.

Country governments and the WHO advocated that the "whole-of-government" and the "whole-of-society" approaches are necessary to fight against the pandemic. However, it is unclear what it means in practice and its implications in the of context of food security and in emergencies. This article examines the “whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach” (WOG-WOS), how the government and non-government stakeholders have quickly engaged in collaborative governance to address the community food supply challenges. This research analyzed government policies and reports, scanned grey literature and conduced in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in Wuhan working on the frontline of food supply during the first wave of COVID-19 lockdown. The findings contribute to the literature on collaborative governance in emergency management. The case of Wuhan makes the point that the government and the society are interdependent in emergencies. For the whole society to achieve its full potential, the governments need to focus on the goals, function as open-minded coordinators and adopt a flexible governing structure.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted food availability and affordability and changed the daily food practices of New Yorkers in three critical ways: (1) closing restaurants and public institutions, including schools, reduced food access and changed shopping patterns, food expenditures, and diets; (2) economic disruption exacerbated food insecurity and increased the need for food assistance; and (3) altered food practices affected diets. Vulnerable populations were disproportionately affected by these disruptions to the food system. The city's response included emergency measures to stave off food insecurity and hunger, yet the crisis also prompted a refocusing of food governance to address other social equity issues in the food system: fears of engaging with food programs by immigrant communities; disparities in access to online grocers; worker rights and worker ownership; and new priorities for the use of public space. The paper presents policy responses to the pandemic that illustrate how the crisis has opened opportunities for initiating changes that can lead to a more just food system.

Pervasive development across the country has resulted in unprecedented urbanization with a phenomenal change to the urban landscape. This rapid expansion of cities has generated characteristic local urban climates with an increased land surface temperature (LST) and the intensities of urban heat islands (UHI). The study on LST and UHI can be performed to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in dynamics of land surface temperature and satellite-derived indices for enhanced urban planning and development. The study undertakes a comprehensive assessment for the city of Bangalore to understand its impact on environmental quality. The corresponding satellite-derived indices like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) are used to express the Built-up area (BUA) to analyse the dynamics of LST on UHI profiles. The results of the study reveal that the mean LST has a positive correlation for impervious surfaces and a negative correlation with the green surfaces, which is common for all Indian cities and it results in degradation of environmental eminence. The results shows that the area has undergone a drastic transformation and has resulted in a rise in overall temperature and UHI intensity due to an increase of urbanized areas by 3% between 2007 and 2020. The urban policy and planning for new town development is being seen from various aspects such as design and architecture, geography, and sociology, with much of the literature concentrating on the substantive challenges of the development process. However the account of its technical challenges arising from the influential actors and factors are lacking in the planning process of smart cities. This works address focuses on the critical assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of land surface temperature and satellite-derived indices as key factors and actors involved in development decisions of New town development and suburbanization planning. The discoveries of the study can be endorsed to monitor the impacts of UHI intensity for future studies and can be used for sustainable urban planning of cities.

Population growth has increased the number of informal settlements and unplanned structures within the urban areas. Most often, the urban poor suffer since they are found within urban slums with poor facilities. Even though government institutions are expected to develop assets within the urban areas, other institutions such as the Civil Society Organizations, Faith-Based Organizations, and traditional authorities can play certain roles to complement government efforts in this direction. However, studies into the roles of these institutions in enhancing the assets of the urban poor such as human, social, physical, financial, and natural have received less attention. To address this literature gap, this study employed the explanatory mixed-method approach to investigate the topic in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Assembly, the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly, and Sagnerigu Municipality in Ghana. The study reveals that the roles played by the government and other institutions are inadequate and target different assets whilst the urban poor are interested in other assets. The urban poor believe that they are vulnerable and need support from various institutions to enhance their assets. Traditional authorities’ roles are by mere consultation which can impede the development of assets for the urban poor. The study recommends that these institutions increase their commitment and collaborate with urban residents to enhance the assets adaptation to achieve the sustainable cities agenda. The study provides guidelines for policymakers, public and private institutions towards assets enhancement and adds to the limited literature on assets adaptation for the urban poor.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of the urban food system by interrupting global food chains and restricting human mobility. This has impacted food security at the local level, with urban communities not been able to access food as before. In response, newly formed governance mechanisms and policies have emerged on the ground, disrupting existing governance frameworks. This paper examines such developments in London to understand how urban food is governed; and, what has been disruptive and how disruption in access to food has been governed during COVID-19. To do so, it draws on policy analysis, case study research and interview data. The paper finds disconnection between the national and metropolitan level and fragmentation between the metropolitan and municipal level of urban food governance; with food security being addressed via people-focused approaches which are generously complemented by third sector and community-led initiatives. It also finds that food disruption in London during COVID-19 is defined by the emergence of novel community-led and place-based organisations and policies, especially at the municipal level, which challenge existing food governance structures – the Hackney Food Network and Food Transition Plans being such examples. This creates new spaces of food governance and influence, and change, from the ground up existing governance frameworks. The paper reflects on the role of urban planning in putting ‘space’ back into urban food governance debates and concludes with implications for scaling-up and theory.

This paper briefly surveyed the promising sustainable and renewable technologies for producing not only fuel but also food and water respectively by capturing air with sustainable energy in order to enhance disaster resilience. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be used to harvest water from the air, CO₂ and water from the air can be used to produce alternative sustainable protein by bacteria, and CO₂ from the air can be also converted to fuel by inexpensive chemical catalysts. This paper examines whether surveyed technologies with allow us to build sustainable and resilient societies against disasters for solving real risk problems. The investigated sustainable and renewable technologies can transform our society into a sustainable and renewable society that is truly resilient to natural disasters. No one has yet attempted to combine the three sustainable and renewable technologies to transform our society into one that is sustainable and resilient to natural disasters. The proposed approach will be tested and examined in Kaga City, Japan.