Urban Governance最新文献

Empowering urban futures: Key competencies for smart city resilience officers 增强城市未来的能力：智慧城市复原力官员的关键能力

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.07.001

Paraskevi Tsoutsa , Theodor Panagiotakopoulos , Vyron Damasiotis , Panos Fitsilis

As cities are developing to smart, new systems are utilized that contain a multitude of critical infrastructures. Although these offer major advantages, they are also exposed to new external and frequently uncontrollable factors increasing their risk exposure and enhancing their vulnerability. Therefore, increasing resilience during city development has become a prerequisite for its survival, but continuous resilience improvement led by workforce will help them to prosper. According to researchers, officers should be able to catalogue and prioritize threats and vulnerabilities, but is this only the case? Discrete studies detail and analyze in-depth risks related to smart cities, however, how these risks are addressed by workforce and how these are related to their competencies have not been thoroughly understood to date. If vulnerabilities are not understood and analyzed appropriately by the city workforce and stakeholders, unanticipated consequences and cascading failures may potential occur, even when crises are expected. The objective of this article is to inquire into responsibilities regarding crisis issues concerning the necessary competencies for resilience officers, by exploring current perceptions, expectations and recommendations as these are acknowledged in experts’ opinions and experiences. To do so, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to experts in the field, across various cities in Greece, to indicate responsibilities, and prioritize competencies that resilient officers in smart cities should possess. The findings highlighted significant responsibilities related to managing smart city risks and identified a distinct set of competencies unique to officers in this area, emphasizing the need for targeted efforts to enhance urban resilience through the initiatives led by city officers. This article establishes a clear path for advancing smart city research by highlighting competencies that could be integrated into educational curriculums. These competencies are essential for training a workforce that not only enhances disaster management awareness but also equips cities to handle potential catastrophic events effectively, thereby laying the groundwork for more resilient urban environments.

随着城市向智能化发展，新系统的使用包含了大量关键基础设施。尽管这些系统具有重大优势，但它们也面临着新的外部因素，而且这些因素往往是不可控的，从而增加了城市面临的风险，加剧了城市的脆弱性。因此，在城市发展过程中提高抗灾能力已成为城市生存的先决条件，而由劳动力主导的持续抗灾能力改进将有助于城市的繁荣。研究人员认为，官员应该能够对威胁和脆弱性进行分类和优先排序，但事实仅仅如此吗？离散研究详细介绍并深入分析了与智慧城市相关的风险，然而，迄今为止，人们尚未透彻了解工作人员如何应对这些风险，以及这些风险与工作人员能力的关系。如果城市工作人员和利益相关者不能正确理解和分析脆弱性，那么即使危机在意料之中，也可能出现意料之外的后果和连锁故障。本文旨在通过探讨专家意见和经验中所认可的当前看法、期望和建议，探究与抗灾官员必要能力相关的危机问题的责任。为此，我们编制了一份调查问卷，并分发给希腊各城市的相关专家，以说明智慧城市中抗灾官员应承担的责任，并优先考虑他们应具备的能力。调查结果强调了与管理智慧城市风险相关的重要责任，并确定了该领域官员所特有的一系列能力，强调有必要通过城市官员领导的举措，有针对性地努力提高城市抗灾能力。本文通过强调可纳入教育课程的能力，为推进智慧城市研究开辟了一条清晰的道路。这些能力对于培养一支不仅能提高灾害管理意识，而且能使城市有能力有效处理潜在灾难事件的人才队伍至关重要，从而为建设更具抗灾能力的城市环境奠定基础。

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引用次数: 0

Tracking the adoption of sustainable trash disposal practices: Evidence from Benin’s waste management amid urbanization 跟踪可持续垃圾处理方法的采用情况：城市化进程中贝宁垃圾管理的证据

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.07.003

Dafeng Xu

This paper empirically investigates trash disposal practices among internal migrants in cities in Benin, a representative African country undergoing rapid urbanization. Compared to existing residents, Benin's new urban populations are less likely to dispose of trash sustainably, which is defined as trash disposal through formal collection services. Using Benin census data, this paper employs various linear and non-linear regression models to show that new urban residents experience “environmental assimilation” by progressively adopting the approach to trash disposal through formal collection services over time. In the long run, they may develop similar trash disposal practices compared to existing residents. Moreover, we use similar regression models to show that socioeconomic factors (e.g., education) are unlikely to account for their assimilation, and this assimilation pattern is mostly observed in larger cities, which have sufficient capacity for waste management. Small cities with rapidly growing populations show a significantly lower proportion of trash disposal through collection services among newly arrived migrants, as well as weak or no signs of their environmental assimilation over time.

贝宁是一个正在经历快速城市化的代表性非洲国家，本文通过实证研究了解了贝宁城市内部移民的垃圾处理方式。与现有居民相比，贝宁的城市新移民不太可能以可持续的方式处理垃圾，可持续处理垃圾的定义是通过正规收集服务处理垃圾。本文利用贝宁的人口普查数据，采用各种线性和非线性回归模型来说明，随着时间的推移，新城市居民会逐渐采用通过正规收集服务处理垃圾的方式，从而经历 "环境同化"。从长远来看，他们可能会形成与现有居民类似的垃圾处理方式。此外，我们使用类似的回归模型表明，社会经济因素（如教育）不太可能导致他们的同化，而且这种同化模式主要出现在较大的城市，因为这些城市有足够的垃圾处理能力。人口快速增长的小城市显示，新来移民中通过收集服务处理垃圾的比例明显较低，而且随着时间的推移，他们的环境同化程度较弱或没有同化迹象。

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引用次数: 0

Reimagining cities as self-organising capital creating ecosystems 将城市重新想象为自我组织的资本创造生态系统

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.08.001

Kevin C. Desouza , Richard T. Watson , Marc E.  B. Picavet

Executives who lead cities face considerable challenges. Cities are complex ecosystems comprising myriad interacting systems, including information systems, which are vital for their operation and prosperity. Recognizing the value that information systems can offer, significant investments have been made to acquire these systems and make cities smarter or more intelligent. However, many smart city projects have failed to deliver on their promises due to a lack of clarity regarding their overall goals. Smarter or more intelligent towards what end? This article provides a systems-inspired approach to urban planning based on the premise that a city is a self-organising, capital-creating ecosystem composed of a city's administration and the many organizations within its domain. As the city's keystone entity, the administration's role is to create capital that enhances the capital productivity of other ecosystem members and nourishes innovators to boost capital creativity. A capital improvement budgeting framework can specify the allocation of all forms of capital to promote symbiotic connections between the various entities within a city. A city stack is designed to guide a city's administration in cooperating with its self-organising ecosystem. A research agenda to foster capital creation by city leaders is also outlined.

领导城市的管理人员面临着巨大的挑战。城市是一个复杂的生态系统，由无数相互作用的系统组成，其中包括对城市运行和繁荣至关重要的信息系统。由于认识到信息系统所能提供的价值，人们投入了大量资金来获取这些系统，使城市变得更加智能或智慧。然而，由于总体目标不明确，许多智慧城市项目未能兑现承诺。更智能或更智慧的目的是什么？本文提供了一种基于系统启发的城市规划方法，其前提是城市是一个自组织的、创造资本的生态系统，由城市管理部门及其领域内的众多组织组成。作为城市的基石实体，行政部门的作用是创造资本，以提高生态系统其他成员的资本生产率，并滋养创新者以提高资本创造力。资本改善预算框架可明确规定各种形式资本的分配，以促进城市内各实体之间的共生联系。城市堆栈旨在指导城市管理部门与自组织生态系统合作。此外，还概述了促进城市领导者创造资本的研究议程。

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引用次数: 0

Urban resilience: Multidimensional perspectives, challenges and prospects for future research 城市复原力：多维视角、挑战和未来研究展望

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.09.003

Naim Kapucu , Yue Ge , Emilie Rott , Hasan Isgandar

This manuscript investigates the multifaceted concept of urban resilience amidst escalating urbanization and environmental challenges. The study identifies and examines key problems across environmental, infrastructural, economic, human, social, and institutional dimensions of urban resilience through a systematic review of literature and consultations with experts in the field. Emphasizing the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration and community involvement, the research underscores the necessity for innovative approaches to bolster urban resilience. By shedding light on the intricate dynamics of urban challenges, the study advocates for sustainable urban development strategies that prioritize resilience-building. Insights from the study pave the way for future research endeavors aimed at addressing urban complexities and fostering resilient urban environments that can withstand and adapt to external and internal disturbances effectively.

本手稿探讨了在城市化和环境挑战不断升级的情况下城市复原力的多层面概念。研究通过对文献的系统回顾以及与该领域专家的磋商，确定并探讨了城市恢复力在环境、基础设施、经济、人文、社会和制度等方面的关键问题。研究强调了跨学科合作和社区参与的重要性，强调了采用创新方法增强城市复原力的必要性。通过揭示城市挑战错综复杂的动态变化，该研究倡导优先考虑复原力建设的可持续城市发展战略。这项研究的见解为今后的研究工作铺平了道路，研究的目的是解决城市的复杂性，并培养具有复原力的城市环境，使其能够有效地抵御和适应外部和内部的干扰。

引用次数: 0

Impact of tertiary educational institution on the spatial expansion of Ekpoma town, Nigeria 高等教育机构对尼日利亚埃克波马镇空间扩展的影响

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.09.002

Jolly Osaretin Egharevba, Godspower Oseaga Oseyomon

This study seeks to address the relational impact of educational institution on the spatiotemporal growth of Ekpoma town. It examines the “urban growth” effects that the tertiary institution has on its site location. Landsat Imageries of Ekpoma town were downloaded and imported into ArcGIS software ArcMap 10.8, where the Supervised Maximum Likelihood Analysis was carried out on the datasets. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the rate of contribution of the various university campuses to the spatial expansion of each zone and linear regression analysis was used to determine the rate of contribution of the spatial densification of AAU campuses to the spatial expansion of Ekpoma town. The Land-use type of interest was the built-up areas. The town was delineated into three zones, each with a University campus. Zone A has the Main Ambrose Alli University (AAU) Campus, College of Medicine in Zone B, and Emuado campus in Zone C. The land use classification analysis was performed for the university campuses and Ekpoma town, for the years 1987, 2002, and 2023. The result shows that there is a strong positive linear relationship between the spatial densification of AAU campuses and the spatial expansion of Ekpoma town, with an R² value of 0.986. This implies that for every 1km² densification of the campuses, there is an increase of 32.030km² in the spatial expansion of Ekpoma town. Thus, it was projected using the regression model that by the year 2043, the spatial extent of Ekpoma town would be 67.9462 km². These findings are valuable for informing existing land use and urban planning practices. Understanding the complex dynamics of urban expansion would help create a sustainable and resilient growth of the town in the future, avoiding possible pitfalls in urban development initiatives in the town.

本研究旨在探讨教育机构对埃克波马镇时空增长的影响。研究探讨了高等院校对其所在地的 "城市增长 "影响。埃克波马镇的陆地卫星图像被下载并导入 ArcGIS 软件 ArcMap 10.8，对数据集进行了监督最大似然分析。多元线性回归用于确定各大学校园对各区空间扩展的贡献率，线性回归分析用于确定非洲大学校园空间密集化对埃克波马镇空间扩展的贡献率。关注的土地利用类型是建成区。该镇被划分为三个区域，每个区域都有一个大学校园。A 区为安布罗斯-阿里大学主校区，B 区为医学院，C 区为 Emuado 校区。结果表明，非洲农业大学校园的空间密集度与埃克波马镇的空间扩张之间存在很强的正线性关系，R2 值为 0.986。这意味着校园每密集 1 平方公里，埃克波马镇的空间扩张就会增加 32.030 平方公里。因此，根据回归模型预测，到 2043 年，埃克波马镇的空间范围将达到 67.9462 平方公里。这些研究结果对于指导现有的土地利用和城市规划实践很有价值。了解城市扩张的复杂动态将有助于该镇未来实现可持续和有弹性的增长，避免该镇城市发展举措中可能出现的陷阱。

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引用次数: 0

Households’ access and expenditure on water services: Examining intra-urban differences in the Accra metropolis, Ghana 家庭获得供水服务的机会和支出：考察加纳阿克拉大都市城市内部的差异

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.07.002

Louis Kusi Frimpong , Stephen Leonard Mensah , Austin Dziwornu Ablo

Despite years of investment into the water sector in Ghana, access to and expenditure on potable water for drinking and domestic use remain a challenge for most urban households. However, within the urban context, the severity of water challenges varies from one residential community to another, with less research attention often given to such intra-urban differences. To address this gap, this study examines differences in household access and expenditure on pipe-borne water in three varying socio-economic residential communities in Accra. The study used a convergent mixed method design and drew on secondary literature, to examine the differences in households' access to and expenditure on water. The findings revealed that Jamestown, a low-income residential community, had the lowest connection to the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) grid, with many respondents depending on pipe-borne water outside dwellings operated by private water retailers. While the findings showed no significant differences in the regularity of flow and expenditure on water among the three varying socio-economic communities, the paper argues that low-income communities such as Jamestown are likely to be more affected due to existing socio-economic deprivation and vulnerability contexts. Based on the study findings, we recommend that efforts be made to increase investment in water infrastructure to enable households to connect to the GWCL grid. Attention should also be given to low-income households, who often lack the means to pay for services that will enable them to connect to the GWCL grid. Further, we recommend improved collaboration between local communities and GWCL as a way of fostering strategies that address the peculiar water challenges in local communities.

尽管多年来加纳对供水部门进行了投资，但对于大多数城市家庭来说，获取饮用水和家庭用水及其支出仍然是一项挑战。然而，在城市环境中，不同居民社区面临的用水挑战的严重程度也不尽相同，而研究人员往往较少关注城市内部的这种差异。为了弥补这一不足，本研究考察了阿克拉三个不同社会经济条件的居民社区在家庭使用自来水和自来水支出方面的差异。本研究采用了聚合混合方法设计，并借鉴了二手文献，以考察家庭在用水和用水支出方面的差异。研究结果表明，低收入住宅社区詹姆斯敦与加纳自来水有限公司（GWCL）电网的连接程度最低，许多受访者依靠私营自来水零售商在住宅外提供的自来水。虽然研究结果表明，三个不同社会经济社区在水流量和水费支出的规律性方面没有明显差异，但本文认为，由于现有的社会经济贫困和脆弱性背景，詹姆斯敦等低收入社区受到的影响可能更大。根据研究结果，我们建议努力增加对供水基础设施的投资，使家庭能够连接到 GWCL 电网。还应关注低收入家庭，因为他们往往没有能力支付服务费用，而这些服务将使他们能够连接到 GWCL 电网。此外，我们建议改善当地社区与 GWCL 之间的合作，以此促进制定战略，解决当地社区面临的特殊用水挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Looking into urban toponymic verticality: An initial note 研究城市地名的垂直性：初步说明

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.09.001

Sergei Basik

The current vertical/volumetric turn affected various academic fields, including urban scholarship. This short note broadens the critical literature by applying this emerging perspective on urban toponymic systems in the context of urban governance. Synthesizing the critical toponymic approaches with the notions of volume and verticality of urban space, this paper advanced critical urban governance scholarship, introducing a concept of toponymic verticality. The short note reveals the spatial vertical stratification of the urban toponymic system, its place-making potential, and political-economic functionality. These initial findings can contribute to future research in practical aspects of the politics of “good” urban governance and potentially rethinking the traditional two-dimensional spatiality toward understanding the complexity of the spatial relations in urban landscapes through the verticality of urban place names.

当前的垂直/体积转向影响到各个学术领域，包括城市学术。本短文将这一新兴的城市地名系统视角应用于城市治理，从而拓宽了批判性文献的范围。本文将批判性地名学方法与城市空间的体积和垂直性概念相结合，引入了地名垂直性的概念，推动了批判性城市治理学术的发展。这篇短文揭示了城市地名系统的空间垂直分层、其创造场所的潜力以及政治经济功能。这些初步发现有助于今后在 "良好 "城市治理政治的实际方面开展研究，并有可能重新思考传统的二维空间性，通过城市地名的垂直性来理解城市景观空间关系的复杂性。

引用次数: 0

Determinants of housing demands and residential rent costs in an emerging city in Southern Nigeria 尼日利亚南部新兴城市住房需求和住宅租金成本的决定因素

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.08.002

Famous Ozabor , Prince Ike Onyemenam , Vremudia Onyeayana Wekpe , Adekunle Obisesan

Housing is vital to human experience. It is the basis and foci of daily activities. In Asaba, a strategically located, fast-growing metropolis, city officials are confronted by myriads of urban planning issues, one of which is provision of urban housing. This study attempted to identify the determinants of housing demands and costs of residential rents within the city (Asaba). In this study, the ex-post facto and survey designs were deployed. The data for the study comprised of the primary (questionnaire data) and secondary (historical housing data) types. For effective questionnaire administration, the study area was stratified into high, medium and low income areas. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were deployed for data analyses. The results indicated that the key determinants of residential housing demand and costs were ease of access to public transport (69 %), nearness to security formations (80 %) and higher demand for houses in supply (75.8 %); and the Spearman's rank correlation showed that these factors were significant at P < 0.05. Other factors such as availability of electricity and access to water supply were not significant determinants of choice of housing at P > 0.05. This is due to the fact that the whole region lacks adequate electricity supply and water is self-harnessed through boreholes. ANOVA showed that there was a significant temporal variation in the cost of residential housing rents at p < 0.05 (F-69.03; sig 0.000). Consequently, this study recommends that there is need for the decentralisation of the city; which should be realised by an efficient development of the suburbs to high standards that would meet the requirements of prospective renters. Policy development and establishment of basic facilities in the suburbs, would help actualise this decentralization. Also, collaboration between government and private developers could yield more supply in the housing stuck, consequently reducing costs of housing.

住房对人类的生活至关重要。它是日常活动的基础和焦点。在阿萨巴这个地理位置优越、发展迅速的大都市，城市官员面临着无数的城市规划问题，其中之一就是城市住房的提供。本研究试图找出该市（阿萨巴）住房需求和住宅租金成本的决定因素。本研究采用了事后调查和调查设计。研究数据包括第一手数据（问卷数据）和第二手数据（历史住房数据）。为了有效地进行问卷调查，研究地区被划分为高、中、低收入地区。数据分析采用了方差分析（ANOVA）和斯皮尔曼等级相关系数（Spearman's rank correlation coefficient）。结果表明，住宅住房需求和成本的主要决定因素是公共交通是否便利（69%）、是否靠近安全设施（80%）和对供应住房的需求是否较高（75.8%）；斯皮尔曼等级相关系数表明，这些因素在 P < 0.05 时具有显著性。在 P > 0.05 时，电力供应和供水等其他因素对住房选择的决定作用不明显。这是因为整个地区缺乏充足的电力供应，而用水则是通过井眼自给自足。方差分析显示，在 P < 0.05 时，住宅租金成本存在显著的时间差异（F-69.03；sig 0.000）。因此，本研究建议，有必要对城市进行分权；应通过对郊区进行高效开发，使其达到高标准，以满足潜在租房者的要求。在郊区制定政策和建立基本设施将有助于实现这种分散化。此外，政府与私人开发商之间的合作可以增加住房供应量，从而降低住房成本。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable low-income housing: Exploring housing and governance issues in the Gauteng City Region, South Africa 可持续低收入住房：探讨南非豪登城市地区的住房和管理问题

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.03.002

Zenkosi Dumile Mhlongo Nana , Trynos Gumbo , Innocent Musonda , Thembani Moyo

Amidst the global discourse on the provision of low-income housing, there has been a growth in studies to assess the governance issues related to the sustainability of housing delivery. Despite housing policy and legislative frameworks existing in developing countries, several governance issues have limited the sustainability of housing delivery mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to unpack housing delivery approaches through the lens of governance. Adopting an exploratory approach, this study seeks to understand strategic and operational approaches used by government institutions to promote collaborative strategies in the planning and delivery of housing projects. Empirical data is used to understand mechanisms, processes and systems involved in the planning and delivery of low-income housing projects, using the Gauteng City Region as an area of study. The findings reveal there is that there is a limited understanding of the concept of governance within public sector institutions. Additionally, the institutional arrangements of the three spheres of government (national, provincial and local) have an impact in the delivery processes of low-income housing projects. A shift is important in the understanding and application of governance principles in housing policy and programme implementation to realise the value of governance. This study concludes with implications for policy and academics highlighting the role of stakeholder participation, transparency, and accountability.

在关于提供低收入住房的全球讨论中，评估与住房交付可持续性有关的治理问题的研究也在增加。尽管发展中国家存在住房政策和立法框架，但一些治理问题限制了住房交付机制的可持续性。因此，本研究旨在从治理的角度解读住房交付方法。本研究采用探索性方法，试图了解政府机构在规划和交付住房项目时为促进合作战略而采用的战略和操作方法。本研究以豪滕城市地区为研究对象，利用经验数据了解低收入住房项目规划和交付过程中涉及的机制、流程和系统。研究结果表明，公共部门机构对治理概念的理解有限。此外，三个政府领域（国家、省和地方）的制度安排对低收入住房项目的交付过程也有影响。为了实现治理的价值，在住房政策和计划实施中理解和应用治理原则的转变非常重要。本研究最后提出了对政策和学术的影响，强调了利益相关者参与、透明度和问责制的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Institutional borrowing and chiefdomization in Chinese cities 中国城市的制度借鉴与酋长领地化

Urban Governance

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ugj.2024.04.002

Feng Deng

The success of river chief system is spurring more types of chiefs in Chinese cities. This trend of chiefdomization can be viewed as a case of institutional borrowing: institutions in one field borrowing power from those in another field. In an authoritarian country, institutional borrowing often takes the form of imposing bureaucracy on natural resources and public goods, a change from open institutions to public institutions. It is argued that conditions for successful change include a collective “bad” being produced and severe mismatch between its consumer and producer. Several characteristics of the city make the institutional change difficult: people's high mobility, little mismatch between consumer and producer, difficulty in controlling open access as well as no physical collective good being produced. The case of chiefdomization in China illustrates the above analyses. Despite all the problems of chiefdomization, the trend may continue as long as bureaucracy remains a powerful institution in the country.

河长制的成功促使中国城市出现了更多类型的河长。这种酋长制趋势可以被视为一种制度借鉴：一个领域的制度从另一个领域的制度中借用权力。在专制国家，制度借鉴的形式通常是将官僚体制强加于自然资源和公共产品，即从开放体制向公共体制的转变。有人认为，成功变革的条件包括集体 "坏事 "的产生，以及消费者和生产者之间的严重不匹配。城市的几个特点给制度变革带来了困难：人们的流动性大、消费者和生产者之间的不匹配程度低、难以控制开放的使用权以及不生产有形的集体物品。中国酋长制的案例说明了上述分析。尽管酋长制存在种种问题，但只要官僚机构在中国仍然是一个强大的机构，这一趋势就可能继续下去。

引用次数: 0