Annona cherimola is a woody perennial species in the Annonaceae family that produces edible fruits and has economic importance in several regions of the world with subtropical climates. Together with other 10‐12 species, A. cherimola belongs to the section Atta of the Annona genus with a center of origin in Central America and the Caribbean. Species of the section Atta produce soft skin ripe fruits with raised areoles bounded by recessed furrows. Annona cherimola is the only species of the section naturally found in the Andean region of South America. Currently, no information is available at the molecular level on the phylogenetic relationships of most of the species of Atta and closely related sections in Annona. In order to fill this gap, in this work a phylogenetic approach was performed using five coding and non‐coding plastid DNA regions, to determine the phylogenetic relationships between A. cherimola and other related species included in Atta and other sections of the genus. The results obtained support recent studies that demonstrated the likely Mesoamerican origin of A. cherimola based on biogeographical analysis with SSR markers, rather than the previously considered South American origin hypothesis. In addition, the species belonging to the Atta section did not show monophyly. Finally, A. cherimola and A. pruinosa seem to be phylogenetically close species and additional studies are needed to discern the relations between them.
{"title":"Phylogenetics of Annona cherimola (Annonaceae) and some of its closest relatives","authors":"N. Larranaga, F. Albertazzi, J. Hormaza","doi":"10.1111/jse.12473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12473","url":null,"abstract":"Annona cherimola is a woody perennial species in the Annonaceae family that produces edible fruits and has economic importance in several regions of the world with subtropical climates. Together with other 10‐12 species, A. cherimola belongs to the section Atta of the Annona genus with a center of origin in Central America and the Caribbean. Species of the section Atta produce soft skin ripe fruits with raised areoles bounded by recessed furrows. Annona cherimola is the only species of the section naturally found in the Andean region of South America. Currently, no information is available at the molecular level on the phylogenetic relationships of most of the species of Atta and closely related sections in Annona. In order to fill this gap, in this work a phylogenetic approach was performed using five coding and non‐coding plastid DNA regions, to determine the phylogenetic relationships between A. cherimola and other related species included in Atta and other sections of the genus. The results obtained support recent studies that demonstrated the likely Mesoamerican origin of A. cherimola based on biogeographical analysis with SSR markers, rather than the previously considered South American origin hypothesis. In addition, the species belonging to the Atta section did not show monophyly. Finally, A. cherimola and A. pruinosa seem to be phylogenetically close species and additional studies are needed to discern the relations between them.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83184670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This collection of articles highlights current paleobotanical research on the Paleogene and Neogene of Asia, following on a symposium held at the International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen, China in 2017, “Ecological and biogeographic implications of Asian Oligocene and Neogene fossil floras.” Fossil floras of this age, scattered across Asia, provide important data for assessing plant community response to changing topography and climate. During this time interval, from approximately 33.9 Ma to 2.58 Ma, the effects of rising mountains, oscillations of climate, and correlated changes in sea level have influenced development of the modern spatial pattern of plant diversity. The authors of this issue have used a variety of approaches to investigate different kinds of fossil plant remains including fruits, seeds, leaves, wood, and pollen to address questions of systematics, paleobiogeography, paleoecology, and climate change. During recent years, many new fossil floras have been investigated and various taxa have been described in detail (e.g., Huang et al., 2016; Quan et al., 2016; Yabe, 2017; Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018). Now is an appropriate time to gather the latest evidence of fossil records and paleoenvironmental data to discuss their ecological and biogeographic implications, thus to better understand mechanisms of biogeographic change. Asian fossil plant records are key to understanding patterns of plantmigration, radiation, and extirpation that have shaped present-day phytogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. Investigating the past biodiversity through geological time is critical to understand how this modern botanical richness formed (Popova et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2016; Yabe, 2017; Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018). We chose to focus the symposium on Oligocene and Neogene floras of Asia. The international stratigraphic community has largely abandoned the former recognition of the “Tertiary Period” in favor of the Paleogene and Neogene Periods; however, the conventional assignment of Oligocene epoch to the Paleogene makes the distinction between Paleogene and Neogene seem artificial because Oligocene vegetation shares more in common with the Neogene (Miocene through Pliocene) than with the Paleocene and Eocene vegetation. For this issue of JSE we have augmented the scope to include some contributions on Paleocene and Eocene plants. The articles herein fall under two overlapping themes: vegetation and climate assessed from fossil plant assemblages, and taxonomic and biogeographic history. Popova et al. (2019) document floristic change and continuity in western Siberian vegetation during the early Oligocene to earliest Miocene based on well-preserved fossil fruits and seeds. Based on the taxonomic identifications, the fossils were assigned to 26 plant functional types, including but not limited to C4 herbs, broad-leaved summer green arctic shrubs, broad-leaved evergreen warm temperate shrubs, broad-leaved evergreen xeric shrubs, needle-leave
本文集是继2017年在中国深圳举行的“亚洲渐新世和新近纪化石区系的生态和生物地理意义”国际植物学大会之后，对亚洲古近纪和新近纪古植物学研究的最新综述。这个时代的植物化石分布在亚洲各地，为评估植物群落对地形和气候变化的反应提供了重要数据。在33.9 ~ 2.58 Ma这段时间内，高山上升、气候波动和相关海平面变化影响了现代植物多样性空间格局的发展。本期作者采用多种方法研究了不同种类的植物化石，包括果实、种子、叶子、木材和花粉，以解决系统学、古生物地理学、古生态学和气候变化等问题。近年来，人们研究了许多新的化石区系，并对各种分类群进行了详细描述(如Huang et al.， 2016;Quan et al.， 2016;今年,2017;Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018)。现在是收集化石记录和古环境数据的最新证据，讨论其生态和生物地理意义，从而更好地了解生物地理变化机制的合适时机。亚洲植物化石记录是理解植物迁移、辐射和灭绝模式的关键，这些模式塑造了当今北半球的植物地理格局。通过地质时间调查过去的生物多样性对于理解这种现代植物丰富度是如何形成的至关重要(Popova et al.， 2013;黄等人，2016;今年,2017;Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018)。我们选择以亚洲渐新世和新近纪植物区系为专题。国际地层学界在很大程度上放弃了以前对“第三纪”的认识，转而采用古近纪和新近纪;然而，将渐新世划归到古近纪的传统做法使古近纪和新近纪之间的区分显得有些人为，因为渐新世植被与新近纪(中新世至上新世)相比，与古新世和始新世植被有更多的共同之处。在这一期的JSE中，我们增加了一些关于古新世和始新世植物的文章。这里的文章分为两个重叠的主题:从化石植物组合评估植被和气候，以及分类和生物地理历史。Popova等人(2019)基于保存完好的水果和种子化石，记录了西伯利亚西部植被在渐新世早期至中新世早期的植物区系变化和连续性。在分类鉴定的基础上，将这些化石划分为26种植物功能类型，包括但不限于C4草本植物、阔叶夏季绿色北极灌木、常绿暖温带阔叶常绿灌木、常绿干旱阔叶常绿乔木、针叶常绿北方/温带寒带乔木、耐旱针叶常绿亚热带阔叶常绿乔木、阔叶夏季绿色北方/寒带乔木和水生成分。对Nikitin(2006) 66个carpoflora的功能类型分布进行了分析。从这些数据可以得出结论，在渐新世和中新世早期，西伯利亚西部的温生混合针叶阔叶落叶林持续存在，支持了该地区相对稳定的气候条件的概念，在此时间间隔内该地区没有明显的干燥。作者还发现了分类学多样性的增加，特别是在渐新世末期的仲叶草和落叶乔木和灌木方面，这可能与Paratethys海退缩后降水增加和陆地栖息地扩大有关。Yabe等人(2019)对目前东亚特有的古植物学历史针叶树属进行了信息丰富和深刻的概述，重点介绍了日本和韩国的渐新世和新近纪化石区系。其中水杉属、水杉属、台湾属、油杉属、pseudoolarix属和杉木属6个属在过去的环境条件范围比它们的现代代表更广。自中新世晚期以来，它们的地理分布已经转移和/或退缩，可能是由于栖息地的划分。它们似乎在中新世中期气候最佳时期向更温暖的环境扩展了栖息地，但在上新世末期，它们被限制在更温暖的森林植被中。柳杉属和土芥属在温带气候较冷的植物区系中被发现，它们在日本北部继续保持着它们的分布范围，现在在那里它们是地方性的。 中新世晚期至上新世，这些岛屿与亚洲大陆的连接处成为了暖适应物种扩散的通道。Wu et al.(2019)基于保存良好角质层的树叶化石，报道了广东早渐新世的柏科树叶。尽管与已灭绝的中生植物Tetraclinis salicornioides的叶子相似，该植物从欧洲和北美渐新世-中新世的附生球茎和叶子中得知(Kva cek et al.， 2000)，但作者得出结论，它们的叶子代表了现存的Calocedrus属，JSE Journal of Systematics and Evolution
{"title":"Ecological and Biogeographic Implications of Asian Cenozoic Fossil Floras","authors":"Xiao-Yan Liu, S. Manchester","doi":"10.1111/jse.12488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12488","url":null,"abstract":"This collection of articles highlights current paleobotanical research on the Paleogene and Neogene of Asia, following on a symposium held at the International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen, China in 2017, “Ecological and biogeographic implications of Asian Oligocene and Neogene fossil floras.” Fossil floras of this age, scattered across Asia, provide important data for assessing plant community response to changing topography and climate. During this time interval, from approximately 33.9 Ma to 2.58 Ma, the effects of rising mountains, oscillations of climate, and correlated changes in sea level have influenced development of the modern spatial pattern of plant diversity. The authors of this issue have used a variety of approaches to investigate different kinds of fossil plant remains including fruits, seeds, leaves, wood, and pollen to address questions of systematics, paleobiogeography, paleoecology, and climate change. During recent years, many new fossil floras have been investigated and various taxa have been described in detail (e.g., Huang et al., 2016; Quan et al., 2016; Yabe, 2017; Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018). Now is an appropriate time to gather the latest evidence of fossil records and paleoenvironmental data to discuss their ecological and biogeographic implications, thus to better understand mechanisms of biogeographic change. Asian fossil plant records are key to understanding patterns of plantmigration, radiation, and extirpation that have shaped present-day phytogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. Investigating the past biodiversity through geological time is critical to understand how this modern botanical richness formed (Popova et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2016; Yabe, 2017; Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018). We chose to focus the symposium on Oligocene and Neogene floras of Asia. The international stratigraphic community has largely abandoned the former recognition of the “Tertiary Period” in favor of the Paleogene and Neogene Periods; however, the conventional assignment of Oligocene epoch to the Paleogene makes the distinction between Paleogene and Neogene seem artificial because Oligocene vegetation shares more in common with the Neogene (Miocene through Pliocene) than with the Paleocene and Eocene vegetation. For this issue of JSE we have augmented the scope to include some contributions on Paleocene and Eocene plants. The articles herein fall under two overlapping themes: vegetation and climate assessed from fossil plant assemblages, and taxonomic and biogeographic history. Popova et al. (2019) document floristic change and continuity in western Siberian vegetation during the early Oligocene to earliest Miocene based on well-preserved fossil fruits and seeds. Based on the taxonomic identifications, the fossils were assigned to 26 plant functional types, including but not limited to C4 herbs, broad-leaved summer green arctic shrubs, broad-leaved evergreen warm temperate shrubs, broad-leaved evergreen xeric shrubs, needle-leave","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88894711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stanislav Španiel, K. Marhold, Judita Zozomová-Lihová
Alyssum cuneifolium has been recognized as a perennial alpine species growing in five isolated European mountain ranges: the Pyrenees, Western Alps, Apennines, Pirin Mts and Mt Smolikas. Recent molecular systematic studies revealed that the disjunct populations from distant mountains are not closely related and belong to five independent species: A. cacuminum (Spain, Pyrenees), A. cuneifolium (Italy, Apennines), A. flexicaule (France, Western Alps), A. pirinicum (Bulgaria, Pirin Mts), and A. spruneri (Greece, Mt Smolikas). The present study brings the thorough morphometric analysis of the segregated taxa. We found minor morphological differences between them. Whereas A. pirinicum can be clearly distinguished, the other taxa are recognizable only at the level of population means of investigated characters. The morphological similarity of these distantly related species is obviously the result of adaptation to similar high‐alpine scree habitats. It is not clear, however, whether this adaptation is environmentally controlled or whether it is also genetically fixed and whether it reflects parallel evolution towards similar morphotypes. The observed morphological patterns and their assumed correlation with environmental factors are discussed using examples from other Alyssum taxa. Three different ploidy levels have been reported for the species under study. In the present article, we examine variation in relative nuclear genome size. The Alpine and Pyrenean species have larger relative monoploid genome sizes than the Apennine and Balkan ones, probably reflecting the evolutionary history of the group. A nomenclatural account of the study species is presented, and lectotypes of A. cuneifolium and of two other names are selected.
{"title":"Polyphyletic Alyssum cuneifolium (Brassicaceae) revisited: Morphological and genome size differentiation of recently recognized allopatric taxa","authors":"Stanislav Španiel, K. Marhold, Judita Zozomová-Lihová","doi":"10.1111/jse.12464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12464","url":null,"abstract":"Alyssum cuneifolium has been recognized as a perennial alpine species growing in five isolated European mountain ranges: the Pyrenees, Western Alps, Apennines, Pirin Mts and Mt Smolikas. Recent molecular systematic studies revealed that the disjunct populations from distant mountains are not closely related and belong to five independent species: A. cacuminum (Spain, Pyrenees), A. cuneifolium (Italy, Apennines), A. flexicaule (France, Western Alps), A. pirinicum (Bulgaria, Pirin Mts), and A. spruneri (Greece, Mt Smolikas). The present study brings the thorough morphometric analysis of the segregated taxa. We found minor morphological differences between them. Whereas A. pirinicum can be clearly distinguished, the other taxa are recognizable only at the level of population means of investigated characters. The morphological similarity of these distantly related species is obviously the result of adaptation to similar high‐alpine scree habitats. It is not clear, however, whether this adaptation is environmentally controlled or whether it is also genetically fixed and whether it reflects parallel evolution towards similar morphotypes. The observed morphological patterns and their assumed correlation with environmental factors are discussed using examples from other Alyssum taxa. Three different ploidy levels have been reported for the species under study. In the present article, we examine variation in relative nuclear genome size. The Alpine and Pyrenean species have larger relative monoploid genome sizes than the Apennine and Balkan ones, probably reflecting the evolutionary history of the group. A nomenclatural account of the study species is presented, and lectotypes of A. cuneifolium and of two other names are selected.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80746029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant fossils from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), China are critical to understand not only the diversification history of plants there, but also the paleoenvironmental conditions. Alnus are deciduous trees, mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Eurasia and North America, and they are well known in the fossil records throughout the Cenozoic in the Northern Hemisphere. We collected numerous well‐preserved Alnus leaf and infructescence fossils from the Lawula Formation (∼34.6 Ma with 40Ar/39Ar dating) at the present elevation of 3910 m a.s.l. in the southeastern QTP. Based on detailed morphological comparisons with existing and fossil species, these fossils show closest affinity to Alnus ferdinandi‐coburgii C. K. Schneid., and we refer to these fossils as A. cf. ferdinandi‐coburgii. These specimens comprise the oldest megafossil record of Alnus in the QTP, and provide solid evidence for the distribution of Alnus there as early as the late Eocene. Extant A. ferdinandi‐coburgii is distributed in areas with mean annual temperature values between 9.7 °C and 16.9 °C, and mean annual precipitation values ranging from 896.2 mm to 1161.2 mm; therefore, fossils of A. cf. ferdinandi‐coburgii suggest a much warmer and wetter climate during the late Eocene than today in the southeastern QTP. This finding is consistent with other evidence for continued uplift of the southeastern QTP after the late Eocene that might be due to the eastward extension of the QTP.
青藏高原植物化石不仅对了解该地区植物的多样性历史，而且对了解该地区的古环境条件具有重要意义。桤木是一种落叶乔木，主要分布于欧亚大陆和北美洲的温带和亚热带地区，在北半球整个新生代的化石记录中都很常见。我们收集了大量保存完好的桤木叶片和果序化石，它们来自Lawula组(~ 34.6 Ma, 40Ar/39Ar测年)，目前海拔为3910 m a.s.l.。通过与现存物种和化石物种的详细形态比较，这些化石与Alnus ferdinandi‐coburgii C. K. Schneid最接近。我们将这些化石命名为a.c.f endandi‐coburgii。这些标本构成了青藏高原桤木最古老的巨化石记录，为早在始新世晚期桤木在青藏高原的分布提供了确凿的证据。现存南螺旋藻分布在年平均气温9.7 ~ 16.9℃，年平均降水量896.2 ~ 1161.2 mm的地区;因此，a . cf. ferdinandi‐coburgii化石表明，在始新世晚期，青藏高原东南部的气候要比现在温暖和湿润得多。这一发现与晚始新世以来青藏高原东南部持续隆升的其他证据相一致，这可能是由于青藏高原东伸所致。
{"title":"Leaf and infructescence fossils of Alnus (Betulaceae) from the late Eocene of the southeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Heendong A. Xu, T. Su, Zhekun Zhou","doi":"10.1111/jse.12463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12463","url":null,"abstract":"Plant fossils from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), China are critical to understand not only the diversification history of plants there, but also the paleoenvironmental conditions. Alnus are deciduous trees, mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Eurasia and North America, and they are well known in the fossil records throughout the Cenozoic in the Northern Hemisphere. We collected numerous well‐preserved Alnus leaf and infructescence fossils from the Lawula Formation (∼34.6 Ma with 40Ar/39Ar dating) at the present elevation of 3910 m a.s.l. in the southeastern QTP. Based on detailed morphological comparisons with existing and fossil species, these fossils show closest affinity to Alnus ferdinandi‐coburgii C. K. Schneid., and we refer to these fossils as A. cf. ferdinandi‐coburgii. These specimens comprise the oldest megafossil record of Alnus in the QTP, and provide solid evidence for the distribution of Alnus there as early as the late Eocene. Extant A. ferdinandi‐coburgii is distributed in areas with mean annual temperature values between 9.7 °C and 16.9 °C, and mean annual precipitation values ranging from 896.2 mm to 1161.2 mm; therefore, fossils of A. cf. ferdinandi‐coburgii suggest a much warmer and wetter climate during the late Eocene than today in the southeastern QTP. This finding is consistent with other evidence for continued uplift of the southeastern QTP after the late Eocene that might be due to the eastward extension of the QTP.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81944511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai-Qing Lu, Min Li, Guo-hong Wang, Lian‐Sheng Xu, D. Ferguson, Anjali Trivedi, Jing Xuan, Ying Feng, Jin-Feng Li, G. Xie, Yi-Feng Yao, Yu-Fei Wang
Members of the Chenopodiaceae are the most dominant elements in the central Asian desert. The different genera and species within this family are common in desert vegetation types. Should it prove possible to link pollen types in this family to specific desert vegetation, it would be feasible to trace vegetation successions in the geological past. Nevertheless, the morphological similarity of pollen grains in the Chenopodiaceae rarely permits identification at the generic level. Although some pollen classifications of Chenopodiaceae have been proposed, none of them tried to link pollen types to specific desert vegetation types in order to explore their ecological significance. Based on the pollen morphological characters of 13 genera and 24 species within the Chenopodiaceae of eastern central Asia, we provide a new pollen classification of this family with six pollen types and link them to those plant communities dominated by Chenopodiaceae, for example, temperate dwarf semi‐arboreal desert (Haloxylon type), temperate succulent halophytic dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Suaeda, Kalidium, and Atriplex types), temperate annual graminoid desert (Kalidium type), temperate semi‐shrubby and dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Kalidium, Iljini, and Haloxylon types), and alpine cushion dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Krascheninnikovia type). These findings represent a new approach for detecting specific desert vegetation types and deciphering ecosystem evolution in eastern central Asia.
{"title":"New pollen classification of Chenopodiaceae for exploring and tracing desert vegetation evolution in eastern arid central Asia","authors":"Kai-Qing Lu, Min Li, Guo-hong Wang, Lian‐Sheng Xu, D. Ferguson, Anjali Trivedi, Jing Xuan, Ying Feng, Jin-Feng Li, G. Xie, Yi-Feng Yao, Yu-Fei Wang","doi":"10.1111/jse.12462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12462","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the Chenopodiaceae are the most dominant elements in the central Asian desert. The different genera and species within this family are common in desert vegetation types. Should it prove possible to link pollen types in this family to specific desert vegetation, it would be feasible to trace vegetation successions in the geological past. Nevertheless, the morphological similarity of pollen grains in the Chenopodiaceae rarely permits identification at the generic level. Although some pollen classifications of Chenopodiaceae have been proposed, none of them tried to link pollen types to specific desert vegetation types in order to explore their ecological significance. Based on the pollen morphological characters of 13 genera and 24 species within the Chenopodiaceae of eastern central Asia, we provide a new pollen classification of this family with six pollen types and link them to those plant communities dominated by Chenopodiaceae, for example, temperate dwarf semi‐arboreal desert (Haloxylon type), temperate succulent halophytic dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Suaeda, Kalidium, and Atriplex types), temperate annual graminoid desert (Kalidium type), temperate semi‐shrubby and dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Kalidium, Iljini, and Haloxylon types), and alpine cushion dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Krascheninnikovia type). These findings represent a new approach for detecting specific desert vegetation types and deciphering ecosystem evolution in eastern central Asia.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77831843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous biogeographic studies have suggested that geographic isolations triggered by Quaternary climatic changes could have contributed greatly to the high species diversity of eastern Asia. However, little is known about how speciation proceeded during the evolutionary divergence of sister species in this region. In this study, we examined genomic divergence and investigated the speciation process of the two species in the genus Sinalliaria endemic to eastern China, S. limprichtiana (Pax) X. F. Jin, Y. Y. Zhou & H. W. Zhang and S. grandifolia (Z. X. An) Huan Hu, com. nov. (Basionym: Alliaria grandifolia Z. X. An (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 396, 1985)). We sequenced the transcriptomes of seven and eight S. limprichtiana and S. grandifolia individuals, respectively. Analysis of transcriptome single nucleotide polymorphism data indicated that both species were well‐delineated with strong genetic differentiation (mean FST = 0.31). A total of 4000 genes showed differential expression between the two species. Based on these genome‐scale nucleotide variations, we used the allele frequency spectrum for modeling analysis with fastsimcoal to gain insights into the speciation process. Our results suggested divergence with continuous gene flow between the two species. These findings will add to our knowledge on the origin of species diversity in eastern Asia.
许多生物地理学研究表明，第四纪气候变化引发的地理隔离可能对东亚的高物种多样性做出了巨大贡献。然而，在这一地区姐妹种的进化分化过程中，物种形成是如何进行的，人们知之甚少。本研究对中国东部特有的Sinalliaria属(S. limprictiana, Pax)和S. grandfolia (S. Z. X.)进行了基因组分化和物种形成过程的研究。[11][基础学科:桔梗Alliaria grandfolia .]科学。23:396,1985))。我们分别对7个和8个水杨花(S. limprichtiana)和8个桔梗(S. grandfolia)进行了转录组测序。转录组单核苷酸多态性数据分析表明，这两个物种都具有很强的遗传分化(平均FST = 0.31)。共有4000个基因在两个物种之间表现出差异表达。基于这些基因组尺度的核苷酸变异，我们使用fastsimcoal对等位基因频谱进行建模分析，以深入了解物种形成过程。我们的研究结果表明，两个物种之间存在着持续的基因流动。这些发现将增加我们对东亚物种多样性起源的认识。
{"title":"Analyses of genome‐scale variation reveal divergence of two Sinalliaria species (Brassicaceae) with continuous but limited gene flow","authors":"Tianjing Wang, Dafu Ru, Dan Zhang, Quanjun Hu","doi":"10.1111/jse.12461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12461","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous biogeographic studies have suggested that geographic isolations triggered by Quaternary climatic changes could have contributed greatly to the high species diversity of eastern Asia. However, little is known about how speciation proceeded during the evolutionary divergence of sister species in this region. In this study, we examined genomic divergence and investigated the speciation process of the two species in the genus Sinalliaria endemic to eastern China, S. limprichtiana (Pax) X. F. Jin, Y. Y. Zhou & H. W. Zhang and S. grandifolia (Z. X. An) Huan Hu, com. nov. (Basionym: Alliaria grandifolia Z. X. An (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 396, 1985)). We sequenced the transcriptomes of seven and eight S. limprichtiana and S. grandifolia individuals, respectively. Analysis of transcriptome single nucleotide polymorphism data indicated that both species were well‐delineated with strong genetic differentiation (mean FST = 0.31). A total of 4000 genes showed differential expression between the two species. Based on these genome‐scale nucleotide variations, we used the allele frequency spectrum for modeling analysis with fastsimcoal to gain insights into the speciation process. Our results suggested divergence with continuous gene flow between the two species. These findings will add to our knowledge on the origin of species diversity in eastern Asia.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82567831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Wang, Jian-Xin Luo, Yazhen Ma, Xing‐xing Mao, Jianquan Liu
Accurate species delimitation of sampled biological material is critical for a range of studies. Although the DNA barcodes developed in recent years are useful for identifying numerous well differentiated species that have not experienced frequent gene flow, they fail to delimit recently diverged species, especially those with extensive introgressions. Here we use five Rhododendron species growing together on the same mountain as a model system to compare the species delimitation effectiveness of the DNA barcodes (internal transcribed spacer, matK, psbA‐trnH, and rbcL) previously proposed versus 15 pairs of microsatellite markers. Using these markers, we genotyped 129 individuals, which were members of five species according to morphological identification. We identified five simple sequence repeat genetic clusters (independently evolving lineages) corresponding to the morphological identification. However, we found that numerous individuals contained cryptic hybrid introgressions from the other species. The four DNA barcodes could not delimit three out of four closely related species that showed clear morphological differentiation and cryptic introgressions. Even after excluding all cryptic hybrids, two closely related species could not be successfully identified. The low discrimination ability of the DNA barcodes for closely related Rhododendron species could result from two, not mutually exclusive factors: introgressive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. Our results highlight the importance of simple sequence repeat markers in delimiting closely related species and identifying cryptic introgressions in the absence of morphological changes.
{"title":"Nuclear simple sequence repeat markers are superior to DNA barcodes for identification of closely related Rhododendron species on the same mountain","authors":"Ji Wang, Jian-Xin Luo, Yazhen Ma, Xing‐xing Mao, Jianquan Liu","doi":"10.1111/jse.12460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12460","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate species delimitation of sampled biological material is critical for a range of studies. Although the DNA barcodes developed in recent years are useful for identifying numerous well differentiated species that have not experienced frequent gene flow, they fail to delimit recently diverged species, especially those with extensive introgressions. Here we use five Rhododendron species growing together on the same mountain as a model system to compare the species delimitation effectiveness of the DNA barcodes (internal transcribed spacer, matK, psbA‐trnH, and rbcL) previously proposed versus 15 pairs of microsatellite markers. Using these markers, we genotyped 129 individuals, which were members of five species according to morphological identification. We identified five simple sequence repeat genetic clusters (independently evolving lineages) corresponding to the morphological identification. However, we found that numerous individuals contained cryptic hybrid introgressions from the other species. The four DNA barcodes could not delimit three out of four closely related species that showed clear morphological differentiation and cryptic introgressions. Even after excluding all cryptic hybrids, two closely related species could not be successfully identified. The low discrimination ability of the DNA barcodes for closely related Rhododendron species could result from two, not mutually exclusive factors: introgressive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. Our results highlight the importance of simple sequence repeat markers in delimiting closely related species and identifying cryptic introgressions in the absence of morphological changes.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83387629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The families Achariaceae and Salicaceae (Malpighiales) are characterized by wood anatomical ranges that partly overlap. Formerly these families were treated together in the polyphyletic Flacourtiaceae and a much more narrowly circumscribed Salicaceae. Here we attribute two recently collected fossil woods from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds to the clade that contain these two families, i.e., the Parietal Clade of the Malpighiales. The new genus Elioxylon shares features with several extant genera of Achariaceae and Salicaceae, but does not completely match with any of them. A new record of Hydnocarpoxylon indicum Bande & Khatri is a good match for extant Hydnocarpus Gaertn. (Achariaceae). Elioxylon and Hydnocarpoxylon share an absence of parenchyma, the presence of septate fibres and 1–3 seriate heterocellular rays with long uniseriate margins consistent with Achariaceae and Salicaceae. Elioxylon has mixed simple and scalariform perforations, whereas Hydnocarpxylon has exclusively scalariform perforations. Other Deccan fossils formerly attributed to “Flacourtiaceae” in the literature are critically discussed and mostly excluded from Achariaceae and Salicaceae. Elioxylon and Hydnocarpoxylon from the Maastrichtian ‐ Danian of India are the oldest fossil records of the Parietal Clade of the Malpighiales. With their occurrence on the Indian plate during its northward journey from Gondwana to Laurasia, these fossils provide further support for an ‘out‐of‐India’ hypothesis for Achariaceae and/or Salicaceae. “Baileyan trends” in vessel perforation plate and vessel grouping evolution are apparent in the phylogeny of the Parietal Clade.
{"title":"More Malpighiales: Woods of Achariaceae and/or Salicaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean beds, India","authors":"R. Srivastava, Regis B. Miller, P. Baas","doi":"10.1111/jse.12455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12455","url":null,"abstract":"The families Achariaceae and Salicaceae (Malpighiales) are characterized by wood anatomical ranges that partly overlap. Formerly these families were treated together in the polyphyletic Flacourtiaceae and a much more narrowly circumscribed Salicaceae. Here we attribute two recently collected fossil woods from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds to the clade that contain these two families, i.e., the Parietal Clade of the Malpighiales. The new genus Elioxylon shares features with several extant genera of Achariaceae and Salicaceae, but does not completely match with any of them. A new record of Hydnocarpoxylon indicum Bande & Khatri is a good match for extant Hydnocarpus Gaertn. (Achariaceae). Elioxylon and Hydnocarpoxylon share an absence of parenchyma, the presence of septate fibres and 1–3 seriate heterocellular rays with long uniseriate margins consistent with Achariaceae and Salicaceae. Elioxylon has mixed simple and scalariform perforations, whereas Hydnocarpxylon has exclusively scalariform perforations. Other Deccan fossils formerly attributed to “Flacourtiaceae” in the literature are critically discussed and mostly excluded from Achariaceae and Salicaceae. Elioxylon and Hydnocarpoxylon from the Maastrichtian ‐ Danian of India are the oldest fossil records of the Parietal Clade of the Malpighiales. With their occurrence on the Indian plate during its northward journey from Gondwana to Laurasia, these fossils provide further support for an ‘out‐of‐India’ hypothesis for Achariaceae and/or Salicaceae. “Baileyan trends” in vessel perforation plate and vessel grouping evolution are apparent in the phylogeny of the Parietal Clade.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88204706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cong Xu, T. Su, Jian Huang, Y. Huang, Shufeng Li, YI-SHAN Zhao, Zhekun Zhou
The uplift of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau dramatically changed the regional topography and climate, profoundly impacting the distribution of many plant lineages. Plant responses to environmental changes are particularly prominent in lineages that require ecological factors differentiated from those present before the uplift of the QTP. Two fossil occurrences of Christella H. Lév., Fl. Kouy–Tchéou (Thelypteridaceae), a fern genus now distributed mainly at low elevations of the pantropics with warm and moist habitats, are described based on fossilized Cenozoic leaf fronds recovered from SW China: late Paleocene Christella nervosa (J. R. Tao) C. L. Xu, T. Su & Z. K. Zhou comb. nov. found in Liuqu, southern Tibet and middle Miocene Christella sp. recovered from the Jinggu Basin in western Yunnan. The frond fossils from both sites share key morphological characteristics that diagnose these fossils as Christella. After detailed comparisons, we further clarified Christella papilio (C. Hope) Holttum, a species distributed in warm, humid habitats at altitudes no more than 1300 m, as the nearest living relative of C. nervosa. This finding suggested that southern Tibet had not reached its present elevation during the late Paleocene (ca. 56 Ma). We propose that the uplift, accompanied by severe cooling and aridification after the late Paleocene, caused the disappearance of Christella in southern Tibet, whereas paleoenvironmental conditions enabled the genus to survive in Yunnan. Our study provides the first example of distributional constraints of ferns in SW China in response to paleoenvironmental changes in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and nearby areas.
{"title":"Occurrence of Christella (Thelypteridaceae) in Southwest China and its indications of the paleoenvironment of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas","authors":"Cong Xu, T. Su, Jian Huang, Y. Huang, Shufeng Li, YI-SHAN Zhao, Zhekun Zhou","doi":"10.1111/jse.12452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12452","url":null,"abstract":"The uplift of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau dramatically changed the regional topography and climate, profoundly impacting the distribution of many plant lineages. Plant responses to environmental changes are particularly prominent in lineages that require ecological factors differentiated from those present before the uplift of the QTP. Two fossil occurrences of Christella H. Lév., Fl. Kouy–Tchéou (Thelypteridaceae), a fern genus now distributed mainly at low elevations of the pantropics with warm and moist habitats, are described based on fossilized Cenozoic leaf fronds recovered from SW China: late Paleocene Christella nervosa (J. R. Tao) C. L. Xu, T. Su & Z. K. Zhou comb. nov. found in Liuqu, southern Tibet and middle Miocene Christella sp. recovered from the Jinggu Basin in western Yunnan. The frond fossils from both sites share key morphological characteristics that diagnose these fossils as Christella. After detailed comparisons, we further clarified Christella papilio (C. Hope) Holttum, a species distributed in warm, humid habitats at altitudes no more than 1300 m, as the nearest living relative of C. nervosa. This finding suggested that southern Tibet had not reached its present elevation during the late Paleocene (ca. 56 Ma). We propose that the uplift, accompanied by severe cooling and aridification after the late Paleocene, caused the disappearance of Christella in southern Tibet, whereas paleoenvironmental conditions enabled the genus to survive in Yunnan. Our study provides the first example of distributional constraints of ferns in SW China in response to paleoenvironmental changes in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and nearby areas.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87095542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao-Yan Liu, Sheng‐Lan Xu, Meng‐Qi Han, Jianhua Jin
The ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) characterized by united and concentric ring‐cupped acorns, are mainly distributed in broad‐leaved evergreen forests in tropical and subtropical regions of East and Southeast Asia. Their geological history has been traced from the middle Eocene to Pleistocene. Most reports of the subgenus have been on the basis of leaves, whereas the acorns or cupules, more valuable evidence for the inter‐ and intrageneric classifications, have been relatively poorly documented. Here, we describe a new species, Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov., based on a ring‐cupped fossil acorn and pollen on the acorn, as well as Quercus sp. associated leaves, recovered from the early Oligocene Shangcun Formation of Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, South China. The morphological and anatomical structures of these fossils confirm their attribution to the subg. Cyclobalanopsis. Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov. represents the world's first Oligocene fossil acorn and the earliest fossil acorn in China for the subgenus, indicating that the subg. Cyclobalanopsis arrived in the low latitude area of South China at least by the early Oligocene. Our fossil provides evidence that the subgenus was present in one of its modern distribution centers in the Oligocene, suggesting that the modern distribution patterns of the subg. Cyclobalanopsis most likely originated during or prior to the Oligocene.
{"title":"An early Oligocene fossil acorn, associated leaves and pollen of the ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) from Maoming Basin, South China","authors":"Xiao-Yan Liu, Sheng‐Lan Xu, Meng‐Qi Han, Jianhua Jin","doi":"10.1111/jse.12450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12450","url":null,"abstract":"The ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) characterized by united and concentric ring‐cupped acorns, are mainly distributed in broad‐leaved evergreen forests in tropical and subtropical regions of East and Southeast Asia. Their geological history has been traced from the middle Eocene to Pleistocene. Most reports of the subgenus have been on the basis of leaves, whereas the acorns or cupules, more valuable evidence for the inter‐ and intrageneric classifications, have been relatively poorly documented. Here, we describe a new species, Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov., based on a ring‐cupped fossil acorn and pollen on the acorn, as well as Quercus sp. associated leaves, recovered from the early Oligocene Shangcun Formation of Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, South China. The morphological and anatomical structures of these fossils confirm their attribution to the subg. Cyclobalanopsis. Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov. represents the world's first Oligocene fossil acorn and the earliest fossil acorn in China for the subgenus, indicating that the subg. Cyclobalanopsis arrived in the low latitude area of South China at least by the early Oligocene. Our fossil provides evidence that the subgenus was present in one of its modern distribution centers in the Oligocene, suggesting that the modern distribution patterns of the subg. Cyclobalanopsis most likely originated during or prior to the Oligocene.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77062837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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