Pub Date : 2016-09-15DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.36.48
Donatha Damian Tib, S. Shomari
{"title":"Fusarium Wilt Disease: An Emerging Threat to Cashew Nut Crop Production in Tanzania","authors":"Donatha Damian Tib, S. Shomari","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.36.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.36.48","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"09 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127216620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-15DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.49.60
Tobdem Gaston Dabiré, S. Bonzi, I. Somda, A. Legrève
{"title":"Evaluation of the Potential of Trichoderma harzianum as a Plant Growth Promoter and Biocontrol Agent against Fusarium Damping-off in Onion in Burkina Faso","authors":"Tobdem Gaston Dabiré, S. Bonzi, I. Somda, A. Legrève","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.49.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.49.60","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131852568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-15DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.29.35
Sujitha Asadhi, Bhaskara Reddy Bommu Veera, S. Yeturu, Usha Rayalcheru
{"title":"Serological, Molecular Characterization and Diagnostic Methods of Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus Infecting Onion (Allium cepa L.) in South India","authors":"Sujitha Asadhi, Bhaskara Reddy Bommu Veera, S. Yeturu, Usha Rayalcheru","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.29.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.29.35","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114216803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-15DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.21.28
H. Soliman, G. M. Abdel-Fatt, E. Metwally
{"title":"Antagonistic Interactions Between the Foliar Pathogen Botrytis fabae Sard. and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai","authors":"H. Soliman, G. M. Abdel-Fatt, E. Metwally","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.21.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.21.28","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115865469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-15DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.61.66
Emilie Bosquée, Ronling Yin, C. Bragard, L. Yong, Julian Chen, F. Francis
{"title":"Transmission Efficiency of Cucumber Mosaic Virus by Myzus persicae According to Virus Strain and Aphid Clone from China","authors":"Emilie Bosquée, Ronling Yin, C. Bragard, L. Yong, Julian Chen, F. Francis","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.61.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2016.61.66","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115851671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-01DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.148.157
Rivia Kumala Dewi, Suranto, A. Susilowati, A. Wahyudi
Biocontrol using antagonist agent is one of environment-friendly method of controlling bacterial leaf blight disease in rice field. Eight antagonistic bacteria against Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae as well as the causal bacterial leaf blight disease in rice, have been isolated from rice phyllosphere of Wonogiri and Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, using dual plate method. The aims of this study were to identify molecularly of 16S rDNA and polyketide synthase (PKS) genes of antagonist bacteria. The PKS gene is recorded as one of antibiotic compounds class which encode the polyketide biosynthesis. The amplification of 16S rDNA gene was performed using 63f and 1387r primers, while PKS gene detection was performed using degKS2F.gc and degKSR5.gc primers. The nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA and PKS genes was aligned using GenBank database and BLAST-N program from NCBI site was operated. The results showed that the eight isolates identity of SH2a, MO142, MO22g, MO34h, MO34i, MO34j, MO43a and MO63j were Pseudomonadaceae SH2a, Pantoea sp. MO142, Pantoea sp. MO22g, Erwinia sp. MO34h, Pantoea sp. MO34i, Pantoea sp. MO34j, Pantoea sp. MO43a and Pantoea sp. MO63j, respectively. Bacterial antagonists of PKS genes have similarities with the gene of nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase hybrid (cpbI) Lysobacter lactamgenus. This indicates that the antagonist mechanism of antagonist bacteria is antibiosis.
{"title":"Molecular Identification of 16S rDNA and Polyketide Synthase Genes of Antagonist Bacteria against Xanthomonas oryzae Pathovar oryzae from Rice Phyllosphere","authors":"Rivia Kumala Dewi, Suranto, A. Susilowati, A. Wahyudi","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.148.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.148.157","url":null,"abstract":"Biocontrol using antagonist agent is one of environment-friendly method of controlling bacterial leaf blight disease in rice field. Eight antagonistic bacteria against Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae as well as the causal bacterial leaf blight disease in rice, have been isolated from rice phyllosphere of Wonogiri and Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, using dual plate method. The aims of this study were to identify molecularly of 16S rDNA and polyketide synthase (PKS) genes of antagonist bacteria. The PKS gene is recorded as one of antibiotic compounds class which encode the polyketide biosynthesis. The amplification of 16S rDNA gene was performed using 63f and 1387r primers, while PKS gene detection was performed using degKS2F.gc and degKSR5.gc primers. The nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA and PKS genes was aligned using GenBank database and BLAST-N program from NCBI site was operated. The results showed that the eight isolates identity of SH2a, MO142, MO22g, MO34h, MO34i, MO34j, MO43a and MO63j were Pseudomonadaceae SH2a, Pantoea sp. MO142, Pantoea sp. MO22g, Erwinia sp. MO34h, Pantoea sp. MO34i, Pantoea sp. MO34j, Pantoea sp. MO43a and Pantoea sp. MO63j, respectively. Bacterial antagonists of PKS genes have similarities with the gene of nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase hybrid (cpbI) Lysobacter lactamgenus. This indicates that the antagonist mechanism of antagonist bacteria is antibiosis.","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123175219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-01DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.167.174
R. E. Mohamedy, F. Latif
Effects of humic acid and thyme essential oil alone or in combination for controlling late blight diseased of tomato plants was tested under field conditions. The tested concentrations of humic acid had no inhibitory effect on Phytophthora infestans. While, thyme at concentrations 8.0 mL LG caused complete inhibition in linear growth of P. infestans. The highest inhibition in linear growth was obtained with thyme at 6.0 mL LG which reduced the linear growth by 92.2%. Moreover, under field conditions, results revealed that the most effective treatments are humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG combined with thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG which reduced the late blight incidence more than 81.3 and 78.4% during first and second growing seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, single treatments of thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG showed moderate effect. The highest increase in tomato yield was obtained with humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG combined with thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG which increased the tomato yield more than 53.3 and 46.9% during first and second growing seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, single treatments of humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG showed moderate increase. The highest increase in β,1-3-glucanase activity was obtained with humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG when applied as single or combined with thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG which increased the β,1-3-glucanase activity of tomato plants more than 137.0%.
在田间条件下，试验了腐植酸和百里香精油单独或联合施用对番茄晚疫病的防治效果。腐植酸浓度对疫霉菌无抑制作用。而百里香浓度为8.0 mL LG时，对病原菌的线性生长有完全抑制作用。6.0 mL LG百里香对线性生长的抑制作用最大，对线性生长的抑制率为92.2%。在田间条件下，腐植酸6.0或8.0 g LG配百里香6.0或8.0 mL LG处理最有效，在第1和第2生长期分别降低了81.3%和78.4%的晚疫病发病率。6.0、8.0 mL LG百里香单次处理效果中等。腐植酸用量为6.0或8.0 g LG时，百里香用量为6.0或8.0 mL LG，番茄产量在第一和第二生长期分别提高了53.3%和46.9%以上。同时，单次处理6.0或8.0 mL LG的腐植酸均有适度升高。当腐植酸单独施用6.0或8.0 g LG或与百里香配用6.0或8.0 g LG时，番茄植株β，1-3-葡聚糖酶活性提高幅度最大，达到137.0%以上。
{"title":"Field Application of Humic Acid and Thyme Essential Oil for Controlling Late Blight Disease of Tomato Plants under Field Conditions","authors":"R. E. Mohamedy, F. Latif","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.167.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.167.174","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of humic acid and thyme essential oil alone or in combination for controlling late blight diseased of tomato plants was tested under field conditions. The tested concentrations of humic acid had no inhibitory effect on Phytophthora infestans. While, thyme at concentrations 8.0 mL LG caused complete inhibition in linear growth of P. infestans. The highest inhibition in linear growth was obtained with thyme at 6.0 mL LG which reduced the linear growth by 92.2%. Moreover, under field conditions, results revealed that the most effective treatments are humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG combined with thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG which reduced the late blight incidence more than 81.3 and 78.4% during first and second growing seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, single treatments of thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG showed moderate effect. The highest increase in tomato yield was obtained with humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG combined with thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG which increased the tomato yield more than 53.3 and 46.9% during first and second growing seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, single treatments of humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 mL LG showed moderate increase. The highest increase in β,1-3-glucanase activity was obtained with humic acid at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG when applied as single or combined with thyme at 6.0 or 8.0 g LG which increased the β,1-3-glucanase activity of tomato plants more than 137.0%.","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133677055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-01DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.158.166
Boumaaza Boualem, B. Mohamed, Belkhoudja Moulay
Three isolates of Botrytis cinerea were isolated from leaves and stems of different tomato varieties taken from four areas in the North-west of Algeria where tomato is mostly grown in greenhouses and high tunnels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two salts: NaCl and CaCl2 tolerance of Trichoderma harzianum and to evaluate the impact of salinity on its antagonistic capacities in order to use it as a biological agent controlling Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mold disease of tomato. In the absence of salt, the volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites from T. harzianum showed 52, 23-79, 81% inhibition of B. cinerea. In the presence of salt, the inhibition percentages of the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by volatile metabolites were stimulated by the high concentrations of NaCl 94,70 and 90,85% for CaCl2 compared to the control. However, non-volatile compounds from Trichoderma, the percentage of growth inhibition varied between 65.17% and 82, 12% for NaCl and 61.19-85.01 in the presence of CaCl2.
{"title":"Salinity Influence upon Activity of Trichoderma harzianum against Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Boumaaza Boualem, B. Mohamed, Belkhoudja Moulay","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.158.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.158.166","url":null,"abstract":"Three isolates of Botrytis cinerea were isolated from leaves and stems of different tomato varieties taken from four areas in the North-west of Algeria where tomato is mostly grown in greenhouses and high tunnels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two salts: NaCl and CaCl2 tolerance of Trichoderma harzianum and to evaluate the impact of salinity on its antagonistic capacities in order to use it as a biological agent controlling Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mold disease of tomato. In the absence of salt, the volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites from T. harzianum showed 52, 23-79, 81% inhibition of B. cinerea. In the presence of salt, the inhibition percentages of the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by volatile metabolites were stimulated by the high concentrations of NaCl 94,70 and 90,85% for CaCl2 compared to the control. However, non-volatile compounds from Trichoderma, the percentage of growth inhibition varied between 65.17% and 82, 12% for NaCl and 61.19-85.01 in the presence of CaCl2.","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126530927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-01DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.175.188
M. Mallikarju, B. Gowdu
The present study was aimed to identify charcoal rot pathogen of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh and assess the interactions among the fungal isolates from rhizosphere. During field survey, a potential charcoal rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina was isolated and identified. About 10 different rhizosphere soils of healthy groundnut plants were selected for isolation of fungi. Among 25 isolates assayed for antagonism, ten different fungi significantly inhibited colony growth of M. phaseolina in dual culture plates and morphological identification was done at (400X). Antagonistic fungi inflicted 25.6-41% mycelial growth inhibition in M. phaseolina. Colony growth and sclerotia production of M. phaseolina ceased effectively by Emericella nidulans and E. rugulosus, respectively. Mutual inhibition between Alternaria alteranata, Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum and M. phaseolina was observed. Penicillium oxalicum, Gliocladium roseum and Aspergillus versicolor significantly reduces growth with <1 mm demarcation lineat 7 and 14 Days after Inoculation (DAI) on PDA medium. These antagonistic interactions influence the growth of the pathogen.
{"title":"Isolation, Identification and in vitro Screening of Rhizospheric Fungi for Biological Control of Macrophomina phaseolina","authors":"M. Mallikarju, B. Gowdu","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.175.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.175.188","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed to identify charcoal rot pathogen of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh and assess the interactions among the fungal isolates from rhizosphere. During field survey, a potential charcoal rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina was isolated and identified. About 10 different rhizosphere soils of healthy groundnut plants were selected for isolation of fungi. Among 25 isolates assayed for antagonism, ten different fungi significantly inhibited colony growth of M. phaseolina in dual culture plates and morphological identification was done at (400X). Antagonistic fungi inflicted 25.6-41% mycelial growth inhibition in M. phaseolina. Colony growth and sclerotia production of M. phaseolina ceased effectively by Emericella nidulans and E. rugulosus, respectively. Mutual inhibition between Alternaria alteranata, Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum and M. phaseolina was observed. Penicillium oxalicum, Gliocladium roseum and Aspergillus versicolor significantly reduces growth with <1 mm demarcation lineat 7 and 14 Days after Inoculation (DAI) on PDA medium. These antagonistic interactions influence the growth of the pathogen.","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127359267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-01DOI: 10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.142.147
R. S. Ferniah, R. Kasiamdari, A. Priyatmojo, B. Daryono
Chilli plants have many mechanism defenses to pathogen attack. The biotic stress can induce genes encoding Pathogenesis Related (PR) proteins to increase expression. The aim of this research is to analyze a molecular responds of CaChi2 gene as PR protein in chilli, which is infected by fungal pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) was used to measure the fluorescence and the ddCt method was used to analyze the expression level of CaChi2 in chilli. The result showed, up-regulated expression of resistant plants but no change in expression of susceptible plants after many range of time. It is concluded that the CaChi2 gene can be a molecular marker of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in chilli.
{"title":"Expression of Class II Chitinase Gene in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) as Response to Fusarium oxysporum Pathogen Attack","authors":"R. S. Ferniah, R. Kasiamdari, A. Priyatmojo, B. Daryono","doi":"10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.142.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/AJPPAJ.2015.142.147","url":null,"abstract":"Chilli plants have many mechanism defenses to pathogen attack. The biotic stress can induce genes encoding Pathogenesis Related (PR) proteins to increase expression. The aim of this research is to analyze a molecular responds of CaChi2 gene as PR protein in chilli, which is infected by fungal pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) was used to measure the fluorescence and the ddCt method was used to analyze the expression level of CaChi2 in chilli. The result showed, up-regulated expression of resistant plants but no change in expression of susceptible plants after many range of time. It is concluded that the CaChi2 gene can be a molecular marker of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in chilli.","PeriodicalId":101708,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Plant Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130388878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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