Iron oxides formed in close association with bacteria are referred to as biogenic minerals (BIOS). Both the organic part of BIOS and the iron oxide particles affect the net surface charge of those iron-organic carbon aggregates and offer reactive sites that can immobilize many soluble contaminants (Warren and Haack 2001) making BIOS a contender in bioremediation technologies. However, before using BIOS in bioremediation, it is essential to understand the interactions of impurities such as organic matter and other minor components (including silica) (Dyer et al. 2010). This project involves the synthesis of Biogenic Iron Oxides (BIOS) using various silica contents and different soluble alginate concentrations (as an analogue for bacterial exopolysaccharides) close to natural environmental conditions. The mineralogical, chemical and physical composition of the synthesized samples was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano instrument. The various samples (mainly ferrihydrite) were then reduced in the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, a well-known iron reducing bacterium. All microbial reduction experiments (see Table 1) with different types of BIOS were performed under anoxic conditions. Results indicate that the ratio of organic matter and silica to Fe (III) in BIOS affects the reduction rate. It is proposed that alginate binds to iron oxide particles and protects them from reduction. However, samples in presence of high concentration of silica (i.e.,> 0.05) showed structural disorder which likely prevented nucleation of well ordered ferrihydrite, which in return increased their rate of reduction. In addition, higher reduction rates of ferrihydrite were reported at higher concentrations of silica in BIOS, even in the presence of alginate.
与细菌密切相关的氧化铁被称为生物矿物(BIOS)。BIOS的有机部分和氧化铁颗粒都会影响这些铁有机碳聚集体的净表面电荷，并提供可以固定许多可溶性污染物的活性位点(Warren和Haack 2001)，使BIOS成为生物修复技术的竞争者。然而，在将BIOS用于生物修复之前，有必要了解杂质(如有机物和其他次要成分(包括二氧化硅))的相互作用(Dyer et al. 2010)。该项目涉及在接近自然环境条件下，使用不同二氧化硅含量和不同可溶性海藻酸盐浓度(作为细菌胞外多糖的类似物)合成生物氧化铁(BIOS)。采用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和Malvern Zetasizer纳米仪器对合成样品的矿物学、化学和物理组成进行了测定。然后，各种样品(主要是水合铁)在已知的铁还原菌希瓦氏菌CN32的存在下被还原。不同类型BIOS的微生物还原实验(见表1)均在缺氧条件下进行。结果表明，有机质和二氧化硅与BIOS中Fe (III)的比例影响了还原速率。有人提出海藻酸盐与氧化铁颗粒结合并保护它们不被还原。然而，存在高浓度二氧化硅的样品(即>0.05)表现出结构紊乱，这可能阻碍了有序水合铁的成核，从而提高了它们的还原速率。此外，据报道，即使在海藻酸盐存在的情况下，BIOS中二氧化硅浓度越高，水合铁的还原率也越高。
{"title":"Microbial reduction of synthetic Biogenic Iron Oxides containing various amounts of Organic Carbon and Silica","authors":"Daniela Quintero, Danielle Fortin","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e109448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e109448","url":null,"abstract":"Iron oxides formed in close association with bacteria are referred to as biogenic minerals (BIOS). Both the organic part of BIOS and the iron oxide particles affect the net surface charge of those iron-organic carbon aggregates and offer reactive sites that can immobilize many soluble contaminants (Warren and Haack 2001) making BIOS a contender in bioremediation technologies. However, before using BIOS in bioremediation, it is essential to understand the interactions of impurities such as organic matter and other minor components (including silica) (Dyer et al. 2010). This project involves the synthesis of Biogenic Iron Oxides (BIOS) using various silica contents and different soluble alginate concentrations (as an analogue for bacterial exopolysaccharides) close to natural environmental conditions. The mineralogical, chemical and physical composition of the synthesized samples was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano instrument. The various samples (mainly ferrihydrite) were then reduced in the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, a well-known iron reducing bacterium. All microbial reduction experiments (see Table 1) with different types of BIOS were performed under anoxic conditions. Results indicate that the ratio of organic matter and silica to Fe (III) in BIOS affects the reduction rate. It is proposed that alginate binds to iron oxide particles and protects them from reduction. However, samples in presence of high concentration of silica (i.e.,> 0.05) showed structural disorder which likely prevented nucleation of well ordered ferrihydrite, which in return increased their rate of reduction. In addition, higher reduction rates of ferrihydrite were reported at higher concentrations of silica in BIOS, even in the presence of alginate.","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hormoconis resinae (or Cladosporium resinae ), colloquially known as the kerosene fungus, is predominantly found in fuel tanks (Rafin and Veignie 2018). Its occurrence in fuel tanks was first reported in early 1960s. Since then, it has been considered as a serious threat by the petroleum industry for bio-deteriorating fuel quality, corroding storage tanks, and clogging pumps and filters (Sheridan et al. 1971). This fungus flourishes well in the presence of water and can thrive at a wider pH range (2-10), than most commonly studied bacteria, with optimum towards the acidic end (Rafin and Veignie 2018). As a biosafety level 1 organism (ATCC 2021) with wide natural prevalence, H. resinae is both safe to study and apply in the field. Thus, it can be utilized for developing bioremediation processes suitable for petroleum-contaminated sites. Contamination of groundwater sources by fuel pollutants has been an important public health concern for decades (Mitra and Roy 2011). Several components of fuel are known to be toxic even at low concentrations with deleterious health effects including teratogenicity and carcinogenicity (ATSDR 1995). Past research has mainly focussed on the degradation of n-alkanes, a major component of fuel, by H. resinae which used the n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources (Rafin and Veignie 2018). Benzene derivatives like toluene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid are also often found as fuel pollutants. Though some studies have investigated the effects of benzene derivatives on the survival and growth of H. resinae (Cofone et al. 1973, Oh et al. 2001, Qi et al. 2002), not much work has been done on their biodegradation (Kato et al. 1990). Previous study showed a reductive transformation of benzoate to benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and 1-phenyl-l,2-propanediol (Kato et al. 1990). More work was needed to study the further transformation of these products. Thus, the current study focussed on the transformation of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol in acidic conditions by H. resinae ATCC 34066. The main objectives were to study the effects of: culture media, glucose, and oxygen enrichment on the fungal growth in the presence of these benzene derivatives and their biodegradation kinetics and pathways. culture media, glucose, and oxygen enrichment on the fungal growth in the presence of these benzene derivatives and their biodegradation kinetics and pathways. Some experiments were also conducted with toluene as the contaminant. H. resinae was not able to transform toluene (1-200 ppm) at all, though it was able to grow on it in the presence of 1% glucose. The fungus was able to transform benzaldehyde (≤550 ppm) to benzyl alcohol (reductive) and benzoic acid (oxidative). Many monoaromatics such as catechol, resorcinol, hydroxybenzoic acids and aliphatic compounds such as fumaric acid, levulinic acid were also detected as the oxidation products of benzaldehyde by high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of glucos
Hormoconis resinae(或Cladosporium resinae)，俗称煤油真菌，主要存在于燃料箱中(Rafin和Veignie 2018)。在20世纪60年代初首次报道了它在燃料箱中的出现。从那时起，它就被石油工业认为是一个严重的威胁，因为它会使生物燃料质量恶化，腐蚀储罐，堵塞泵和过滤器(Sheridan et al. 1971)。这种真菌在有水的情况下繁殖良好，与大多数常见的细菌相比，它可以在更宽的pH范围(2-10)下繁殖，并在酸性端达到最佳状态(Rafin和Veignie 2018)。作为自然普遍存在的生物安全1级生物(ATCC 2021)，树脂螺旋虫的研究和应用都是安全的。因此，它可以用于开发适合石油污染场地的生物修复工艺。几十年来，燃料污染物污染地下水一直是一个重要的公共卫生问题(Mitra和Roy, 2011年)。已知燃料的若干成分即使在低浓度下也是有毒的，对健康有有害影响，包括致畸性和致癌性(ATSDR, 1995年)。过去的研究主要集中在H. resinae将正构烷烃作为唯一的碳和能源的降解，正构烷烃是燃料的主要成分(Rafin and Veignie 2018)。苯衍生物如甲苯、苯甲醛、苯甲酸也经常被发现为燃料污染物。虽然有一些研究调查了苯衍生物对H. resinae生存和生长的影响(Cofone et al. 1973, Oh et al. 2001, Qi et al. 2002)，但对其生物降解的研究并不多(Kato et al. 1990)。先前的研究表明苯甲酸酯可还原转化为苯甲醛、苯甲醇和1-苯基- 1,2 -丙二醇(Kato等，1990年)。需要做更多的工作来研究这些产品的进一步转化。因此，本研究主要研究了H. resinae ATCC 34066在酸性条件下对苯甲醛和苯甲醇的转化。主要目的是研究培养基、葡萄糖和氧富集对这些苯衍生物存在下真菌生长的影响及其生物降解动力学和途径。培养基、葡萄糖和氧气富集对真菌生长的影响以及这些苯衍生物的生物降解动力学和途径。以甲苯为污染物进行了一些实验。H. resinae完全不能转化甲苯(1- 200ppm)，尽管它能够在1%葡萄糖的存在下在甲苯上生长。该真菌能够将苯甲醛(≤550 ppm)转化为苯甲醇(还原性)和苯甲酸(氧化性)。高分辨率液相色谱-质谱联用技术还检测到苯甲醛的氧化产物有儿茶酚、间苯二酚、羟基苯甲酸等单芳香族化合物和富马酸、乙酰丙酸等脂肪族化合物。葡萄糖的存在减缓了苯甲醛的转化，但相对于苯甲酸增加了苯甲醇的形成，可能是由于苯甲醇的转化进一步减慢。富氧增强了苯甲醛的转化。葡萄糖是首选的培养基，因为真菌在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)上生长，苯甲醛转化有5周的滞后期。然而，这种pda培养的真菌在苯甲醛上生长后，没有出现滞后期，立即开始苯甲醛转化。作为目标污染物的苯甲醇在葡萄糖的存在下转化较慢且不完全。苯甲醇主要通过氧化途径转化为苯甲酸。综上所述，本研究表明H. resinae可以通过氧化和还原两种途径转化苯衍生物。此外，H. resinae可以利用这些化合物作为唯一的碳和能量来源。
{"title":"Transformation of Benzene Derivatives in Acidic Conditions by the Fungus Hormoconis Resinae – Reductive, Oxidative, or Both?","authors":"Joshua Mogil, Hardiljeet Boparai, Georgina Kalogerakis, Brent Sleep","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e108520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e108520","url":null,"abstract":"Hormoconis resinae (or Cladosporium resinae ), colloquially known as the kerosene fungus, is predominantly found in fuel tanks (Rafin and Veignie 2018). Its occurrence in fuel tanks was first reported in early 1960s. Since then, it has been considered as a serious threat by the petroleum industry for bio-deteriorating fuel quality, corroding storage tanks, and clogging pumps and filters (Sheridan et al. 1971). This fungus flourishes well in the presence of water and can thrive at a wider pH range (2-10), than most commonly studied bacteria, with optimum towards the acidic end (Rafin and Veignie 2018). As a biosafety level 1 organism (ATCC 2021) with wide natural prevalence, H. resinae is both safe to study and apply in the field. Thus, it can be utilized for developing bioremediation processes suitable for petroleum-contaminated sites. Contamination of groundwater sources by fuel pollutants has been an important public health concern for decades (Mitra and Roy 2011). Several components of fuel are known to be toxic even at low concentrations with deleterious health effects including teratogenicity and carcinogenicity (ATSDR 1995). Past research has mainly focussed on the degradation of n-alkanes, a major component of fuel, by H. resinae which used the n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources (Rafin and Veignie 2018). Benzene derivatives like toluene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid are also often found as fuel pollutants. Though some studies have investigated the effects of benzene derivatives on the survival and growth of H. resinae (Cofone et al. 1973, Oh et al. 2001, Qi et al. 2002), not much work has been done on their biodegradation (Kato et al. 1990). Previous study showed a reductive transformation of benzoate to benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and 1-phenyl-l,2-propanediol (Kato et al. 1990). More work was needed to study the further transformation of these products. Thus, the current study focussed on the transformation of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol in acidic conditions by H. resinae ATCC 34066. The main objectives were to study the effects of: culture media, glucose, and oxygen enrichment on the fungal growth in the presence of these benzene derivatives and their biodegradation kinetics and pathways. culture media, glucose, and oxygen enrichment on the fungal growth in the presence of these benzene derivatives and their biodegradation kinetics and pathways. Some experiments were also conducted with toluene as the contaminant. H. resinae was not able to transform toluene (1-200 ppm) at all, though it was able to grow on it in the presence of 1% glucose. The fungus was able to transform benzaldehyde (≤550 ppm) to benzyl alcohol (reductive) and benzoic acid (oxidative). Many monoaromatics such as catechol, resorcinol, hydroxybenzoic acids and aliphatic compounds such as fumaric acid, levulinic acid were also detected as the oxidation products of benzaldehyde by high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of glucos","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah Rigoni, Helena Bilandžija, Annette Summers Engel
Introduction Most groundwater and cave ecosystems depend on an influx of allochthonous, surface-derived organic matter sourced by diffuse flow through overlying rock and soil or by localized flow from the surface into sinkholes or entrances. The amount of organic matter entering the subsurface is usually low, resulting in oligotrophic conditions and food scarcity that affect community members' dispersal and colonization patterns. In situ, chemolithoautotrophically-produced organic matter has the potential to supplement organic matter pools in the subsurface, especially if the surface and subsurface are hydrologically disconnected. Chemolithoautotrophic contributions are less understood for most groundwater and cave ecosystems, especially from ecosystems dominated by sessile filter-feeders that cannot easily move to search for food. Our study focuses on uncovering the microbiology and organic matter contributions in Croatian Dinaric Karst caves, specifically in the Neretva and Lika River basins, that contain the only subterranean serpulid tube worm, Marifugia cavatica, the only known cave-adapted freshwater bivalves, Congeria kusceri and Congeria jalzici , and stygobitic and stygophilic sponges, Eunapius subterraneus and Ephydatia fluviatilis , respectively. Methods We collected surface water, invertebrates, and representative examples of surface organic matter, as well as subsurface water, stygobionts, biofilms, and sediments from Pukotina u Tunelu Polje Jezero in the Neretva River basin and Markov Ponor and Susik Ponor in the Lika River basin. To evaluate microbial communities, 16S rRNA genes were sequenced, analyzed using mothur to obtain operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 99% sequence similarity, and classified with the SILVA v138.1 reference database. We used the program FAPROTAX and recently published literature to identify putative metabolisms for OTUs, focusing on identifying chemolithoautotrophic functions. We measured stable carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) isotope compositions to assess potential food sources for the stygobionts from surface and subsurface materials. We compared microbial community diversity among caves and sample types using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of rarefied presence/absence data. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) on the dissimilarity matrix was used to compare sample type and cave. Welch's t-test was used to compare differences in isotopic composition between surface and caves, and Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare differences among caves. Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations were employed using mixSIAR v3.1.12, with a chain length of 100000, to calculate the contribution of food sources using a diet tissue discrimination factor of δ 13 C=1.2±0.39‰ and δ 15 N=4±0.18‰. All analyses were performed in R using vegan (v. 2.6.4) and stats (v. 4.2) packages. Results and Discussion Microbial community composition varied significantly among sample types in each
{"title":"Chemolithoautotrophic Organic Matter Contributions to Subterranean Food Webs Dominated by Filter-feeders","authors":"Hannah Rigoni, Helena Bilandžija, Annette Summers Engel","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e109094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e109094","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Most groundwater and cave ecosystems depend on an influx of allochthonous, surface-derived organic matter sourced by diffuse flow through overlying rock and soil or by localized flow from the surface into sinkholes or entrances. The amount of organic matter entering the subsurface is usually low, resulting in oligotrophic conditions and food scarcity that affect community members' dispersal and colonization patterns. In situ, chemolithoautotrophically-produced organic matter has the potential to supplement organic matter pools in the subsurface, especially if the surface and subsurface are hydrologically disconnected. Chemolithoautotrophic contributions are less understood for most groundwater and cave ecosystems, especially from ecosystems dominated by sessile filter-feeders that cannot easily move to search for food. Our study focuses on uncovering the microbiology and organic matter contributions in Croatian Dinaric Karst caves, specifically in the Neretva and Lika River basins, that contain the only subterranean serpulid tube worm, Marifugia cavatica, the only known cave-adapted freshwater bivalves, Congeria kusceri and Congeria jalzici , and stygobitic and stygophilic sponges, Eunapius subterraneus and Ephydatia fluviatilis , respectively. Methods We collected surface water, invertebrates, and representative examples of surface organic matter, as well as subsurface water, stygobionts, biofilms, and sediments from Pukotina u Tunelu Polje Jezero in the Neretva River basin and Markov Ponor and Susik Ponor in the Lika River basin. To evaluate microbial communities, 16S rRNA genes were sequenced, analyzed using mothur to obtain operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 99% sequence similarity, and classified with the SILVA v138.1 reference database. We used the program FAPROTAX and recently published literature to identify putative metabolisms for OTUs, focusing on identifying chemolithoautotrophic functions. We measured stable carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) isotope compositions to assess potential food sources for the stygobionts from surface and subsurface materials. We compared microbial community diversity among caves and sample types using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of rarefied presence/absence data. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) on the dissimilarity matrix was used to compare sample type and cave. Welch's t-test was used to compare differences in isotopic composition between surface and caves, and Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare differences among caves. Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations were employed using mixSIAR v3.1.12, with a chain length of 100000, to calculate the contribution of food sources using a diet tissue discrimination factor of δ 13 C=1.2±0.39‰ and δ 15 N=4±0.18‰. All analyses were performed in R using vegan (v. 2.6.4) and stats (v. 4.2) packages. Results and Discussion Microbial community composition varied significantly among sample types in each ","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adverse environmental impacts connceted with high chemicals and fertilizers use is one of the causes of biodiversity loss. Therefore, there is a need to looking for more natural and non-hazardous alternative approaches to make agriculture more sustain. The legume-cereal intercropping is currently one of the „hot topics” in the area of sustainable and regenerative agriculture. These intercropping practices are increasingly gaining attention as a way for enhancing soil ecosystem services and reversal biodiversity loss, as well as as a strategy of harnesing plant yield quality and soil health. Legume-cereal systems are the most common intercropping combinations used in sustainable agriculture models because of their noncompeting niche requirements and atmospheric nitrogen fixation which improve a balance of this nutrient in soil and plant and decrease the amount of mineral fertilizers use. However, conventional crop rotations in the EU are largely dominated by cereals while legume cultivation has declined in recent years. The idea of the LEGUMINOSE project includes that multi-species assemblages of plants deliver rhizosphere functions that are greater than the sum of the functions delivered by the rhizospheres of individual plants growing alone as a monoculture. We hypotheses that the higher plant diversity in intercropping will increase plant health, improve soil biodiversity and reduce the use of pesticides in agroecosystems. However ther is a knowledge gap concerning plant-soil-microbe interactions under root exudation from single and diverse plant assemblage and role of soil microbiomes in soil ecosystem functionality and plant production. Therefore we will focus on understanding these interactions by the microbiome research of soil and plant niches, including bulk soil, rhisozphere, roots and shoots of cereal and legume plants in order to assess the percentage of microbiota transfered between them within monocropping and intercropping fields and understand relationships of that microbiomes in plant health improvement. This project will design and implement sustainable environmental practices based on legume-cereal intercropping systems that account for the nature, impacting to global biogeosphere changes. Research funded in the frame of Horizon Europe Programme, agreement no. Project 101082289 — LEGUMINOSE.
{"title":"Legume-cereal intercropping as a strategy of regenerative agriculture supporting reverse of biodiversity loss - relevance of microbiome-based research","authors":"Magdalena Frąc, Jacek Panek, Agata Gryta, Karolina Oszust, Giorgia Pertile, Dominika Siegieda, Mateusz Mącik, Michał Pylak, Shamina Imran Pathan, Giacomo Pietramellara","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e108886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e108886","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse environmental impacts connceted with high chemicals and fertilizers use is one of the causes of biodiversity loss. Therefore, there is a need to looking for more natural and non-hazardous alternative approaches to make agriculture more sustain. The legume-cereal intercropping is currently one of the „hot topics” in the area of sustainable and regenerative agriculture. These intercropping practices are increasingly gaining attention as a way for enhancing soil ecosystem services and reversal biodiversity loss, as well as as a strategy of harnesing plant yield quality and soil health. Legume-cereal systems are the most common intercropping combinations used in sustainable agriculture models because of their noncompeting niche requirements and atmospheric nitrogen fixation which improve a balance of this nutrient in soil and plant and decrease the amount of mineral fertilizers use. However, conventional crop rotations in the EU are largely dominated by cereals while legume cultivation has declined in recent years. The idea of the LEGUMINOSE project includes that multi-species assemblages of plants deliver rhizosphere functions that are greater than the sum of the functions delivered by the rhizospheres of individual plants growing alone as a monoculture. We hypotheses that the higher plant diversity in intercropping will increase plant health, improve soil biodiversity and reduce the use of pesticides in agroecosystems. However ther is a knowledge gap concerning plant-soil-microbe interactions under root exudation from single and diverse plant assemblage and role of soil microbiomes in soil ecosystem functionality and plant production. Therefore we will focus on understanding these interactions by the microbiome research of soil and plant niches, including bulk soil, rhisozphere, roots and shoots of cereal and legume plants in order to assess the percentage of microbiota transfered between them within monocropping and intercropping fields and understand relationships of that microbiomes in plant health improvement. This project will design and implement sustainable environmental practices based on legume-cereal intercropping systems that account for the nature, impacting to global biogeosphere changes. Research funded in the frame of Horizon Europe Programme, agreement no. Project 101082289 — LEGUMINOSE.","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magali Ranchou-Peyruse, Marion Guignard, Pierre Chiquet, Pierre Cézac, Anthony Ranchou-Peyruse
In response to the challenges of sustainable development and the H 2 sector, it is foreseeable that H 2 will be stored into geological storage, such as deep aquifers. However, CO 2 evolves in deep aquifers because it may be naturally present there; it may also be a constituent of the stored gas mix, or could even be voluntarily stored in the context of the fight against global warming. Autochthonous microorganisms can consume them as sources of energy and carbon (methanogens, (homo)-acetogens and sulfate-reducers). This was already demonstrated in a previous experiment (Haddad 2022) and under operating conditions (Lobodice, Czech Republic ; Smigan 1990). Understanding these mechanisms and quantifying them appear necessary to assess the modifications generated by this type of microorganisms on the properties of the gas. The methanogenesis reaction (CO 2 gas + 4H 2 gas → CH 4 gas + 2H 2 O liquid ) induces a lowering of pressure, since 5 gas molecules are transformed into a single gas molecule: CH 4 (water being condensed at subsurface conditions). In situ biomethanation technique could represent a potential on several scales larger than conventional catalytic or biological methanation reactors, due to the very large reservoir volumes involved. Biomethanation in geological reservoirs would enable us to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, so as not to emit more CO 2 , while meeting the growing energy needs of a region and ensuring its independence from hydrocarbon-producing countries. A deep aquifer already used as UGS was selected for this study. Formation waters from 17 control wells in this aquifer (Fig. 1) were sampled to assess the potential activity of indigenous methanogenic populations, as well as sulfate-reducers. Despite relatively low sulfate concentrations for a deep aquifer (0.025-1.35 mM), sulfate reducers were found at all sites targeting and quantifying the dsrB gene, which is characteristic of this metabolic group (between 1.8∙10 1 ±2.0x10 0 and 1.3∙10 4 ±2.0∙10 3 dsrB gene copy numbers.mL -1 ). In contrast, methanogenic archaea based on the mcrA gene quantification were detected at only 10 of the 17 sites (up to 4.3∙10 2 ±8.3∙10 1 mcrA gene copy numbers.mL -1 ). The choice was made to focus the rest of the study on 7 of these 10 sites. The potential for methanogenesis was assessed on cultural tests with formation water alone or supplemented with calcite (CaCO 3 ), a mineral present in the formation. Results indicate that initial times and controls are controlled by the sulfate variable, since the latter was not consumed by sulfate-reducers. Biotic trials in the presence of calcite and H 2 /CO 2 (abiotic controls and final times) are logically characterized by higher concentrations of calcite, bicarbonate and calcium, but this is not the case for trials in the presence of H 2 alone. We therefore deduce that methanogenesis took place mainly via gaseous CO 2 , but that without the latter, calcite was a source of carbon for lithoaut
{"title":"Assessment of the in situ biomethanation potential of a deep aquifer used for natural gas storage","authors":"Magali Ranchou-Peyruse, Marion Guignard, Pierre Chiquet, Pierre Cézac, Anthony Ranchou-Peyruse","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e109175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e109175","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the challenges of sustainable development and the H 2 sector, it is foreseeable that H 2 will be stored into geological storage, such as deep aquifers. However, CO 2 evolves in deep aquifers because it may be naturally present there; it may also be a constituent of the stored gas mix, or could even be voluntarily stored in the context of the fight against global warming. Autochthonous microorganisms can consume them as sources of energy and carbon (methanogens, (homo)-acetogens and sulfate-reducers). This was already demonstrated in a previous experiment (Haddad 2022) and under operating conditions (Lobodice, Czech Republic ; Smigan 1990). Understanding these mechanisms and quantifying them appear necessary to assess the modifications generated by this type of microorganisms on the properties of the gas. The methanogenesis reaction (CO 2 gas + 4H 2 gas → CH 4 gas + 2H 2 O liquid ) induces a lowering of pressure, since 5 gas molecules are transformed into a single gas molecule: CH 4 (water being condensed at subsurface conditions). In situ biomethanation technique could represent a potential on several scales larger than conventional catalytic or biological methanation reactors, due to the very large reservoir volumes involved. Biomethanation in geological reservoirs would enable us to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, so as not to emit more CO 2 , while meeting the growing energy needs of a region and ensuring its independence from hydrocarbon-producing countries. A deep aquifer already used as UGS was selected for this study. Formation waters from 17 control wells in this aquifer (Fig. 1) were sampled to assess the potential activity of indigenous methanogenic populations, as well as sulfate-reducers. Despite relatively low sulfate concentrations for a deep aquifer (0.025-1.35 mM), sulfate reducers were found at all sites targeting and quantifying the dsrB gene, which is characteristic of this metabolic group (between 1.8∙10 1 ±2.0x10 0 and 1.3∙10 4 ±2.0∙10 3 dsrB gene copy numbers.mL -1 ). In contrast, methanogenic archaea based on the mcrA gene quantification were detected at only 10 of the 17 sites (up to 4.3∙10 2 ±8.3∙10 1 mcrA gene copy numbers.mL -1 ). The choice was made to focus the rest of the study on 7 of these 10 sites. The potential for methanogenesis was assessed on cultural tests with formation water alone or supplemented with calcite (CaCO 3 ), a mineral present in the formation. Results indicate that initial times and controls are controlled by the sulfate variable, since the latter was not consumed by sulfate-reducers. Biotic trials in the presence of calcite and H 2 /CO 2 (abiotic controls and final times) are logically characterized by higher concentrations of calcite, bicarbonate and calcium, but this is not the case for trials in the presence of H 2 alone. We therefore deduce that methanogenesis took place mainly via gaseous CO 2 , but that without the latter, calcite was a source of carbon for lithoaut","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haley Sapers, Victoria Orphan, John Moores, Lyle Whyte, Mathieu Côté, Daniel Fecteau, Frédéric Grandmont, Alex Innanen, Calvin Rusley, Michel Roux
On Earth microorganisms are critical drivers of the methane cycle, both producing and consuming methane (Boetius et al. 2000, Knittel and Boetius 2009, Orphan et al. 2001). Molecular and isotopic-based investigations of archaeal-bacterial consortia catalyzing the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine methane seeps identified the pivotal role of these microorganisms in mitigating the release of methane into the atmosphere (Knittel and Boetius 2009, Orphan et al. 2001). In the marine environment, AOM is predominantly carried out by closely associated consortia of methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) coupling methane oxidation to sulfate reduction in the absence of oxygen. Wolf Spring (WS), Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut is a hypersaline cold spring methane seep and the only known terrestrial permafrost hosted methane seep known to host ANME-1 archaea associated with AOM (Niederberger et al. 2010, Magnuson et al. 2022). Wolf Spring is an unparalleled analogue for putative subsurface brines and sites of methane release on Mars. Enigmatic observations of methane in the near-surface Martian atmosphere remain a tantalizing potential biosignature. The combination of field site characterization, microbial microcosm experiments, and in situ methane monitoring represents a coordinated interdisciplinary effort to identify methane driven microbial metabolisms not only critical to understanding methane flux in the Arctic, but also as possible drivers to the methane cycle on Mars. Detailed microbial characterization of these springs has identified a chemotrophic community dominated by sulfur cycling (Altshuler et al. 2022, Niederberger et al. 2010). To date, microbial and geochemical characterization has been carried out on sediment samples to a few centimeters depth. This study expands on these initial studies, with the successful collection and analysis of deeper sediment cores at WS focusing on AOM activity to better understand the microorganisms involved and the methane cycling capacity at depth. Two decades of observing methane on Mars (Mumma et al. 2009) have generated data indicative of a dynamic, geochemical system characterized by a profile similar to the release of methane from seeps on Earth (Etiope and Oehler 2019) producing both distinct pulses known as plumes and slow background seepage. These observations suggest as of yet unknown geochemical and potentially geobiological methane sources and sinks. While methane can be produced abiotically (Etiope and Lollar 2013), on Earth most methane is biogenic. Determining the biogenicity of CH 4 is non-trivial and requires a correlated approach including determination of carbon isotopes. In terrestrial systems, biogenic CH 4 is 13 C depleted. To characterize methane sources and sinks on Mars, near surface measurements at a frequency not possible with existing instrumentation are required. We are currently developing off-axis integrated cavity-enhanced output (OA-ICOS) spe
在地球上，微生物是甲烷循环的关键驱动因素，它们产生和消耗甲烷(Boetius等人，2000年;Knittel和Boetius 2009年;Orphan等人，2001年)。对海洋甲烷渗漏中催化甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)的古细菌群落的分子和同位素研究发现，这些微生物在减缓甲烷释放到大气中的过程中发挥了关键作用(Knittel and Boetius 2009, Orphan et al. 2001)。在海洋环境中，AOM主要由密切相关的甲烷营养古细菌(ANME)和硫酸盐还原细菌(SRB)在缺氧条件下将甲烷氧化转化为硫酸盐还原进行。努纳武特阿克塞尔海贝格岛的狼泉(WS)是一个高盐的冷泉甲烷渗漏，也是已知的唯一一个含有甲烷渗漏的陆地永久冻土，已知含有与AOM相关的ANME-1古菌(Niederberger et al. 2010, Magnuson et al. 2022)。狼泉是一个无与伦比的模拟假定的地下盐水和甲烷释放地点在火星上。对火星近地表大气中甲烷的神秘观测仍然是一个诱人的潜在生物特征。野外现场表征、微生物微观世界实验和原位甲烷监测相结合，代表了一种协调的跨学科努力，以确定甲烷驱动的微生物代谢，不仅对了解北极的甲烷通量至关重要，而且可能是火星甲烷循环的驱动因素。这些泉水的详细微生物特征已经确定了一个以硫循环为主的趋化营养群落(Altshuler et al. 2022, Niederberger et al. 2010)。迄今为止，微生物和地球化学特征已经在沉积物样品中进行了几厘米的深度。本研究在这些初步研究的基础上进行了扩展，成功地收集和分析了WS的深层沉积物岩心，重点研究了AOM的活性，以更好地了解所涉及的微生物和深层甲烷循环能力。对火星上甲烷的20年观测(Mumma et al. 2009)产生的数据表明，火星上存在一个动态的地球化学系统，其特征与地球上渗漏的甲烷释放剖面相似(Etiope和Oehler 2019)，产生不同的脉冲，称为羽流和缓慢的背景渗流。这些观测结果表明了迄今未知的地球化学和潜在的地球生物学甲烷来源和汇。虽然甲烷可以非生物产生(Etiope and Lollar 2013)，但在地球上，大多数甲烷是生物产生的。确定甲烷的生物原性是非常重要的，需要包括碳同位素测定在内的相关方法。在陆地系统中，生物成因的ch4消耗了13c。为了描述火星上甲烷源和汇的特征，需要以现有仪器无法实现的频率进行近地表测量。我们目前正在开发离轴集成腔增强输出(OA-ICOS)光谱法，作为便携式微量气体分析仪，能够获得亚ppb水平的甲烷高频测量(Sapers等人，2021)。优化在WS的OA-ICOS痕量甲烷测量将有助于提高在类火星环境中的灵敏度和测量节奏，并为北极甲烷排放提供新的远程甲烷监测能力。我们目前正在使用OA-ICOS技术开发原位12ch4: 13ch4能力。图1总结了δ 13c作为生物特征的重要性。
{"title":"Identifying Putative Subsurface Microbial Drivers of Methane Flux on Earth and Mars","authors":"Haley Sapers, Victoria Orphan, John Moores, Lyle Whyte, Mathieu Côté, Daniel Fecteau, Frédéric Grandmont, Alex Innanen, Calvin Rusley, Michel Roux","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e109203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e109203","url":null,"abstract":"On Earth microorganisms are critical drivers of the methane cycle, both producing and consuming methane (Boetius et al. 2000, Knittel and Boetius 2009, Orphan et al. 2001). Molecular and isotopic-based investigations of archaeal-bacterial consortia catalyzing the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine methane seeps identified the pivotal role of these microorganisms in mitigating the release of methane into the atmosphere (Knittel and Boetius 2009, Orphan et al. 2001). In the marine environment, AOM is predominantly carried out by closely associated consortia of methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) coupling methane oxidation to sulfate reduction in the absence of oxygen. Wolf Spring (WS), Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut is a hypersaline cold spring methane seep and the only known terrestrial permafrost hosted methane seep known to host ANME-1 archaea associated with AOM (Niederberger et al. 2010, Magnuson et al. 2022). Wolf Spring is an unparalleled analogue for putative subsurface brines and sites of methane release on Mars. Enigmatic observations of methane in the near-surface Martian atmosphere remain a tantalizing potential biosignature. The combination of field site characterization, microbial microcosm experiments, and in situ methane monitoring represents a coordinated interdisciplinary effort to identify methane driven microbial metabolisms not only critical to understanding methane flux in the Arctic, but also as possible drivers to the methane cycle on Mars. Detailed microbial characterization of these springs has identified a chemotrophic community dominated by sulfur cycling (Altshuler et al. 2022, Niederberger et al. 2010). To date, microbial and geochemical characterization has been carried out on sediment samples to a few centimeters depth. This study expands on these initial studies, with the successful collection and analysis of deeper sediment cores at WS focusing on AOM activity to better understand the microorganisms involved and the methane cycling capacity at depth. Two decades of observing methane on Mars (Mumma et al. 2009) have generated data indicative of a dynamic, geochemical system characterized by a profile similar to the release of methane from seeps on Earth (Etiope and Oehler 2019) producing both distinct pulses known as plumes and slow background seepage. These observations suggest as of yet unknown geochemical and potentially geobiological methane sources and sinks. While methane can be produced abiotically (Etiope and Lollar 2013), on Earth most methane is biogenic. Determining the biogenicity of CH 4 is non-trivial and requires a correlated approach including determination of carbon isotopes. In terrestrial systems, biogenic CH 4 is 13 C depleted. To characterize methane sources and sinks on Mars, near surface measurements at a frequency not possible with existing instrumentation are required. We are currently developing off-axis integrated cavity-enhanced output (OA-ICOS) spe","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is expected to result in the Arctic transitioning from a carbon sink to a carbon source environment, with models predicting half of the carbon stock of the upper 3 m soil layer to be released by the year 2300 (van Huissteden and Dolman 2012). However, uncertainty in latitudinal warming and changes in Arctic ecosystem functions, such as gross carbon ecosystem exchange (GEE), are poorly understood, in part a reflection of a high variability in vascular plant community diversity that is dependent upon and sensitive to physiographic controls, such as soil moisture, topography, and seasonal active layer depth (Walker et al. 2005). This heterogeneity complicates assessments of carbon fluxes on a landscape scale and how they will change in the future (Shaver et al. 2007), especially given their sensitivity to local changes in climate, such as warming and higher rates of rainfall (Bintanja 2018, Bintanja and Andry 2017). As part of the creation of a long-term ecological and environmental monitoring program at the McGill Arctic Research Station at Expedition Fiord, western Axel Heiberg Island, field-based studies in 2021-2022 of plant surveys and summer net ecosystem CO 2 exchange monitoring were undertaken to: define the major vegetation communities; quantify and investigate CO 2 fluxes with chambers and their analogous biophysical variables; and upscale plot level CO 2 measurements to the landscape scale using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. define the major vegetation communities; quantify and investigate CO 2 fluxes with chambers and their analogous biophysical variables; and upscale plot level CO 2 measurements to the landscape scale using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. The Expedition Fiord area is recognized as a polar oasis, with high plant species richness existing within an environment of heterogeneous physiography. At the moment, five vegetation communities have been identified ( xeric dwarf shrub barren , xeric-mesic dwarf shub barren , mesic dwarf shrub tundra , cassiope heath , and sedge meadow ) that varied as a function of species diversity, percent cover, soil moisture, and net ecosystem carbon exchange. Barren vegetation communities having stronger respiration fluxes (i.e., carbon source environments) while more vegetated communities have stronger photosynthesis fluxes (i.e., carbon sink environments). Landcover classification revealed with high accuracy (79.3%) that barren ground and barren vegetation communities cover a much larger area compared to wetter habitats. Upscaling summer season measured carbon fluxes based on the landcover map revealed that Expedition Fiord is a carbon source environment, with an average efflux of +94.6 g CO 2 /day. Ongoing work focuses on the expansion of carbon flux and subsurface monitoring locations, as well as studies of soil carbon and microbial diversity across the different land cover classifications, which will help to better resolve how soil microorganisms,
气候变化预计将导致北极从碳汇环境向碳源环境转变，模型预测，到2300年，上层3米土层的碳储量将有一半被释放(van Huissteden和Dolman 2012)。然而，纬向变暖和北极生态系统功能变化的不确定性，如总碳生态系统交换(GEE)，在一定程度上反映了维管植物群落多样性的高度变异性，这种多样性依赖于地理控制，并对地理控制敏感，如土壤湿度、地形和季节性活动层深度(Walker et al. 2005)。这种异质性使景观尺度上的碳通量评估及其未来如何变化(Shaver等人，2007年)变得复杂，特别是考虑到它们对当地气候变化的敏感性，如变暖和更高的降雨量(Bintanja 2018, Bintanja和Andry 2017)。作为在阿克塞尔海伯格岛西部远征峡湾的麦吉尔北极研究站建立长期生态和环境监测计划的一部分，在2021-2022年进行了基于实地的植物调查研究和夏季净生态系统二氧化碳交换监测，以确定主要植被群落;量化和研究CO 2通量与室及其类似的生物物理变量;利用高空间分辨率遥感数据对高档地块水平的co2进行景观尺度的测量。确定主要植被群落;量化和研究CO 2通量与室及其类似的生物物理变量;利用高空间分辨率遥感数据对高档地块水平的co2进行景观尺度的测量。探险峡湾地区被认为是一个极地绿洲，在异质的地理环境中存在着丰富的植物物种。目前，已经确定了5个植被群落(旱生矮灌木贫瘠群落、旱生中生矮灌木贫瘠群落、中生矮灌木苔原群落、cassiope heath群落和莎草草甸群落)，它们随物种多样性、覆盖度、土壤水分和净生态系统碳交换而变化。贫瘠植被群落具有较强的呼吸通量(即碳源环境)，而植被较多的群落具有较强的光合通量(即碳汇环境)。土地覆被分类结果显示，与湿润生境相比，荒地和荒地植被群落的覆盖面积要大得多，准确度高达79.3%。基于地表覆盖图的夏季碳通量升级分析表明，远征峡湾是一个碳源环境，平均通量为+94.6 g CO 2 /d。正在进行的工作重点是扩大碳通量和地下监测地点，以及研究不同土地覆盖分类的土壤碳和微生物多样性，这将有助于更好地解决土壤微生物、植物碎屑、不稳定有机碳、土壤水分、坡度、坡向和基岩地质如何影响整个夏季北极高海拔地区的二氧化碳通量。
{"title":"Vegetation communities and summer net ecosystem CO2 exchange on western Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic","authors":"Theresa Gossmann, Christopher Omelon","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e109612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e109612","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is expected to result in the Arctic transitioning from a carbon sink to a carbon source environment, with models predicting half of the carbon stock of the upper 3 m soil layer to be released by the year 2300 (van Huissteden and Dolman 2012). However, uncertainty in latitudinal warming and changes in Arctic ecosystem functions, such as gross carbon ecosystem exchange (GEE), are poorly understood, in part a reflection of a high variability in vascular plant community diversity that is dependent upon and sensitive to physiographic controls, such as soil moisture, topography, and seasonal active layer depth (Walker et al. 2005). This heterogeneity complicates assessments of carbon fluxes on a landscape scale and how they will change in the future (Shaver et al. 2007), especially given their sensitivity to local changes in climate, such as warming and higher rates of rainfall (Bintanja 2018, Bintanja and Andry 2017). As part of the creation of a long-term ecological and environmental monitoring program at the McGill Arctic Research Station at Expedition Fiord, western Axel Heiberg Island, field-based studies in 2021-2022 of plant surveys and summer net ecosystem CO 2 exchange monitoring were undertaken to: define the major vegetation communities; quantify and investigate CO 2 fluxes with chambers and their analogous biophysical variables; and upscale plot level CO 2 measurements to the landscape scale using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. define the major vegetation communities; quantify and investigate CO 2 fluxes with chambers and their analogous biophysical variables; and upscale plot level CO 2 measurements to the landscape scale using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. The Expedition Fiord area is recognized as a polar oasis, with high plant species richness existing within an environment of heterogeneous physiography. At the moment, five vegetation communities have been identified ( xeric dwarf shrub barren , xeric-mesic dwarf shub barren , mesic dwarf shrub tundra , cassiope heath , and sedge meadow ) that varied as a function of species diversity, percent cover, soil moisture, and net ecosystem carbon exchange. Barren vegetation communities having stronger respiration fluxes (i.e., carbon source environments) while more vegetated communities have stronger photosynthesis fluxes (i.e., carbon sink environments). Landcover classification revealed with high accuracy (79.3%) that barren ground and barren vegetation communities cover a much larger area compared to wetter habitats. Upscaling summer season measured carbon fluxes based on the landcover map revealed that Expedition Fiord is a carbon source environment, with an average efflux of +94.6 g CO 2 /day. Ongoing work focuses on the expansion of carbon flux and subsurface monitoring locations, as well as studies of soil carbon and microbial diversity across the different land cover classifications, which will help to better resolve how soil microorganisms, ","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine Snihur, Lingyi Tang, Kelly Rozanitis, Cody Lazowski, Daniels Kononovs, Daniela Gutierrez Rueda, Logan Swaren, Murray Gingras, Hongbo Zeng, Janice Kenney, Shannon Flynn, Kurt Konhauser, Daniel Alessi
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) results from the pyrolysis of organic materials through thermal decomposition at high temperatures in low oxygen environments (I.B.I. 2012). The broad term includes many forms of thermochemically altered carbon, including charcoal, black carbon, soot, and biochar (Scott et al. 2014), and consists of a pyrolyzed carbon fraction as well as an inorganic ash or mineral fraction. PyC is produced naturally during forest fires, where it forms at potentially high temperatures (up to 1200 °C) for very short periods of time (seconds to minutes for temperatures >300 °C; Santin et al. 2016a). Wildfire derived PyC has been shown to be a significant component of the carbon cycle, with an estimated 32 Tg of PyC cycled through aquatic environments annually (Santin et al. 2016b). Man-made biochar is generated under controlled conditions via pyrolysis in furnaces at controlled temperatures and under anoxic conditions (Ahmad et al. 2014), typically up to 700 °C, for longer periods of time (up to ~6 hours). Several studies have investigated the surface chemistry of biochar and its ability to remove metals from aqueous solution (e.g., Alam et al. (2018a), Alam et al. (2018b)). However, PyC produced during natural pyrogenic activity such as wild fires, is produced under highly variable temperatures and atmospheric conditions, in the presence of numerous and variable microenvironments which are challenging to measure (Scott et al. 2014), and its surface chemistry and reactivity is not well understood. To fill this gap, we investigate the physicochemical properties including the proton and metal adsorption potential of wildfire generated PyC (WF-PyC) collected from 4 locations within a recent forest fire along the Western slope of Mount Hunter, near Golden, British Columbia. We explored the binding capacity of a model cation (species of Cd 2+ ) under a range of environmentally relavent pH conditions (3-9) and then compared the findings to the adsorption potential of synthetically generated biochar produced from the same biomass. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy was used to constrain the number and types of surface functional groups, and the coordination environment of Cd 2+ ions bound to WF-PyC and biochar. Potentiometric titrations were performed and modelled to calculate the acidity constants associated with each site and the total reactive surface area of both biochar and WF-PyC. Our results demonstrate greater reactivity to Cd 2+ associated with WF-PyC, not replicated in synthetic biochar of an equivalent biomass (Fig. 1). This both provides insight to the potential of WF-PyC to play a critical role as a vector for elemental transport in natural systems and also makes apparent the need to understand the pyrolysis conditions during forest fires to improve our understanding of its role in global metals transport and cycling.
热原碳(PyC)是有机物在低氧环境下高温热分解后的热解产物(ibi 2012)。广义的术语包括多种形式的热化学改变的碳，包括木炭、黑碳、烟灰和生物炭(Scott et al. 2014)，由热解碳馏分以及无机灰或矿物馏分组成。PyC是在森林火灾中自然产生的，它在潜在的高温(高达1200°C)下在很短的时间内形成(300°C的温度下几秒到几分钟;桑廷等人，2016a)。野火产生的PyC已被证明是碳循环的重要组成部分，估计每年有32 Tg的PyC在水生环境中循环(Santin等人，2016b)。人造生物炭是在受控条件下通过在受控温度和缺氧条件下的炉中热解产生的(Ahmad et al. 2014)，通常温度高达700°C，热解时间较长(长达6小时)。几项研究调查了生物炭的表面化学性质及其从水溶液中去除金属的能力(例如，Alam等人(2018a)， Alam等人(2018b))。然而，在自然热原活动(如野火)中产生的PyC是在高度可变的温度和大气条件下产生的，存在许多难以测量的可变微环境(Scott et al. 2014)，其表面化学和反应性尚不清楚。为了填补这一空白，我们研究了在不列颠哥伦比亚省戈尔登附近的亨特山西坡最近发生的森林火灾中收集的4个地点的野火产生的PyC (WF-PyC)的物理化学性质，包括质子和金属吸附势。我们探索了一种模式阳离子(cd2 +的种类)在一系列环境相关的pH条件下(3-9)的结合能力，然后将结果与由相同生物质合成的生物炭的吸附势进行了比较。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy)对WF-PyC和生物炭表面官能团的数量和类型以及cd2 +离子与WF-PyC和生物炭的配位环境进行了约束。进行电位滴定并建立模型，以计算与每个位点相关的酸度常数以及生物炭和WF-PyC的总反应表面积。我们的研究结果表明，WF-PyC对Cd 2+具有更强的反应性，而WF-PyC在等效生物质的合成生物炭中没有复制(图1)。这既说明了WF-PyC在自然系统中作为元素运输载体发挥关键作用的潜力，也表明有必要了解森林火灾期间的热解条件，以提高我们对其在全球金属运输和循环中的作用的理解。
{"title":"Differences in the Physicochemical Properties of Wildfire Generated Pyrogenic Carbon and Biochar","authors":"Katherine Snihur, Lingyi Tang, Kelly Rozanitis, Cody Lazowski, Daniels Kononovs, Daniela Gutierrez Rueda, Logan Swaren, Murray Gingras, Hongbo Zeng, Janice Kenney, Shannon Flynn, Kurt Konhauser, Daniel Alessi","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e108249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e108249","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) results from the pyrolysis of organic materials through thermal decomposition at high temperatures in low oxygen environments (I.B.I. 2012). The broad term includes many forms of thermochemically altered carbon, including charcoal, black carbon, soot, and biochar (Scott et al. 2014), and consists of a pyrolyzed carbon fraction as well as an inorganic ash or mineral fraction. PyC is produced naturally during forest fires, where it forms at potentially high temperatures (up to 1200 °C) for very short periods of time (seconds to minutes for temperatures >300 °C; Santin et al. 2016a). Wildfire derived PyC has been shown to be a significant component of the carbon cycle, with an estimated 32 Tg of PyC cycled through aquatic environments annually (Santin et al. 2016b). Man-made biochar is generated under controlled conditions via pyrolysis in furnaces at controlled temperatures and under anoxic conditions (Ahmad et al. 2014), typically up to 700 °C, for longer periods of time (up to ~6 hours). Several studies have investigated the surface chemistry of biochar and its ability to remove metals from aqueous solution (e.g., Alam et al. (2018a), Alam et al. (2018b)). However, PyC produced during natural pyrogenic activity such as wild fires, is produced under highly variable temperatures and atmospheric conditions, in the presence of numerous and variable microenvironments which are challenging to measure (Scott et al. 2014), and its surface chemistry and reactivity is not well understood. To fill this gap, we investigate the physicochemical properties including the proton and metal adsorption potential of wildfire generated PyC (WF-PyC) collected from 4 locations within a recent forest fire along the Western slope of Mount Hunter, near Golden, British Columbia. We explored the binding capacity of a model cation (species of Cd 2+ ) under a range of environmentally relavent pH conditions (3-9) and then compared the findings to the adsorption potential of synthetically generated biochar produced from the same biomass. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy was used to constrain the number and types of surface functional groups, and the coordination environment of Cd 2+ ions bound to WF-PyC and biochar. Potentiometric titrations were performed and modelled to calculate the acidity constants associated with each site and the total reactive surface area of both biochar and WF-PyC. Our results demonstrate greater reactivity to Cd 2+ associated with WF-PyC, not replicated in synthetic biochar of an equivalent biomass (Fig. 1). This both provides insight to the potential of WF-PyC to play a critical role as a vector for elemental transport in natural systems and also makes apparent the need to understand the pyrolysis conditions during forest fires to improve our understanding of its role in global metals transport and cycling.","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karrie Weber, Jeffrey Westrop, Pooja Yadav, Taylor Rosso, Vincent Noel, Arjen Van Veelen, Kristen Boye, John Bargar, Xiaoqin Wu, Romy Chakraborty
Mobilization of naturally-occurring uranium(U) has been recognized to give rise to geogenic U groundwater contamination in aquifers. In addition to carbonate ligand complexation, nitrate has been demonstrated to play a role in controlling U mobility by altering uranium solubility through redox reactions. Nitrate is a common anthropogenic contaminant often prevalent at high concentrations in alluvial aquifers overlaying managed land. Alluvial deposition processes that form these aquifers create a lithologically heterogeneous subsurface with defined contacts between sands, silts, and clays. This leads to deposition of organic carbon and accumulation of reduced metals/radionuclides, including U(IV), in the finer grained silts and clays. The addition of high nitrate porewater into uranium-bearing alluvial aquifer silt sediments stimulated a nitrate reducing microbial community capable of catalyzing U(IV) oxidation and mobilization of U into porewaters. However, metadata from an aquifer wide study and a subsequent experiment revealed that this result is concentration dependent. Low concentrations of nitrate bearing pore-water added into organic-rich, uranium bearing sediments and resulted in a decrease in dissolved U(VI), consistent with reduction. XANES analysis of sediments supported U(VI) reduction with the precipitation of U(IV). U(VI) reduction activity occurred concurrent with an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and cell and virus abundance and activity. Metagenome assembled genomes from the microbial community revealed the metabolic potential indicating complex carbon degradation, fermentation, mineralization as well as the potential for anaerobic respiration of nitrate, metal/radionuclides, and sulfate. The virome recovered from the samples indicated a change in viral community in response to nitrate amendments and viral-encoded carbohydrate active enzymes were upregulated indicating a coupled response of both viral and microbial community regulating nitrate stimulated carbon biogeochemical cycling. These data together suggest that the addition of an electron acceptor in to organic carbon reduced sediments stimulates not only microbial but also viral activity leading to upregulation of genes associated with carbon biogeochemical cycling in sedimentary systems. While genes associated with metal oxidation are observed, net reduction of uranium prevails leading to uranium immobilization at low nitrate concentrations. Thus together these data indicate a tipping point whereby the influx of nitrate into the reduced environment can influence uranium mobility in DOC and carbon cycling supporting microbial activity and reducing conditions subsurface systems.
{"title":"Nitrate stimulated microbial and viral activity and the subsequent influence on uranium mobility in sedimentary systems","authors":"Karrie Weber, Jeffrey Westrop, Pooja Yadav, Taylor Rosso, Vincent Noel, Arjen Van Veelen, Kristen Boye, John Bargar, Xiaoqin Wu, Romy Chakraborty","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e108169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e108169","url":null,"abstract":"Mobilization of naturally-occurring uranium(U) has been recognized to give rise to geogenic U groundwater contamination in aquifers. In addition to carbonate ligand complexation, nitrate has been demonstrated to play a role in controlling U mobility by altering uranium solubility through redox reactions. Nitrate is a common anthropogenic contaminant often prevalent at high concentrations in alluvial aquifers overlaying managed land. Alluvial deposition processes that form these aquifers create a lithologically heterogeneous subsurface with defined contacts between sands, silts, and clays. This leads to deposition of organic carbon and accumulation of reduced metals/radionuclides, including U(IV), in the finer grained silts and clays. The addition of high nitrate porewater into uranium-bearing alluvial aquifer silt sediments stimulated a nitrate reducing microbial community capable of catalyzing U(IV) oxidation and mobilization of U into porewaters. However, metadata from an aquifer wide study and a subsequent experiment revealed that this result is concentration dependent. Low concentrations of nitrate bearing pore-water added into organic-rich, uranium bearing sediments and resulted in a decrease in dissolved U(VI), consistent with reduction. XANES analysis of sediments supported U(VI) reduction with the precipitation of U(IV). U(VI) reduction activity occurred concurrent with an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and cell and virus abundance and activity. Metagenome assembled genomes from the microbial community revealed the metabolic potential indicating complex carbon degradation, fermentation, mineralization as well as the potential for anaerobic respiration of nitrate, metal/radionuclides, and sulfate. The virome recovered from the samples indicated a change in viral community in response to nitrate amendments and viral-encoded carbohydrate active enzymes were upregulated indicating a coupled response of both viral and microbial community regulating nitrate stimulated carbon biogeochemical cycling. These data together suggest that the addition of an electron acceptor in to organic carbon reduced sediments stimulates not only microbial but also viral activity leading to upregulation of genes associated with carbon biogeochemical cycling in sedimentary systems. While genes associated with metal oxidation are observed, net reduction of uranium prevails leading to uranium immobilization at low nitrate concentrations. Thus together these data indicate a tipping point whereby the influx of nitrate into the reduced environment can influence uranium mobility in DOC and carbon cycling supporting microbial activity and reducing conditions subsurface systems.","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the impacts of climate change intensify, our interconnectedness to the environment around us seems ever more apparent. Changing terrestrial landscapes impact adjacent aquatic ecosystems, as the terrestrial-aquatic continuum experiences the ever-pressing stresses of anthropogenic activity. In the Canadian Arctic, ancient carbon stores and contaminants such as methylmercury are emerging as permafrost thaw accelerates, changing their biogeochemical nature, impacting local communities and threatening ecological health in ways still yet to be fully understood. Awakening microorganisms in these once frozen grounds are all too eager to get to work, as scientists continue to try to understand how, where, and why climate change is impacting aquatic ecosystems across Canada. Increasing aquatic nutrient loads and chemical/biological contaminants adjacent to urban and agricultural lands also impact both ecosystem and ultimately human health. In the shadow of a global pandemic, the need to understand how environmental-human interactions impact human health is ever pressing, requiring the collective expertise of researchers across the environmental-human health landscape. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), despite being a natural evolutionary mechanism for microbial survival in the environment, has been increasing in presence and prevalence in healthcare systems worldwide, resulting in drug-resistant infections that can be fatal. As such, there is a need to understand AMR in both its natural state within the environmental microbial biosphere, alongside those places (i.e., agricultural lands, wastewater treatment outflows etc.) where humans have introduced co-selective agents such as metals, antibiotic residues and other compounds that can further facilitate and even promote resistance activity in the natural environment (Fig. 1). This connection between the human health landscape and the environment around us is a vital part of understanding the risks of both climate change and AMR, requiring an integrated and collaborative One Health approach across disciplines. Here we present research associated with our Genomics Research and Development Initiative programs using novel genomics tools and large-scale laboratory simulations to better understand the impacts of climate change and AMR in a multi-disciplinary environmental context. This work helps fullfil the need to understand the dynamics of these two global threats in an trans-disciplinary nature, drawing on the expertise of environmental microbiologists, hydrologists, bioinformaticians, and water quality experts, in tandem with public health and infectious disease experts to better understand how these threats will evolve as our planet tries to adapt to the complex stressors of the Anthropocene.
{"title":"From climate change to AMR: understanding environmental-human health issues in a One Health framework","authors":"Thomas Reid, Jordyn Broadbent","doi":"10.3897/aca.6.e108165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e108165","url":null,"abstract":"As the impacts of climate change intensify, our interconnectedness to the environment around us seems ever more apparent. Changing terrestrial landscapes impact adjacent aquatic ecosystems, as the terrestrial-aquatic continuum experiences the ever-pressing stresses of anthropogenic activity. In the Canadian Arctic, ancient carbon stores and contaminants such as methylmercury are emerging as permafrost thaw accelerates, changing their biogeochemical nature, impacting local communities and threatening ecological health in ways still yet to be fully understood. Awakening microorganisms in these once frozen grounds are all too eager to get to work, as scientists continue to try to understand how, where, and why climate change is impacting aquatic ecosystems across Canada. Increasing aquatic nutrient loads and chemical/biological contaminants adjacent to urban and agricultural lands also impact both ecosystem and ultimately human health. In the shadow of a global pandemic, the need to understand how environmental-human interactions impact human health is ever pressing, requiring the collective expertise of researchers across the environmental-human health landscape. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), despite being a natural evolutionary mechanism for microbial survival in the environment, has been increasing in presence and prevalence in healthcare systems worldwide, resulting in drug-resistant infections that can be fatal. As such, there is a need to understand AMR in both its natural state within the environmental microbial biosphere, alongside those places (i.e., agricultural lands, wastewater treatment outflows etc.) where humans have introduced co-selective agents such as metals, antibiotic residues and other compounds that can further facilitate and even promote resistance activity in the natural environment (Fig. 1). This connection between the human health landscape and the environment around us is a vital part of understanding the risks of both climate change and AMR, requiring an integrated and collaborative One Health approach across disciplines. Here we present research associated with our Genomics Research and Development Initiative programs using novel genomics tools and large-scale laboratory simulations to better understand the impacts of climate change and AMR in a multi-disciplinary environmental context. This work helps fullfil the need to understand the dynamics of these two global threats in an trans-disciplinary nature, drawing on the expertise of environmental microbiologists, hydrologists, bioinformaticians, and water quality experts, in tandem with public health and infectious disease experts to better understand how these threats will evolve as our planet tries to adapt to the complex stressors of the Anthropocene.","PeriodicalId":101714,"journal":{"name":"ARPHA Conference Abstracts","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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