As Germany advances towards its energy transition goals, the imperative to expand and restructure its power grid infrastructure becomes increasingly evident. The current infrastructure lacks the capacity to meet future demands, highlighting the pressing need for action. Escalating challenges related to system security and grid reliability underscore the critical importance of fostering close coordination between Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs). Collaboration is particularly crucial in control areas such as for instance 50Hertz’s in north-eastern Germany, where efficient management of energy fluctuations is essential for the successful transition to high renewable energy usage. Regulatory strategies aimed at facilitating this transition must prioritize a strong collaboration between DSOs and TSOs necessary for stability, optimizing operations, and securing the network. This article is intended to illustrate how a regulatory framework for such TSO-DSO cooperation in north-eastern and eastern Germany for congestion management could be necessary, in accordance with the next grid development plans. Regulatory gaps associated with such interface will be identified and policy recommendations derived from them will address the challenges and opportunities linked to congestion management and the utilization of smart grid technologies.
{"title":"TSO-DSO interface for Net Zero: the German case of 50Hertz and its DSO neighbour TEN Thüringer Energienetz*","authors":"Noémie Lovergne","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"As Germany advances towards its energy transition goals, the imperative to expand and restructure its power grid infrastructure becomes increasingly evident. The current infrastructure lacks the capacity to meet future demands, highlighting the pressing need for action. Escalating challenges related to system security and grid reliability underscore the critical importance of fostering close coordination between Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs). Collaboration is particularly crucial in control areas such as for instance 50Hertz’s in north-eastern Germany, where efficient management of energy fluctuations is essential for the successful transition to high renewable energy usage. Regulatory strategies aimed at facilitating this transition must prioritize a strong collaboration between DSOs and TSOs necessary for stability, optimizing operations, and securing the network. This article is intended to illustrate how a regulatory framework for such TSO-DSO cooperation in north-eastern and eastern Germany for congestion management could be necessary, in accordance with the next grid development plans. Regulatory gaps associated with such interface will be identified and policy recommendations derived from them will address the challenges and opportunities linked to congestion management and the utilization of smart grid technologies.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141653699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research investigates the trust of stakeholders in the governmental, non-governmental and business sectors’ actions on climate change. Close-ended questionnaire were employed among 98 respondents and the collected data determined that trust levels varied quite significantly across the sectors. The specific trust drivers were identified through the survey that was conducted. The different findings offered insights that enhanced stakeholder engagement and tailored the policy development to the various regional sustainability goals. The extent to which the stakeholders and the general public find these sectors to be reliable and more importantly what factors make these reliable would come to get discussed here. These findings matter as these would help the readers understand how the trust of the stakeholders can be earned and maintained for a rather longer period of time.
{"title":"Examining stakeholder trust levels in committing to climate change action","authors":"Ahmed Elldrisy","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"The research investigates the trust of stakeholders in the governmental, non-governmental and business sectors’ actions on climate change. Close-ended questionnaire were employed among 98 respondents and the collected data determined that trust levels varied quite significantly across the sectors. The specific trust drivers were identified through the survey that was conducted. The different findings offered insights that enhanced stakeholder engagement and tailored the policy development to the various regional sustainability goals. The extent to which the stakeholders and the general public find these sectors to be reliable and more importantly what factors make these reliable would come to get discussed here. These findings matter as these would help the readers understand how the trust of the stakeholders can be earned and maintained for a rather longer period of time.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"7 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European electricity market is on the brink of transformative regulatory changes designed to reshape its landscape fundamentally. These changes encompass measures aimed at ensuring market stability, enhancing efficiency, promoting investment in clean energy, and safeguarding stakeholders from energy crises. Central to these reforms is the promotion of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Contracts for Difference (CFDs) to stabilize markets. Considering that existing barriers are impeding PPAs widespread adoption, the new design of the electricity market prompts regulatory adjustments to streamline access while maintaining fair competition. Concurrently, the design of CFDs must navigate competition distortions and ensure long-term viability, posing challenges for the European Commission in aligning them with State aid rules. Efforts to boost market efficiency include the reduction of intraday gate closure times, effective January 2026, and the establishment of minimum bid sizes to optimize resource allocation and pricing mechanisms. Moreover, the regulatory framework prioritizes incentivizing investments in clean energy, underscoring Europe’s commitment to sustainability. Member states will wield the power to implement non-fossil flexibility support schemes, offering payments for available non-fossil flexibility capacity, thereby fostering the transition towards cleaner energy sources. Lastly, protective measures are being instituted to shield consumers and undertakings from energy crises, emphasizing the need for resilience and stability in the sector. As these reforms unfold, policymakers must delicately balance fostering innovation, ensuring competitiveness, and safeguarding stakeholders’ interests. This article delves into the complexities of these reforms, offering insights into their implications and challenges.
{"title":"EU legislators approve the electricity market reform","authors":"François-Charles Laprévote, Camilla Cozzani, Giacomo Chiti","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The European electricity market is on the brink of transformative regulatory changes designed to reshape its landscape fundamentally. These changes encompass measures aimed at ensuring market stability, enhancing efficiency, promoting investment in clean energy, and safeguarding stakeholders from energy crises.\u0000Central to these reforms is the promotion of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Contracts for Difference (CFDs) to stabilize markets. Considering that existing barriers are impeding PPAs widespread adoption, the new design of the electricity market prompts regulatory adjustments to streamline access while maintaining fair competition. Concurrently, the design of CFDs must navigate competition distortions and ensure long-term viability, posing challenges for the European Commission in aligning them with State aid rules.\u0000Efforts to boost market efficiency include the reduction of intraday gate closure times, effective January 2026, and the establishment of minimum bid sizes to optimize resource allocation and pricing mechanisms. Moreover, the regulatory framework prioritizes incentivizing investments in clean energy, underscoring Europe’s commitment to sustainability. Member states will wield the power to implement non-fossil flexibility support schemes, offering payments for available non-fossil flexibility capacity, thereby fostering the transition towards cleaner energy sources.\u0000Lastly, protective measures are being instituted to shield consumers and undertakings from energy crises, emphasizing the need for resilience and stability in the sector.\u0000As these reforms unfold, policymakers must delicately balance fostering innovation, ensuring competitiveness, and safeguarding stakeholders’ interests. This article delves into the complexities of these reforms, offering insights into their implications and challenges.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141127078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The new Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) entered into force on 20 November 2023. The directive contains fundamental provisions for the deployment and increased use of renewable energies. The new directive is intended to speed up the transition of the most carbon-intensive economic sectors and represents a milestone on the EU Member States’ path to climate neutrality. This article summarizes the background and development as well as the main changes introduced by the directive from a legal perspective.
{"title":"The ‘new’ Renewable Energy Directive (RED III): an overview","authors":"Wieland Lehnert, Yola Traum","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The new Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) entered into force on 20 November 2023. The directive contains fundamental provisions for the deployment and increased use of renewable energies. The new directive is intended to speed up the transition of the most carbon-intensive economic sectors and represents a milestone on the EU Member States’ path to climate neutrality. This article summarizes the background and development as well as the main changes introduced by the directive from a legal perspective.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"101 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Healthcare is one of the largest polluting industries in the world, not only as a carbon emitter but also as an ever growing waste creator that still sees differences in countries depending on the per capita income, which calls for urgent action. The pandemic has evidenced the lack of certainty in the system, urging for a need to implement new technologies to leverage the supply to meet the escalating demand. Efficiency and optimization are the two key paths that need to be taken on the road to sustainability in the major resource consumer industry that is healthcare.
{"title":"Is healthcare sustainable?","authors":"Aline Gomez-Acebo","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare is one of the largest polluting industries in the world, not only as a carbon emitter but also as an ever growing waste creator that still sees differences in countries depending on the per capita income, which calls for urgent action. The pandemic has evidenced the lack of certainty in the system, urging for a need to implement new technologies to leverage the supply to meet the escalating demand. Efficiency and optimization are the two key paths that need to be taken on the road to sustainability in the major resource consumer industry that is healthcare.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"135 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140369491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, humanity cannot advance without the help of computation. There are still many problems that need resolving that would never be solved without the help of a powerful computer. It is also impossible to build a large enough memory to allow us to solve these complex problems. However, even if we manage to achieve the impossible, with the unprecedented rise of data and the ever-evolving complexity of algorithms, computing the answers in the traditional way would require billions of MWs of power consumption. Not to mention the energy required to cool down the powerful computers from the significant amount of heat they produce. Humanity is quickly reaching the limits of computations that can be currently achieved, raising concerns about the sustainability and environmental impact these power-hungry machines require. Enter quantum computing – the revolutionary technology holding the promise of not only enhancing computational speeds and capabilities but also potentially alleviating the energy burden imposed by traditional computing methods.
{"title":"Can quantum computing be the solution to energy use in computation?","authors":"Elena Georgieva","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"Today, humanity cannot advance without the help of computation. There are still many problems that need resolving that would never be solved without the help of a powerful computer. It is also impossible to build a large enough memory to allow us to solve these complex problems. However, even if we manage to achieve the impossible, with the unprecedented rise of data and the ever-evolving complexity of algorithms, computing the answers in the traditional way would require billions of MWs of power consumption. Not to mention the energy required to cool down the powerful computers from the significant amount of heat they produce.\u0000Humanity is quickly reaching the limits of computations that can be currently achieved, raising concerns about the sustainability and environmental impact these power-hungry machines require. Enter quantum computing – the revolutionary technology holding the promise of not only enhancing computational speeds and capabilities but also potentially alleviating the energy burden imposed by traditional computing methods.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140373397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professional negotiators always use three core strategies1: a team strategy (the boss does not negotiate); a behavioural strategy, which is based on the Behavior Change Stairway Model (BCSM); both strategies are developed for crisis negotiations and should also be used in Business-to-Business (B2B) negotiations. Furthermore, professional negotiators use a process strategy which is based on the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) and conflict research.
{"title":"The three core strategies for successful negotiations","authors":"Hermann Rock","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"Professional negotiators always use three core strategies1: a team strategy (the boss does not negotiate); a behavioural strategy, which is based on the Behavior Change Stairway Model (BCSM); both strategies are developed for crisis negotiations and should also be used in Business-to-Business (B2B) negotiations. Furthermore, professional negotiators use a process strategy which is based on the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) and conflict research.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"96 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140370982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past few years, there has been a notable surge in the inclusion of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) clauses within both domestic and international agreements and contracts. This trend places a distinct focus on aspects related to climate change and energy. Implementation and enforcement challenges have emerged, prompting the exploration of remedies and procedural channels, wherein commercial and investment arbitration has gained recognition as a suitable dispute resolution mechanism. Against this backdrop, this article examines ESG clauses from both substantive and procedural perspectives, emphasizing their relevance to climate change and energy issues in light of the Paris Agreement. The study presents a thorough analysis of conceptual frameworks, content, scope, and implementation of ESG clauses. Additionally, it explores procedural pathways for enforcement, encompassing commercial and investment arbitration, highlighting their advantages and downsides. A critical analysis of recent arbitration cases involving ESG clauses provides insights into future implications. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and significance surrounding the implementation of ESG clauses, particularly in the context of climate change and energy considerations, within contemporary international investment agreements and in the evolving landscape of commercial arbitration.
{"title":"Navigating ESG arbitrability challenges in energy and climate: an in-depth analysis and future perspectives","authors":"B. O. Giupponi, Raul Partido Figueroa","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, there has been a notable surge in the inclusion of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) clauses within both domestic and international agreements and contracts. This trend places a distinct focus on aspects related to climate change and energy. Implementation and enforcement challenges have emerged, prompting the exploration of remedies and procedural channels, wherein commercial and investment arbitration has gained recognition as a suitable dispute resolution mechanism.\u0000Against this backdrop, this article examines ESG clauses from both substantive and procedural perspectives, emphasizing their relevance to climate change and energy issues in light of the Paris Agreement. The study presents a thorough analysis of conceptual frameworks, content, scope, and implementation of ESG clauses. Additionally, it explores procedural pathways for enforcement, encompassing commercial and investment arbitration, highlighting their advantages and downsides. A critical analysis of recent arbitration cases involving ESG clauses provides insights into future implications.\u0000The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and significance surrounding the implementation of ESG clauses, particularly in the context of climate change and energy considerations, within contemporary international investment agreements and in the evolving landscape of commercial arbitration.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"109 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140370512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outline of a hydrogen economy is slowly taking shape in Europe. While the time of press releases about new hydrogen projects is not over, the development has passed the age of announcements. Moreover, it has passed the age of pure hydrogen projects. Today, projects relating to ammonia, methanol and other so-called hydrogen derivatives are also being developed, not to mention carbon capture, utilization and storage projects which slowly emerge as a complementary necessity in the development of a hydrogen economy. For these developments, the European Union (EU) is an important centre where relevant regulation is devised. However, such regulation is still not finalized. Uncertainty about the regulatory framework is a big hurdle to the final investment decision (FID) of project developers and investors. Unfortunately, it is not the only hurdle. Other equally serious issues need to be resolved in order for developers to actually invest and establish the value chains for the hydrogen economy and to reach the development targets set by politicians across the EU.
{"title":"On the road to FID – creating value chains for the hydrogen economy in Europe","authors":"Martin Borning","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2024.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2024.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"The outline of a hydrogen economy is slowly taking shape in Europe. While the time of press releases about new hydrogen projects is not over, the development has passed the age of announcements. Moreover, it has passed the age of pure hydrogen projects. Today, projects relating to ammonia, methanol and other so-called hydrogen derivatives are also being developed, not to mention carbon capture, utilization and storage projects which slowly emerge as a complementary necessity in the development of a hydrogen economy. For these developments, the European Union (EU) is an important centre where relevant regulation is devised. However, such regulation is still not finalized. Uncertainty about the regulatory framework is a big hurdle to the final investment decision (FID) of project developers and investors. Unfortunately, it is not the only hurdle. Other equally serious issues need to be resolved in order for developers to actually invest and establish the value chains for the hydrogen economy and to reach the development targets set by politicians across the EU.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140373021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maurits Dolmans, James Brady-Banzet, Naomi Tarawali, Amélie Champsaur, Andreas Wildner
In February 2023, ClientEarth, a non-profit environmental law organization, had issued proceedings before the English High Court against the board of directors of Shell plc. ClientEarth alleged that Shell’s directors had failed to properly take into account the implications for the company of the economy’s net-zero transition and the resulting risks to the company’s business model, which, ClientEarth alleged, amounted to a breach of some of the directors’ duties under the Companies Act 2006. The claim had been brought by way of a derivative action, whereby ClientEarth sued in its capacity as a shareholder of Shell, in respect of a cause of action vested in Shell and seeking relief on behalf of the company. The High Court refused to grant ClientEarth permission to pursue its claim. Following a hearing on costs, ClientEarth was also ordered to pay the company’s and the directors’ costs in connection with all aspects of the action.
{"title":"English High Court refuses permission for derivative claim against Shell’s Board of Directors","authors":"Maurits Dolmans, James Brady-Banzet, Naomi Tarawali, Amélie Champsaur, Andreas Wildner","doi":"10.4337/eecj.2022.04.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2022.04.04","url":null,"abstract":"In February 2023, ClientEarth, a non-profit environmental law organization, had issued proceedings before the English High Court against the board of directors of Shell plc. ClientEarth alleged that Shell’s directors had failed to properly take into account the implications for the company of the economy’s net-zero transition and the resulting risks to the company’s business model, which, ClientEarth alleged, amounted to a breach of some of the directors’ duties under the Companies Act 2006. The claim had been brought by way of a derivative action, whereby ClientEarth sued in its capacity as a shareholder of Shell, in respect of a cause of action vested in Shell and seeking relief on behalf of the company. The High Court refused to grant ClientEarth permission to pursue its claim. Following a hearing on costs, ClientEarth was also ordered to pay the company’s and the directors’ costs in connection with all aspects of the action.","PeriodicalId":102274,"journal":{"name":"The European Energy and Climate Journal","volume":"170 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139240763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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