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Potential role for phosphatidic acid in mediating the inflammatory responses to TNF alpha and IL-1 beta. 磷脂酸在介导对TNF α和IL-1 β的炎症反应中的潜在作用。
Pub Date : 1994-09-01
S Bursten, R Weeks, J West, T Le, T Wilson, D Porubek, J A Bianco, J W Singer, G C Rice

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), and endotoxin (LPS) are potent pro-inflammatory mediators which induce multiple and diverse biological responses in a wide variety of cell types. However, these pro-inflammatory mediators also have significant overlap and redundancy in their biological effects. This suggests that there is significant diversity in second messenger signal transduction systems induced by these stimuli to explain the diversity in biological responses, as well as significant redundancy. Here we show that one such second messenger common to several proinflammatory stimuli may be phosphatidic acid (PA). Intracellular PA species, which may have intracellular signaling functions, are rapidly induced in P388 monocytic leukemia cells by TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, or LPS. These PA species vary according to the bond type (i.e., sn-1 ester vs. ether vs. vinyl ether), acyl chain length, and the degree of saturation in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Although PA itself may have direct second messenger activities, many of the PA species induced are converted to diacylglycerol species (DG), which are structurally distinct from the DGs generated by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). Lisofylline [(R)-1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine; LSF] selectively inhibits generation of selected species of PA in P388 cells induced by TNF alpha, IL-1 beta or LPS. TNF alpha-induced sphingomyelin hydrolysis, PLC-mediated PC hydrolysis, and DG kinase-mediated PA formation or TNF alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation and apoptosis are not inhibited by LSF. LSF has a marked protective effect in a variety of acute inflammatory animal models that may be due to inhibition of this shared second messenger pathway involving PA.

肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF α)、白细胞介素1 β (IL-1 β)和内毒素(LPS)是有效的促炎介质,可在多种细胞类型中诱导多种多样的生物反应。然而,这些促炎介质在其生物学作用上也有显著的重叠和冗余。这表明,这些刺激诱导的第二信使信号转导系统存在显著的多样性,可以解释生物反应的多样性,以及显著的冗余性。在这里,我们展示了几种促炎刺激共同的第二信使之一可能是磷脂酸(PA)。细胞内PA可能具有细胞内信号功能,可通过TNF α、IL-1 β或LPS在P388单核细胞中快速诱导。这些PA种类根据键类型(即sn-1酯、醚、乙烯醚)、酰基链长度以及sn-1和sn-2位置的饱和程度而变化。虽然PA本身可能具有直接的第二信使活性,但许多诱导的PA物种转化为二酰基甘油物种(DG),它们在结构上与磷脂酰胆碱特异性磷脂酶C (PC-PLC)产生的DG不同。Lisofylline [(R) 1 - (5-hydroxyhexyl) 3, 7-dimethylxanthine;LSF]选择性抑制TNF α、IL-1 β或LPS诱导的P388细胞中特定种类PA的产生。TNF α诱导的鞘磷脂水解、plc介导的PC水解、DG激酶介导的PA形成或TNF α诱导的NF-kappa B活化和凋亡不受LSF的抑制。LSF在多种急性炎症动物模型中具有显著的保护作用,这可能是由于抑制了涉及PA的共享第二信使通路。
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引用次数: 0
Role of interleukin-1 and the therapeutic potential of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in sepsis. 白细胞介素-1的作用和白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂治疗败血症的潜力。
Pub Date : 1994-09-01
C J Fisher, S M Opal, S F Lowry, J C Sadoff, J F LaBrecque, H C Donovan, J L Lookabaugh, J Lemke, J P Pribble, S C Stromatt

Clinical trials of anticytokines in sepsis have not been as straightforward as had been anticipated from results in animal models of sepsis and the role of cytokines in sepsis is now in question. Retrospective analysis of the results of a phase III trial of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist suggests that sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), renal dysfunction, and shock are valuable markers of patients in whom IL-1 is a pathogenic mediator and in whom IL-1ra can reduce mortality. A re-examination of the effects of IL-1ra in animal models of sepsis supports the validity of this analysis. A new phase III clinical trial will confirm or disprove the hypothesis that IL-1 is a mediator of pathology, and IL-1ra is a valuable therapy for sepsis complicated by ARDS, DIC, renal dysfunction, or shock.

抗细胞因子在败血症中的临床试验并不像在败血症动物模型中预期的那样简单,细胞因子在败血症中的作用现在是一个问题。对白细胞介素-1 (IL-1)受体拮抗剂III期试验结果的回顾性分析表明,败血症诱导的成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、肾功能障碍和休克是IL-1为致病介质且IL-1ra可以降低死亡率的患者的有价值的标志物。重新检查IL-1ra在脓毒症动物模型中的作用支持这一分析的有效性。一项新的III期临床试验将证实或否定IL-1是病理介质的假设,IL-1ra是脓毒症合并ARDS、DIC、肾功能不全或休克的有价值的治疗方法。
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引用次数: 0
MIF, a previously unrecognized pituitary hormone and macrophage cytokine, is a pivotal mediator in endotoxic shock. MIF是一种以前未被认识的垂体激素和巨噬细胞细胞因子,是内源性休克的关键介质。
Pub Date : 1994-09-01
R Bucala

Recent studies have led to the re-discovery of the protein originally described as macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to be both a pituitary hormone and a pro-inflammatory, macrophage cytokine. MIF is a pivotal mediator in endotoxic shock and may serve as a pituitary "stress" hormone that regulates systemic inflammatory responses.

最近的研究重新发现,最初被描述为巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(MIF)的蛋白质既是一种垂体激素,也是一种促炎的巨噬细胞因子。MIF是内源性休克的关键介质,可能作为调节全身炎症反应的垂体“应激”激素。
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引用次数: 0
Non-signaling functions of TNF-R75: findings in man and mouse. TNF-R75的非信号功能:在人和小鼠中的发现。
Pub Date : 1994-09-01
L J van Tits, M H Bemelmans, S Steinshamn, A Waage, J F Leeuwenberg, W A Buurman
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引用次数: 0
Use of tumor necrosis factor in isolated hepatic perfusion. 肿瘤坏死因子在离体肝脏灌注中的应用。
Pub Date : 1994-09-01
D L Fraker, H R Alexander, A K Thom
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引用次数: 0
Mechanisms involved in metastasis enhanced by inflammatory mediators. 炎症介质增强转移的机制。
Pub Date : 1994-09-01
D N Männel, P Orosz, M Hafner, W Falk

The enhancement of tumor metastasis by concurrent inflammatory processes is mainly due to the cytokines TNF and IL-1. In the case of TNF this effect is not restricted to metastasis models as measured by in vivo colony formation but also found in experimental model systems of spontaneous metastasis. Direct effects on the tumor cells or interference with the host NK cell system did not seem to account for the observed TNF effect. Experimental evidence from different test systems rather points to TNF- or IL-1-induced enhanced adhesion of tumor cells to the endothelial cell layer as the underlying mechanism. Blocking of integrin-matrix interactions with monoclonal antibodies or competing peptides inhibited tumor cell adhesion to endothelioma cells in vitro and lung colony formation of tumor cells in vivo.

并发炎症过程对肿瘤转移的增强主要是由于细胞因子TNF和IL-1的作用。在TNF的情况下,这种作用不仅限于通过体内集落形成测量的转移模型,而且在自发转移的实验模型系统中也发现。对肿瘤细胞的直接作用或对宿主NK细胞系统的干扰似乎不能解释观察到的TNF效应。来自不同测试系统的实验证据表明,TNF-或il -1诱导的肿瘤细胞与内皮细胞层的粘附增强是潜在的机制。在体外,阻断整合素基质与单克隆抗体或竞争肽的相互作用可抑制肿瘤细胞对内皮瘤细胞的粘附和体内肿瘤细胞的肺集落形成。
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引用次数: 0
Mediators of endotoxin-induced leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric postcapillary venules. 内毒素诱导的肠系膜毛细血管后小静脉中白细胞粘附的介质。
Pub Date : 1994-08-01
N R Harris, J M Russell, D N Granger

Intravital video microscopy was used to monitor and quantify leukocyte-endothelial cell adherence, leukocyte emigration, venular shear rate, and leukocyte rolling velocity in cat mesenteric venules exposed to E. coli endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS induced a steady decrease in venular shear rate and leukocyte rolling velocity while increasing leukocyte adherence and emigration. The molecular determinants and chemical mediators of LPS-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion were investigated using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the adhesion glycoproteins CD11/CD18 on leukocytes (MAb IB4) and ICAM-1 (MAb RR1/1) on endothelial cells as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (WEB 2086). Leukocyte adherence was significantly (P < .05) reduced by administration of either the CD11/CD18 MAb or SOD, while the PAF receptor antagonist and ICAM-1 MAb had no effect. None of the four agents studied significantly altered LPS-induced leukocyte emigration, venular shear rate, or leukocyte rolling velocity. These results indicate that the leukocyte adherence induced by LPS is dependent on the adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18 and superoxide, and that an endothelial cell ligand other than ICAM-1 participates in this adhesion process.

使用活体视频显微镜监测和量化暴露于大肠杆菌内毒素脂多糖(LPS)的猫肠系膜小静脉中白细胞-内皮细胞粘附、白细胞迁移、静脉剪切率和白细胞滚动速度。LPS诱导静脉剪切速率和白细胞滚动速度稳定下降,同时增加白细胞粘附和迁移。利用针对白细胞粘附糖蛋白CD11/CD18 (MAb IB4)和内皮细胞粘附糖蛋白ICAM-1 (MAb RR1/1)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和血小板活化因子受体拮抗剂的单克隆抗体(MAb),研究了lps诱导的白细胞-内皮细胞粘附的分子决定因素和化学介质。CD11/CD18单抗或SOD均可显著降低白细胞粘附性(P < 0.05),而PAF受体拮抗剂和ICAM-1单抗则无影响。四种药物均未显著改变lps诱导的白细胞迁移、静脉剪切速率或白细胞滚动速度。这些结果表明,LPS诱导的白细胞粘附依赖于粘附糖蛋白CD11/CD18和超氧化物,内皮细胞配体参与了这一粘附过程,而不是ICAM-1。
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引用次数: 0
Changes in muscle and liver lactate concentrations after endotoxin infusion in rats. 内毒素输注后大鼠肌肉和肝脏乳酸浓度的变化。
Pub Date : 1994-08-01
M Harada, C Okuda, T Sawa, A Fuse, H Imai, Y Tanaka

The interstitial lactate concentration in rat skeletal muscle and liver was measured using a microdialysis method during the early stage of endotoxemia and during lactic acid infusion. The lactate concentration in the muscle and liver interstitium never exceeded the blood lactate concentration throughout the 180 min period after endotoxin administration. The present findings also showed that the muscle and liver interstitial lactate concentration gradually increased in endotoxin-infused animals compared to that in lactic-acid infused animals, although the blood lactate concentration in lactic acid-infused animals was the same as that in endotoxin-infused animals. These findings suggest that the skeletal muscle and liver may consume lactate in an endotoxemic condition. However, the capacity of lactate consumption in the skeletal muscle might gradually decrease after endotoxin administration, although that in liver might be well preserved.

采用微透析法测定内毒素血症早期和乳酸输注时大鼠骨骼肌和肝脏间质乳酸浓度。在给药后180 min内,肌肉和肝间质乳酸浓度均未超过血乳酸浓度。本研究还发现,虽然乳酸灌注动物的血乳酸浓度与内毒素灌注动物相同,但内毒素灌注动物的肌肉和肝脏间质乳酸浓度较乳酸灌注动物逐渐升高。这些发现表明骨骼肌和肝脏可能在内毒素条件下消耗乳酸。然而,内毒素给药后,骨骼肌乳酸消耗能力可能逐渐下降,而肝脏乳酸消耗能力可能保留得很好。
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引用次数: 0
Clinical experience with high-dose tumor necrosis factor alpha in regional therapy of advanced melanoma. 大剂量肿瘤坏死因子局部治疗晚期黑色素瘤的临床体会。
Pub Date : 1994-08-01
F Lejeune, D Liénard, A Eggermont, H Schraffordt Koops, B Kroon, J Gérain, F Rosenkaimer, P Schmitz

Isolated perfusion of the limbs (ILP) allows the delivery of high dose rTNF alpha in a closed system with acceptable side-effects. A protocol with a triple-drug regimen was based on the reported synergism of rTNF alpha with chemotherapy, with interferon-gamma, and with hyperthermia. In melanoma-in-transit metastases (stage IIIA or AB) we obtained a 91% complete response compared with 52% after ILP with melphalan alone. Leakage and release of nanograms levels of TNF alpha in the systemic circulation can be abrogated in most patients by low pump flow, continuous leak monitoring, extensive washout, and limb massage. In case of unavoidable leakage, appropriate intensive care results in minimal toxicity. The ILP with rTNF alpha appears to be a useful model for studying the biochemotherapy of cancer in humans.

肢体孤立灌注(ILP)允许在封闭系统中递送高剂量rTNF α,副作用可接受。三药方案是基于rTNF α与化疗、干扰素和热疗的协同作用。在转移中的黑色素瘤(IIIA期或AB期)中,我们获得了91%的完全缓解,而单独使用melphalan的ILP则为52%。在大多数患者中,通过低泵流量、连续泄漏监测、广泛冲洗和肢体按摩可以消除体循环中TNF α的泄漏和纳克水平的释放。在不可避免的泄漏情况下,适当的重症监护可以使毒性降到最低。具有rTNF α的ILP似乎是研究人类癌症生物化疗的有用模型。
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引用次数: 0
TNF alpha as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis. TNF α作为类风湿关节炎的治疗靶点。
Pub Date : 1994-08-01
M Feldmann, F M Brennan, M Elliott, P Katsikis, R N Maini

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with inflammatory manifestations in the peripheral synovial joints, which are infiltrated by activated T cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. We have investigated the role of cytokines in RA and have proposed that tumour necrosis factor has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this disease. This chapter describes those studies, which led to the first clinical trial in RA patients using a chimeric anti TNF alpha antibody. In addition to pro-inflammatory cytokine production, at sites of inflammation such as the RA synovial joint, there is also evidence for homeostatic immunoregulatory mechanisms which include the production of cytokine inhibitors, such as soluble TNF-R and the IL-1 receptor antagonist, and cytokines with immunoregulatory properties like IL-10. The evidence for these inhibitors in RA is presented, and the relevance of this homeostatic mechanism in relation to chronic inflammatory diseases is discussed.

类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种自身免疫性疾病,以滑膜周围关节炎症为表现,被活化的T细胞、巨噬细胞和浆细胞浸润。我们研究了细胞因子在类风湿性关节炎中的作用,并提出肿瘤坏死因子在这种疾病的发病机制中起关键作用。本章描述了这些研究,这些研究导致了首次在RA患者中使用嵌合抗TNF α抗体的临床试验。除了促炎细胞因子的产生,在炎症部位,如RA滑膜关节,也有证据表明稳态免疫调节机制包括细胞因子抑制剂的产生,如可溶性TNF-R和IL-1受体拮抗剂,以及具有免疫调节特性的细胞因子,如IL-10。这些抑制剂在类风湿性关节炎中的证据被提出,并讨论了与慢性炎症疾病相关的这种体内平衡机制的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
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Circulatory shock
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