Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01722-x
Antonella Desiderio, Monica Pastorino, Michele Campitelli, Michele Longo, Claudia Miele, Raffaele Napoli, Francesco Beguinot, Gregory Alexander Raciti
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) affect over half a billion people worldwide and are the leading cause of global deaths. In particular, due to population aging and worldwide spreading of risk factors, the prevalence of heart failure (HF) is also increasing. HF accounts for approximately 36% of all CVD-related deaths and stands as the foremost cause of hospitalization. Patients affected by CVD or HF experience a substantial decrease in health-related quality of life compared to healthy subjects or affected by other diffused chronic diseases.
Main body: For both CVD and HF, prediction models have been developed, which utilize patient data, routine laboratory and further diagnostic tests. While some of these scores are currently used in clinical practice, there still is a need for innovative approaches to optimize CVD and HF prediction and to reduce the impact of these conditions on the global population. Epigenetic biomarkers, particularly DNA methylation (DNAm) changes, offer valuable insight for predicting risk, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and for monitoring treatment. The present work reviews current information relating DNAm, CVD and HF and discusses the use of DNAm in improving clinical risk prediction of CVD and HF as well as that of DNAm age as a proxy for cardiac aging.
Conclusion: DNAm biomarkers offer a valuable contribution to improving the accuracy of CV risk models. Many CpG sites have been adopted to develop specific prediction scores for CVD and HF with similar or enhanced performance on the top of existing risk measures. In the near future, integrating data from DNA methylome and other sources and advancements in new machine learning algorithms will help develop more precise and personalized risk prediction methods for CVD and HF.
背景:心血管疾病(CVD)影响着全球 5 亿多人,是全球死亡的主要原因。特别是,由于人口老龄化和危险因素在全球蔓延,心力衰竭(HF)的发病率也在不断上升。在所有与心血管疾病相关的死亡病例中,心力衰竭约占 36%,也是住院治疗的首要原因。与健康人或其他扩散性慢性疾病患者相比,心血管疾病或心力衰竭患者的健康相关生活质量大幅下降:针对心血管疾病和高血压,人们已经开发出了预测模型,这些模型利用了患者数据、常规实验室检测和进一步诊断检测。虽然其中一些评分目前已用于临床实践,但仍需要创新方法来优化心血管疾病和高血压的预测,并减少这些疾病对全球人口的影响。表观遗传生物标志物,尤其是 DNA 甲基化(DNAm)变化,为预测风险、疾病诊断和预后以及监测治疗提供了宝贵的见解。本研究回顾了与DNAm、心血管疾病和高血压有关的当前信息,并讨论了DNAm在改善心血管疾病和高血压临床风险预测中的应用,以及DNAm年龄作为心脏衰老替代指标的应用:结论:DNAm 生物标记为提高心血管疾病风险模型的准确性做出了宝贵贡献。许多 CpG 位点已被用于开发心血管疾病和高血压的特定预测评分,其性能与现有的风险测量指标相似或更高。在不久的将来,整合 DNA 甲基组和其他来源的数据以及新机器学习算法的进步将有助于开发更精确、更个性化的心血管疾病和高血压风险预测方法。
{"title":"DNA methylation in cardiovascular disease and heart failure: novel prediction models?","authors":"Antonella Desiderio, Monica Pastorino, Michele Campitelli, Michele Longo, Claudia Miele, Raffaele Napoli, Francesco Beguinot, Gregory Alexander Raciti","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01722-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01722-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) affect over half a billion people worldwide and are the leading cause of global deaths. In particular, due to population aging and worldwide spreading of risk factors, the prevalence of heart failure (HF) is also increasing. HF accounts for approximately 36% of all CVD-related deaths and stands as the foremost cause of hospitalization. Patients affected by CVD or HF experience a substantial decrease in health-related quality of life compared to healthy subjects or affected by other diffused chronic diseases.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>For both CVD and HF, prediction models have been developed, which utilize patient data, routine laboratory and further diagnostic tests. While some of these scores are currently used in clinical practice, there still is a need for innovative approaches to optimize CVD and HF prediction and to reduce the impact of these conditions on the global population. Epigenetic biomarkers, particularly DNA methylation (DNAm) changes, offer valuable insight for predicting risk, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and for monitoring treatment. The present work reviews current information relating DNAm, CVD and HF and discusses the use of DNAm in improving clinical risk prediction of CVD and HF as well as that of DNAm age as a proxy for cardiac aging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DNAm biomarkers offer a valuable contribution to improving the accuracy of CV risk models. Many CpG sites have been adopted to develop specific prediction scores for CVD and HF with similar or enhanced performance on the top of existing risk measures. In the near future, integrating data from DNA methylome and other sources and advancements in new machine learning algorithms will help develop more precise and personalized risk prediction methods for CVD and HF.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01730-x
Hongxiang Fu, Harry Pickering, Liudmilla Rubbi, Ted M Ross, Wanding Zhou, Elaine F Reed, Matteo Pellegrini
Background: The effect of vaccination on the epigenome remains poorly characterized. In previous research, we identified an association between seroprotection against influenza and DNA methylation at sites associated with the RIG-1 signaling pathway, which recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and leads to a type I interferon response. However, these studies did not fully account for confounding factors including age, gender, and BMI, along with changes in cell-type composition.
Results: Here, we studied the influenza vaccine response in a longitudinal cohort vaccinated over two consecutive years (2019-2020 and 2020-2021), using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a targeted DNA methylation approach. To address the effects of multiple factors on the epigenome, we designed a multivariate multiple regression model that included seroprotection levels as quantified by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay test.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that 179 methylation sites can be combined as potential signatures to predict seroprotection. These sites were not only enriched for genes involved in the regulation of the RIG-I signaling pathway, as found previously, but also enriched for other genes associated with innate immunity to viruses and the transcription factor binding sites of BRD4, which is known to impact T cell memory. We propose a model to suggest that the RIG-I pathway and BRD4 could potentially be modulated to improve immunization strategies.
背景:疫苗接种对表观基因组的影响仍鲜为人知。在以前的研究中,我们发现流感血清保护与 RIG-1 信号通路相关位点的 DNA 甲基化之间存在关联,RIG-1 信号通路可识别病毒双链 RNA 并导致 I 型干扰素反应。然而,这些研究并未充分考虑年龄、性别和体重指数等混杂因素以及细胞类型组成的变化:在此,我们利用外周血单核细胞和靶向 DNA 甲基化方法,研究了连续两年(2019-2020 年和 2020-2021 年)接种疫苗的纵向队列中的流感疫苗反应。为了探讨多种因素对表观基因组的影响,我们设计了一个多变量多元回归模型,其中包括通过血凝抑制(HAI)检测试验量化的血清保护水平:我们的研究结果表明,179 个甲基化位点可作为预测血清保护的潜在特征。这些位点不仅富集了以前发现的参与调节 RIG-I 信号通路的基因,还富集了与病毒先天免疫相关的其他基因以及已知会影响 T 细胞记忆的 BRD4 的转录因子结合位点。我们提出了一个模型,表明有可能通过调节 RIG-I 通路和 BRD4 来改进免疫策略。
{"title":"The response to influenza vaccination is associated with DNA methylation-driven regulation of T cell innate antiviral pathways.","authors":"Hongxiang Fu, Harry Pickering, Liudmilla Rubbi, Ted M Ross, Wanding Zhou, Elaine F Reed, Matteo Pellegrini","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01730-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01730-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effect of vaccination on the epigenome remains poorly characterized. In previous research, we identified an association between seroprotection against influenza and DNA methylation at sites associated with the RIG-1 signaling pathway, which recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and leads to a type I interferon response. However, these studies did not fully account for confounding factors including age, gender, and BMI, along with changes in cell-type composition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we studied the influenza vaccine response in a longitudinal cohort vaccinated over two consecutive years (2019-2020 and 2020-2021), using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a targeted DNA methylation approach. To address the effects of multiple factors on the epigenome, we designed a multivariate multiple regression model that included seroprotection levels as quantified by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay test.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that 179 methylation sites can be combined as potential signatures to predict seroprotection. These sites were not only enriched for genes involved in the regulation of the RIG-I signaling pathway, as found previously, but also enriched for other genes associated with innate immunity to viruses and the transcription factor binding sites of BRD4, which is known to impact T cell memory. We propose a model to suggest that the RIG-I pathway and BRD4 could potentially be modulated to improve immunization strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01712-z
Catarina Lopes, Tatiana C Almeida, Catarina Macedo-Silva, João Costa, Sofia Paulino, Carmen Jerónimo, Diogo Libânio, Mário Dinis-Ribeiro, Carina Pereira
Background: Early gastric cancer is treated endoscopically, but patients require surveillance due to the risk of metachronous gastric lesions (MGLs). Epigenetic alterations, particularly aberrant DNA methylation in genes, such as MIR124-3, MIR34b/c, NKX6-1, EMX1, MOS and CDO1, have been identified as promising biomarkers for MGL in Asian populations. We aimed to determine whether these changes could predict MGL risk in intermediate-risk Caucasian patients.
Methods: This case-cohort study included 36 patients who developed MGL matched to 48 patients without evidence of MGL in the same time frame (controls). Multiplex quantitative methylation-specific PCR was performed using DNA extracted from the normal mucosa adjacent to the primary lesion. The overall risk of progression to MGL was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards model analyses.
Results: MIR124-3, MIR34b/c and NKX6-1 were successfully analyzed in 77 samples. MIR124-3 hypermethylation was detected in individuals who developed MGL (relative quantification 78.8 vs 50.5 in controls, p = 0.014), particularly in females and Helicobacter pylori-negative patients (p = 0.021 and p = 0.0079, respectively). This finding was further associated with a significantly greater risk for MGL development (aHR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.03-5.17, p = 0.042). Similarly, NKX6-1 was found to be hypermethylated in patients with synchronous lesions (relative quantification 7.9 vs 0.0 in controls, p = 0.0026). A molecular-based methylation model incorporating both genes was significantly associated with a threefold increased risk for MGL development (aHR = 3.10, 95% CI 1.07-8.95, p = 0.037).
Conclusions: This preliminary study revealed an association between MIR124-3 and NKX6-1 hypermethylation and the development of MGL in a Western population. These findings may represent a burden reduction and a greener approach to patient care.
{"title":"MIR124-3 and NKX6-1 hypermethylation profiles accurately predict metachronous gastric lesions in a Caucasian population.","authors":"Catarina Lopes, Tatiana C Almeida, Catarina Macedo-Silva, João Costa, Sofia Paulino, Carmen Jerónimo, Diogo Libânio, Mário Dinis-Ribeiro, Carina Pereira","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01712-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01712-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early gastric cancer is treated endoscopically, but patients require surveillance due to the risk of metachronous gastric lesions (MGLs). Epigenetic alterations, particularly aberrant DNA methylation in genes, such as MIR124-3, MIR34b/c, NKX6-1, EMX1, MOS and CDO1, have been identified as promising biomarkers for MGL in Asian populations. We aimed to determine whether these changes could predict MGL risk in intermediate-risk Caucasian patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case-cohort study included 36 patients who developed MGL matched to 48 patients without evidence of MGL in the same time frame (controls). Multiplex quantitative methylation-specific PCR was performed using DNA extracted from the normal mucosa adjacent to the primary lesion. The overall risk of progression to MGL was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards model analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MIR124-3, MIR34b/c and NKX6-1 were successfully analyzed in 77 samples. MIR124-3 hypermethylation was detected in individuals who developed MGL (relative quantification 78.8 vs 50.5 in controls, p = 0.014), particularly in females and Helicobacter pylori-negative patients (p = 0.021 and p = 0.0079, respectively). This finding was further associated with a significantly greater risk for MGL development (aHR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.03-5.17, p = 0.042). Similarly, NKX6-1 was found to be hypermethylated in patients with synchronous lesions (relative quantification 7.9 vs 0.0 in controls, p = 0.0026). A molecular-based methylation model incorporating both genes was significantly associated with a threefold increased risk for MGL development (aHR = 3.10, 95% CI 1.07-8.95, p = 0.037).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This preliminary study revealed an association between MIR124-3 and NKX6-1 hypermethylation and the development of MGL in a Western population. These findings may represent a burden reduction and a greener approach to patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Gestational DNA methylation age (GAmAge) has been developed and validated in European ancestry samples. Its applicability to other ethnicities and associations with fetal stress and newborn phenotypes such as inflammation markers are still to be determined. This study aims to examine the applicability of GAmAge developed from cord blood samples of European decedents to a racially diverse birth cohort, and associations with newborn phenotypes.
Methods: GAmAge based on 176 CpGs (Haftorn GAmAge) was calculated for 940 children from a US predominantly urban, low-income, multiethnic birth cohort. Cord blood DNA methylation was profiled by Illumina EPIC array. Newborn phenotypes included anthropometric measurements and, for a subset of newborns (N = 194), twenty-seven cord blood inflammatory markers (sandwich immunoassays).
Results: GAmAge had a stronger correlation with GEAA in boys (r = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.87,0.91]) compared with girls (r = 0.83, 95% CI [0.80,0.86]), and was stronger among extremely preterm to very preterm babies (r = 0.91, 95% CI [0.81,0.96]), compared with moderate (r = 0.48, 95% CI [0.34,0.60]) and term babies (r = 0.58, 95% CI [0.53,0.63]). Among White newborns (N = 51), the correlation between GAmAge vs. GEAA was slightly stronger (r = 0.89, 95% CI [0.82,0.94]) compared with Black/African American newborns (N = 668; r = 0.87, 95% CI [0.85,0.89]) or Hispanic (N = 221; r = 0.79, 95% CI [0.74,0.84]). Adjusting for GEAA and sex, GAmAge was associated with anthropometric measurements, cord blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (p < 0.05 for all).
Conclusions: GAmAge estimation is robust across different populations and racial/ethnic subgroups. GAmAge may be utilized as a proxy for GEAA and for assessing fetus development, indicated by inflammatory state and birth outcomes.
{"title":"Gestational DNA methylation age as a marker for fetal development and birth outcomes: findings from the Boston Birth Cohort.","authors":"Anat Yaskolka Meir, Maria Jimena Gutierrez, Xiumei Hong, Guoying Wang, Xiaobin Wang, Liming Liang","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01714-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01714-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gestational DNA methylation age (GAmAge) has been developed and validated in European ancestry samples. Its applicability to other ethnicities and associations with fetal stress and newborn phenotypes such as inflammation markers are still to be determined. This study aims to examine the applicability of GAmAge developed from cord blood samples of European decedents to a racially diverse birth cohort, and associations with newborn phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>GAmAge based on 176 CpGs (Haftorn GAmAge) was calculated for 940 children from a US predominantly urban, low-income, multiethnic birth cohort. Cord blood DNA methylation was profiled by Illumina EPIC array. Newborn phenotypes included anthropometric measurements and, for a subset of newborns (N = 194), twenty-seven cord blood inflammatory markers (sandwich immunoassays).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GAmAge had a stronger correlation with GEAA in boys (r = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.87,0.91]) compared with girls (r = 0.83, 95% CI [0.80,0.86]), and was stronger among extremely preterm to very preterm babies (r = 0.91, 95% CI [0.81,0.96]), compared with moderate (r = 0.48, 95% CI [0.34,0.60]) and term babies (r = 0.58, 95% CI [0.53,0.63]). Among White newborns (N = 51), the correlation between GAmAge vs. GEAA was slightly stronger (r = 0.89, 95% CI [0.82,0.94]) compared with Black/African American newborns (N = 668; r = 0.87, 95% CI [0.85,0.89]) or Hispanic (N = 221; r = 0.79, 95% CI [0.74,0.84]). Adjusting for GEAA and sex, GAmAge was associated with anthropometric measurements, cord blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (p < 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GAmAge estimation is robust across different populations and racial/ethnic subgroups. GAmAge may be utilized as a proxy for GEAA and for assessing fetus development, indicated by inflammatory state and birth outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The epigenetic status of patients 6-month post-COVID-19 infection remains largely unexplored. The existence of long-COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), suggests potential long-term changes. Long-COVID includes symptoms like fatigue, neurological issues, and organ-related problems, regardless of initial infection severity. The mechanisms behind long-COVID are unclear, but virus-induced epigenetic changes could play a role.
Methods and results: Our study explores the lasting epigenetic impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in an Italian cohort of 96 patients 6 months after COVID-19 exposure, comparing them to 191 healthy controls. We identified 42 CpG sites with significant methylation differences (FDR < 0.05), primarily within CpG islands and gene promoters. Dysregulated genes highlighted potential links to glutamate/glutamine metabolism, which may be relevant to PASC symptoms. Key genes with potential significance to COVID-19 infection and long-term effects include GLUD1, ATP1A3, and ARRB2. Furthermore, Horvath's epigenetic clock showed a slight but significant age acceleration in post-COVID-19 patients. We also observed a substantial increase in stochastic epigenetic mutations (SEMs) in the post-COVID-19 group, implying potential epigenetic drift. SEM analysis identified 790 affected genes, indicating dysregulation in pathways related to insulin resistance, VEGF signaling, apoptosis, hypoxia response, T-cell activation, and endothelin signaling.
Conclusions: Our study provides valuable insights into the epigenetic consequences of COVID-19. Results suggest possible associations with accelerated aging, epigenetic drift, and the disruption of critical biological pathways linked to insulin resistance, immune response, and vascular health. Understanding these epigenetic changes could be crucial for elucidating the complex mechanisms behind long-COVID and developing targeted therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Epigenetic patterns, accelerated biological aging, and enhanced epigenetic drift detected 6 months following COVID-19 infection: insights from a genome-wide DNA methylation study.","authors":"Calzari Luciano, Dragani Davide Fernando, Zanotti Lucia, Inglese Elvira, Danesi Romano, Cavagnola Rebecca, Brusati Alberto, Ranucci Francesco, Di Blasio Anna Maria, Persani Luca, Campi Irene, De Martino Sara, Farsetti Antonella, Barbi Veronica, Gottardi Zamperla Michela, Baldrighi Giulia Nicole, Gaetano Carlo, Parati Gianfranco, Gentilini Davide","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01724-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01724-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The epigenetic status of patients 6-month post-COVID-19 infection remains largely unexplored. The existence of long-COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), suggests potential long-term changes. Long-COVID includes symptoms like fatigue, neurological issues, and organ-related problems, regardless of initial infection severity. The mechanisms behind long-COVID are unclear, but virus-induced epigenetic changes could play a role.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Our study explores the lasting epigenetic impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in an Italian cohort of 96 patients 6 months after COVID-19 exposure, comparing them to 191 healthy controls. We identified 42 CpG sites with significant methylation differences (FDR < 0.05), primarily within CpG islands and gene promoters. Dysregulated genes highlighted potential links to glutamate/glutamine metabolism, which may be relevant to PASC symptoms. Key genes with potential significance to COVID-19 infection and long-term effects include GLUD1, ATP1A3, and ARRB2. Furthermore, Horvath's epigenetic clock showed a slight but significant age acceleration in post-COVID-19 patients. We also observed a substantial increase in stochastic epigenetic mutations (SEMs) in the post-COVID-19 group, implying potential epigenetic drift. SEM analysis identified 790 affected genes, indicating dysregulation in pathways related to insulin resistance, VEGF signaling, apoptosis, hypoxia response, T-cell activation, and endothelin signaling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study provides valuable insights into the epigenetic consequences of COVID-19. Results suggest possible associations with accelerated aging, epigenetic drift, and the disruption of critical biological pathways linked to insulin resistance, immune response, and vascular health. Understanding these epigenetic changes could be crucial for elucidating the complex mechanisms behind long-COVID and developing targeted therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01705-y
Chi-Hsin Sally Chen, Tzu-Hsuen Yuan, Tzu-Pin Lu, Hsin-Ying Lee, Yi-Hsuen Chen, Liang-Chuan Lai, Mong-Hsun Tsai, Eric Y Chuang, Chang-Chuan Chan
Background: Current research on the epigenetic repercussions of exposure to a combination of pollutants is limited. This study aims to discern DNA methylation probes associated with exposure to multiple pollutants, serving as early effect markers, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as surrogate indicators for population susceptibility. The investigation involved the analysis of urine exposure biomarkers for 11 heavy metals (vanadium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, manganese, copper, strontium, thallium), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (1-hydroxypyrene), genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing, and SNPs array on all study participants. The data were integrated with metabolomics information and analyzed both at a community level based on proximity to home addresses relative to the complex and at an individual level based on exposure biomarker concentrations.
Results: On a community level, 67 exposure-related CpG probes were identified, while 70 CpG probes were associated with urine arsenic concentration, 2 with mercury, and 46 with vanadium on an individual level. These probes were annotated to genes implicated in cancers and chronic kidney disease. Weighted quantile sum regression analysis revealed that vanadium, mercury, and 1-hydroxypyrene contributed the most to cg08238319 hypomethylation. cg08238319 is annotated to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene, and AHRR hypomethylation was correlated with an elevated risk of lung cancer. AHRR was further linked to deregulations in phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, along with heightened oxidative stress. Additionally, three SNPs (rs11085020, rs199442, and rs10947050) corresponding to exposure-related CpG probes exhibited significant interaction effects with multiple heavy metals and PAHs exposure, and have been implicated in cancer progression and respiratory diseases.
Conclusion: Our findings underscore the pivotal role of AHRR methylation in gene-environment interactions and highlight SNPs that could potentially serve as indicators of population susceptibility in regions exposed to multiple heavy metals and PAHs.
{"title":"Exposure-associated DNA methylation among people exposed to multiple industrial pollutants.","authors":"Chi-Hsin Sally Chen, Tzu-Hsuen Yuan, Tzu-Pin Lu, Hsin-Ying Lee, Yi-Hsuen Chen, Liang-Chuan Lai, Mong-Hsun Tsai, Eric Y Chuang, Chang-Chuan Chan","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01705-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01705-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current research on the epigenetic repercussions of exposure to a combination of pollutants is limited. This study aims to discern DNA methylation probes associated with exposure to multiple pollutants, serving as early effect markers, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as surrogate indicators for population susceptibility. The investigation involved the analysis of urine exposure biomarkers for 11 heavy metals (vanadium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, manganese, copper, strontium, thallium), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (1-hydroxypyrene), genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing, and SNPs array on all study participants. The data were integrated with metabolomics information and analyzed both at a community level based on proximity to home addresses relative to the complex and at an individual level based on exposure biomarker concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On a community level, 67 exposure-related CpG probes were identified, while 70 CpG probes were associated with urine arsenic concentration, 2 with mercury, and 46 with vanadium on an individual level. These probes were annotated to genes implicated in cancers and chronic kidney disease. Weighted quantile sum regression analysis revealed that vanadium, mercury, and 1-hydroxypyrene contributed the most to cg08238319 hypomethylation. cg08238319 is annotated to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene, and AHRR hypomethylation was correlated with an elevated risk of lung cancer. AHRR was further linked to deregulations in phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, along with heightened oxidative stress. Additionally, three SNPs (rs11085020, rs199442, and rs10947050) corresponding to exposure-related CpG probes exhibited significant interaction effects with multiple heavy metals and PAHs exposure, and have been implicated in cancer progression and respiratory diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings underscore the pivotal role of AHRR methylation in gene-environment interactions and highlight SNPs that could potentially serve as indicators of population susceptibility in regions exposed to multiple heavy metals and PAHs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-18DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01725-8
Michela Gottardi Zamperla, Barbara Illi, Veronica Barbi, Chiara Cencioni, Daniele Santoni, Stella Gagliardi, Maria Garofalo, Gabriele Antonio Zingale, Irene Pandino, Diego Sbardella, Lina Cipolla, Simone Sabbioneda, Antonella Farsetti, Chiara Ripamonti, Gianluca Fossati, Christian Steinkühler, Carlo Gaetano, Sandra Atlante
Background: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial regulators of gene expression, DNA synthesis, and cellular processes, making them essential targets in cancer research. HDAC6, specifically, influences protein stability and chromatin dynamics. Despite HDAC6's potential therapeutic value, its exact role in gene regulation and chromatin remodeling needs further clarification. This study examines how HDAC6 inactivation influences lysine acetyltransferase P300 stabilization and subsequent effects on chromatin structure and function in cancer cells.
Methods and results: We employed the HDAC6 inhibitor ITF3756, siRNA, or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to inactivate HDAC6 in different epigenomic backgrounds. Constantly, this inactivation led to significant changes in chromatin accessibility, particularly increased acetylation of histone H3 lysines 9, 14, and 27 (ATAC-seq and H3K27Ac ChIP-seq analysis). Transcriptomics, proteomics, and gene ontology analysis revealed gene changes in cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Significantly, HDAC6 inactivation altered P300 ubiquitination, stabilizing P300 and leading to downregulating genes critical for cancer cell survival.
Conclusions: Our study highlights the substantial impact of HDAC6 inactivation on the chromatin landscape of cancer cells and suggests a role for P300 in contributing to the anticancer effects. The stabilization of P300 with HDAC6 inhibition proposes a potential shift in therapeutic focus from HDAC6 itself to its interaction with P300. This finding opens new avenues for developing targeted cancer therapies, improving our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in cancer cells.
{"title":"HDAC6 inhibition disrupts HDAC6-P300 interaction reshaping the cancer chromatin landscape.","authors":"Michela Gottardi Zamperla, Barbara Illi, Veronica Barbi, Chiara Cencioni, Daniele Santoni, Stella Gagliardi, Maria Garofalo, Gabriele Antonio Zingale, Irene Pandino, Diego Sbardella, Lina Cipolla, Simone Sabbioneda, Antonella Farsetti, Chiara Ripamonti, Gianluca Fossati, Christian Steinkühler, Carlo Gaetano, Sandra Atlante","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01725-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01725-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial regulators of gene expression, DNA synthesis, and cellular processes, making them essential targets in cancer research. HDAC6, specifically, influences protein stability and chromatin dynamics. Despite HDAC6's potential therapeutic value, its exact role in gene regulation and chromatin remodeling needs further clarification. This study examines how HDAC6 inactivation influences lysine acetyltransferase P300 stabilization and subsequent effects on chromatin structure and function in cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>We employed the HDAC6 inhibitor ITF3756, siRNA, or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to inactivate HDAC6 in different epigenomic backgrounds. Constantly, this inactivation led to significant changes in chromatin accessibility, particularly increased acetylation of histone H3 lysines 9, 14, and 27 (ATAC-seq and H3K27Ac ChIP-seq analysis). Transcriptomics, proteomics, and gene ontology analysis revealed gene changes in cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Significantly, HDAC6 inactivation altered P300 ubiquitination, stabilizing P300 and leading to downregulating genes critical for cancer cell survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the substantial impact of HDAC6 inactivation on the chromatin landscape of cancer cells and suggests a role for P300 in contributing to the anticancer effects. The stabilization of P300 with HDAC6 inhibition proposes a potential shift in therapeutic focus from HDAC6 itself to its interaction with P300. This finding opens new avenues for developing targeted cancer therapies, improving our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in cancer cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11331611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141999505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to validate the performance of the PAX1 and JAM3 methylation (PAX1m/JAM3m) test as a triage tool for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (CIN3 +) in non-16/18 high-risk human papillomavirus-positive patients (non-16/18 hrHPV +).
Methods: The triage performance of liquid-based cytology (LBC) and the PAX1m/JAM3m test for detecting CIN3 + were compared.
Results: In total, 1851 participants had cervical histological outcomes and were included in the analysis. The sensitivity/specificity of the LBC test results with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (LBC ≥ ASCUS) and the PAX1m/JAM3m test were 90.1%/26.7% and 84.8%/88.5%, respectively. PAX1m/JAM3m( +) had the highest diagnostic AUC (0.866, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.837-0.896) in the whole cohort. All cancers (n = 20) were detected by PAX1m/JAM3m(+). Compared with LBC ≥ ASCUS, PAX1m/JAM3m(+) reduced the number of patients who needed referral for colposcopy by 57.21% (74.66% vs. 17.45%). The odds ratios for detecting CIN3 + by LBC ≥ ASCUS and PAX1m/JAM3m(+) were 3.3 (95% CI 2.0-5.9) and 42.6 (27.1-69.6), respectively (p < 0.001). The combination of LBC ≥ ASCUS or PAX1m/JAM3m(+) slightly increased the diagnostic sensitivity (98.0%, 95% CI: 95.8-100%) and referral rate (77.09%) but reduced the diagnostic specificity (24.8%, 22.7-26.8%).
Conclusions: In non-16/18 hrHPV(+) women, PAX1m/JAM3m was superior to cytology for detecting CIN3 + . Compared with LBC ≥ ASCUS, PAX1m/JAM3m(+) reduced the number of significant referrals to colposcopy without compromising diagnostic sensitivity.
{"title":"Triage performance of PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup> in opportunistic cervical cancer screening of non‒16/18 human papillomavirus-positive women: a multicenter prospective study in China.","authors":"Xiaojing Chen, Xitong Jin, Linghua Kong, Yuligh Liou, Pei Liu, Zhe Dong, Sijun Zhou, Bingli Qi, Jing Fei, Xiaoyan Chen, Guangwu Xiong, Yuchong Hu, Shikai Liu, Jianwei Zhou, Huafeng Shou, Lei Li","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01731-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01731-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this study, we aimed to validate the performance of the PAX1 and JAM3 methylation (PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>) test as a triage tool for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (CIN3 +) in non-16/18 high-risk human papillomavirus-positive patients (non-16/18 hrHPV +).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The triage performance of liquid-based cytology (LBC) and the PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup> test for detecting CIN3 + were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 1851 participants had cervical histological outcomes and were included in the analysis. The sensitivity/specificity of the LBC test results with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (LBC ≥ ASCUS) and the PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup> test were 90.1%/26.7% and 84.8%/88.5%, respectively. PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>( +) had the highest diagnostic AUC (0.866, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.837-0.896) in the whole cohort. All cancers (n = 20) were detected by PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>(+). Compared with LBC ≥ ASCUS, PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>(+) reduced the number of patients who needed referral for colposcopy by 57.21% (74.66% vs. 17.45%). The odds ratios for detecting CIN3 + by LBC ≥ ASCUS and PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>(+) were 3.3 (95% CI 2.0-5.9) and 42.6 (27.1-69.6), respectively (p < 0.001). The combination of LBC ≥ ASCUS or PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>(+) slightly increased the diagnostic sensitivity (98.0%, 95% CI: 95.8-100%) and referral rate (77.09%) but reduced the diagnostic specificity (24.8%, 22.7-26.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In non-16/18 hrHPV(+) women, PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup> was superior to cytology for detecting CIN3 + . Compared with LBC ≥ ASCUS, PAX1<sup>m</sup>/JAM3<sup>m</sup>(+) reduced the number of significant referrals to colposcopy without compromising diagnostic sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11330154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Age-related eye diseases (AREDs) have become increasingly prevalent with the aging population, serving as the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. Epigenetic clocks are generated based on DNA methylation (DNAm) levels and are considered one of the most promising predictors of biological age. This study aimed to investigate the bidirectional causal association between epigenetic clocks and common AREDs or glaucoma endophenotypes.
Methods: Instrumental variables for epigenetic clocks, AREDs, and glaucoma endophenotypes were obtained from corresponding genome-wide association study data of European descent. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to explore the causal relationship between epigenetic clocks and AREDs or glaucoma endophenotypes. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was used to determine whether glaucoma endophenotypes mediated the association of epigenetic clocks with glaucoma. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the robustness of MR estimates.
Results: The results showed that an increased intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (HorvathAge) was significantly associated with an increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.06, P = 6.1E-04). The epigenetic age acceleration (EEA) of HannumAge was related to a decreased risk of primary angle-closure glaucoma (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99, P = 0.035). Reverse MR analysis showed that age-related cataract was linked to decreased HannumAge (β = -0.190 year, 95% CI -0.374 to -0.008, P = 0.041). The EEA of HannumAge (β = -0.85 μm, 95% CI -1.57 to -0.14, P = 0.019) and HorvathAge (β = -0.63 μm, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.08, P = 0.024) were associated with decreased central corneal thickness (CCT). PhenoAge was related to an increased retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (β = 0.06 μm, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.11, P = 0.027). MVMR analysis found no mediation effect of CCT in the association of HannumAge and HorvathAge with glaucoma. DNAm-based granulocyte proportions were significantly associated with presbyopia, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and intraocular pressure (P < 0.05). DNAm-based plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were significantly related to age-related macular degeneration and intraocular pressure (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The present study revealed a causal association between epigenetic clocks and AREDs. More research is warranted to clarify the potential mechanisms of the biological aging process in AREDs.
{"title":"Mendelian randomization implicates causal association between epigenetic age acceleration and age-related eye diseases or glaucoma endophenotypes.","authors":"Jiawei Chen, Xiang-Ling Yuan, Xiaoyu Zhou, Jiahao Xu, Xinyue Zhang, Xuanchu Duan","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01723-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01723-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Age-related eye diseases (AREDs) have become increasingly prevalent with the aging population, serving as the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. Epigenetic clocks are generated based on DNA methylation (DNAm) levels and are considered one of the most promising predictors of biological age. This study aimed to investigate the bidirectional causal association between epigenetic clocks and common AREDs or glaucoma endophenotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Instrumental variables for epigenetic clocks, AREDs, and glaucoma endophenotypes were obtained from corresponding genome-wide association study data of European descent. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to explore the causal relationship between epigenetic clocks and AREDs or glaucoma endophenotypes. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was used to determine whether glaucoma endophenotypes mediated the association of epigenetic clocks with glaucoma. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the robustness of MR estimates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that an increased intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (HorvathAge) was significantly associated with an increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.06, P = 6.1E-04). The epigenetic age acceleration (EEA) of HannumAge was related to a decreased risk of primary angle-closure glaucoma (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99, P = 0.035). Reverse MR analysis showed that age-related cataract was linked to decreased HannumAge (β = -0.190 year, 95% CI -0.374 to -0.008, P = 0.041). The EEA of HannumAge (β = -0.85 μm, 95% CI -1.57 to -0.14, P = 0.019) and HorvathAge (β = -0.63 μm, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.08, P = 0.024) were associated with decreased central corneal thickness (CCT). PhenoAge was related to an increased retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (β = 0.06 μm, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.11, P = 0.027). MVMR analysis found no mediation effect of CCT in the association of HannumAge and HorvathAge with glaucoma. DNAm-based granulocyte proportions were significantly associated with presbyopia, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and intraocular pressure (P < 0.05). DNAm-based plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were significantly related to age-related macular degeneration and intraocular pressure (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study revealed a causal association between epigenetic clocks and AREDs. More research is warranted to clarify the potential mechanisms of the biological aging process in AREDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11325616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01721-y
Saif Dababneh, Kyoung-Han Kim, Glen F Tibbits
{"title":"Combining human tissue and iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte eQTL datasets to understand noncoding genetic variants: boosting the cardiogenetics toolbox.","authors":"Saif Dababneh, Kyoung-Han Kim, Glen F Tibbits","doi":"10.1186/s13148-024-01721-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13148-024-01721-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10366,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epigenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11325603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}