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Cellular mechanosensing on a cell-scale stiffness gradient substrate 细胞尺度刚度梯度基板上的细胞力学传感。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00592B
Indrajit Bhattacharjee, Gautam V. Soni and Bibhu Ranjan Sarangi

Cells have the ability to sense and respond to various mechanical cues from their immediate surroundings. One of the manifestations of such a process, which is also known as “mechanosensing”, is directed cell migration. Various biological processes have been shown to be controlled by extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Substrates with a high stiffness gradient have been used as a platform to investigate cellular motion in response to mechanical cues. However, creating a cell scale stiffness gradient in such a cell adhesion friendly substrate still remains elusive. In this study, we present a simple and versatile method for fabricating substrates with a periodically varying stiffness profile at the cellular scale, featuring customizable high stiffness gradients. Fibroblast cells, when presented with such continuous yet anisotropic variation of stiffness, preferentially position their nuclei in stiffer regions of the substrate and align themselves along the direction of the lowest rigidity gradient. Furthermore, when the rigidity of the substrate is sufficiently high, cells exhibit less sensitivity to stiffness gradients, with their elongation and nuclear positioning becoming independent of stiffness variations. Overall, our experimental results reveal new insights into the process of cellular mechanosensing where the cell-scale gradient drives strong positional and orientational order.

细胞有能力感知和响应来自周围环境的各种机械信号。这种过程的表现之一,也被称为“机械传感”,是定向细胞迁移。各种生物过程已被证明是由细胞外基质(ECM)刚度控制。具有高刚度梯度的基质已被用作研究细胞运动响应机械线索的平台。然而,在这种细胞粘附友好的衬底上创建细胞尺度刚度梯度仍然是难以捉摸的。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种简单而通用的方法,用于在细胞尺度上制造具有周期性变化刚度轮廓的基板,具有可定制的高刚度梯度。当成纤维细胞呈现这种连续的、各向异性的刚度变化时,它们会优先将细胞核定位在底物较硬的区域,并沿着最低刚度梯度的方向排列。此外,当基底的刚度足够高时,细胞对刚度梯度的敏感性较低,其伸长率和核定位与刚度变化无关。总的来说,我们的实验结果揭示了细胞机械传感过程的新见解,其中细胞尺度梯度驱动强大的位置和方向顺序。
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引用次数: 0
Isomer geometry controls local mobility in azopolymers: coarse-grained simulation insights 异构体几何控制偶氮聚合物的局部迁移率:粗粒度模拟见解。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM01069A
Cristian Balbuena

We use coarse-grained molecular dynamics to isolate how azobenzene isomer identity (cis vs. trans) modulates polymer dynamics in a guest–host setting without covalent attachment and without explicit photoisomerization. Segmental relaxation is quantified from the incoherent intermediate scattering function Fs(k,t), with relaxation times τ(T) extracted from the Fs(k,τ) = e−1 criterion, fitted by Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann, and a glass-transition temperature Tg defined by a standard operational threshold. Across compositions, global structure (density and pair correlations) is nearly isomer-invariant. In contrast, within our model, cis systems exhibit systematically shorter τ and lower Tg than trans—differences consistent with a localized dynamic facilitation near chromophores. Voronoi analysis shows that the average monomer free volume around azobenzene is essentially insensitive to isomer identity, whereas cis chromophores occupy larger Voronoi cells at low T. Isoconfigurational ensembles (propensity analysis) reveal that monomers in the first-neighbor shell of cis are more mobile than near trans, and that immobilizing the chromophores suppresses this contrast. Overall, in this fixed-isomer equilibrium setting, our results cannot support a purely homogeneous free-volume softening between isomers (and, by construction, do not test illumination-induced macroscopic stress gradients); instead they point to a local, cooperative, mobility-dependent pathway that provides a geometry-only baseline for the still-debated microscopic origin of light-driven mass transport in azobenzene materials.

我们使用粗粒度的分子动力学来分离偶氮苯异构体的同一性(顺式与反式)如何在没有共价附着和没有明确的光异构化的情况下调节聚合物动力学。利用Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann拟合的Fs(k,τ) = e-1准则提取的弛豫时间τ(t)和由标准操作阈值定义的玻璃化转变温度Tg,通过非相干中间散射函数Fs(k,t)来量化段弛豫。在整个组合中,整体结构(密度和对相关性)几乎是同分异构体不变的。相比之下,在我们的模型中,顺式系统表现出比跨式差异更短的τ和更低的Tg,这与发色团附近的局部动态促进相一致。Voronoi分析表明,偶氮苯周围的平均单体自由体积对同分异构体身份不敏感,而顺式发色团在低t时占据较大的Voronoi细胞。同位组合分析(倾向分析)表明,顺式发色团第一邻壳中的单体比反式附近的单体更具流动性,而固定发色团抑制了这种对比。总的来说,在这种固定异构体平衡设置下,我们的结果不能支持异构体之间的纯均匀自由体积软化(并且,根据结构,不测试照明诱导的宏观应力梯度);相反,他们指出了一个局部的、合作的、依赖于流动性的途径,为偶氮苯材料中光驱动质量输运的微观起源提供了一个仅限几何的基线。
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引用次数: 0
Differential crosslinking and contractile motors drive nuclear chromatin compaction 差动交联和收缩马达驱动核染色质压实。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00812C
Ligesh Theeyancheri, Edward J. Banigan and J. M. Schwarz

During interphase, the cell nucleus exhibits spatial compartmentalization between transcriptionally active euchromatin and transcriptionally repressed heterochromatin. In conventional nuclear organization, euchromatin is enriched in the nuclear interior, while heterochromatin – approximately 50% denser – resides near the periphery. The nuclear lamina, a deformable structural shell, further modulates peripheral chromatin organization. Here, we investigate a chromatin model in which an active, crosslinked polymer is tethered to a deformable lamina shell. We show that contractile motor activity, shell deformability, and the spatial distribution of crosslinks jointly determine compartmentalization. Specifically, a radial crosslink density gradient, even with a small increase toward the periphery, coupled with motor activity, drives genomic segregation consistent with experimental observations. This effect arises as motors preferentially draw crosslinks toward the periphery, forming dense domains that promote heterochromatin formation. Our model also predicts increased stiffness of nuclear wrinkles due to heterochromatin compaction beneath the lamina, consistent with instantaneous stiffening observed under nanoindentation. We conclude by outlining potential experimental approaches to validate our model predictions.

在间期,细胞核在转录活跃的常染色质和转录抑制的异染色质之间表现出空间区隔。在传统的核组织中,常染色质富集于核内部,而异染色质(密度约为50%)分布在核外围。核层,一个可变形的结构壳,进一步调节外周染色质组织。在这里,我们研究了一种染色质模型,其中一种活性的交联聚合物被拴在可变形的层状壳上。我们发现,收缩运动活动、壳的可变形性和交联的空间分布共同决定了区隔化。具体来说,径向交联密度梯度,即使是向外围的少量增加,加上运动活动,驱动基因组分离与实验观察一致。这种效应的产生是由于马达优先将交联指向外围,形成促进异染色质形成的致密结构域。我们的模型还预测,由于层下的异染色质压实,核皱纹的刚度增加,与纳米压痕下观察到的瞬时硬化一致。最后,我们概述了验证模型预测的潜在实验方法。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamics of microphase separation in a swollen, strain-stiffening polymer network 膨胀应变增强聚合物网络中微相分离的热力学。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00594A
Carla Fernández-Rico, Robert W. Style, Stefanie Heyden, Shichen Wang, Peter D. Olmsted and Eric R. Dufresne

Elastic MicroPhase separation (EMPS) provides a simple route to create soft materials with homogeneous microstructures by leveraging the supersaturation of crosslinked polymer networks with liquids. At low supersaturation, network elasticity stabilizes a uniform mixture, but beyond a critical threshold, metastable microphase-separated domains emerge. While previous theories have focused on describing qualitative features about the size and morphology of these domains, they do not make quantitative predictions about EMPS phase diagrams. In this work, we extend Flory–Huggins theory to quantitatively capture EMPS phase diagrams by incorporating strain-stiffening effects. This model requires no fitting parameters and relies solely on independently measured solubility parameters and large-deformation mechanical responses. Our results confirm that strain-stiffening enables metastable microphase separation within the swelling equilibrium state and reveal why the microstructures can range from discrete droplets to bicontinuous networks. This works highlights the critical role of nonlinear elasticity in controlling phase-separated morphologies in polymer gels.

弹性微相分离(EMPS)通过利用交联聚合物网络与液体的过饱和,提供了一种简单的方法来创建具有均匀微观结构的软材料。在低过饱和时,网络弹性稳定均匀的混合物,但超过临界阈值,亚稳态微相分离域出现。虽然以前的理论集中于描述这些畴的大小和形态的定性特征,但它们并没有对EMPS相图进行定量预测。在这项工作中,我们扩展了Flory-Huggins理论,通过结合应变硬化效应来定量捕获EMPS相图。该模型不需要拟合参数,仅依赖于独立测量的溶解度参数和大变形力学响应。我们的研究结果证实,应变硬化可以在膨胀平衡状态下实现亚稳态微相分离,并揭示了微观结构可以从离散液滴到双连续网络的原因。这项工作强调了非线性弹性在控制聚合物凝胶相分离形态中的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic wetting by concentrated granular suspensions 浓缩颗粒悬浮液的动态润湿作用。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00987A
Reza Azizmalayeri, Peyman Rostami, Thomas Witzmann, Christopher O. Klein and Günter K. Auernhammer

Many functional materials, such as paints and inks used in applications like coating and 3D printing, are concentrated granular suspensions. In such systems, the contact line dynamics and the internal structure of the suspension interact through shear rate dependent viscosity and microstructural rearrangements. The local shear rate increases sharply near moving contact lines, leading to the non-Newtonian rheology of dense suspensions in this region. While hydrodynamic solutions can describe dilute suspensions, their applicability near advancing contact lines in dense suspensions remains unclear. This study quantifies the deviation from the Newtonian solution by systematically varying interparticle interactions through the choice of dispersion medium. We use silica particles suspended in two refractive index-matched fluids: (i) aqueous 2,2′-thiodiethanol (weak interactions) and (ii) aqueous sodium thiocyanate solution (strong interactions). These systems exhibit substantially different rheological responses, shear-thickening and yield-stress behaviour, respectively. Using astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (APTV), we resolve the three-dimensional trajectories of tracer particles within a drop driven over a substrate, in an arrangement enabling tracking of the internal flows over a long travel distance of the drop. We observe distinct flow behaviours depending on the particle interactions and the resulting suspension rheology. The more the particle interactions play a role, i.e., the more pronounced the non-Newtonian effects, the more strongly the measured flow profiles differ from the Newtonian solution of the hydrodynamic equations. In the case of the shear-thickening suspension, a notable deviation from Newtonian behaviour is observed. Conversely, the yield-stress suspension exhibits plug flow over the substrate, with Newtonian-like behaviour restricted to the yielded region near the substrate.

许多功能材料,如涂料和3D打印中使用的油漆和油墨,都是浓缩的颗粒状悬浮物。在这样的系统中,接触线动力学和悬浮液的内部结构通过剪切速率依赖的粘度和微观结构重排相互作用。在移动接触线附近,局部剪切速率急剧增加,导致该区域致密悬浮物的非牛顿流变性。虽然流体动力学解可以描述稀悬浮液,但它们在密集悬浮液中靠近推进接触线的适用性尚不清楚。本研究通过选择色散介质系统地改变粒子间相互作用,量化了与牛顿解的偏差。我们将二氧化硅颗粒悬浮在两种折射率匹配的流体中:(i) 2,2'-硫代二乙醇水溶液(弱相互作用)和(ii)硫氰酸钠水溶液(强相互作用)。这些体系分别表现出截然不同的流变响应、剪切增厚和屈服应力行为。利用散光粒子跟踪测速技术(APTV),我们解决了在基材上驱动的液滴内示踪粒子的三维轨迹,在一种能够跟踪液滴长行程内内部流动的安排中。我们观察到不同的流动行为取决于颗粒相互作用和由此产生的悬浮流变。粒子相互作用作用越大,即非牛顿效应越明显,所测得的流动剖面与流体动力学方程的牛顿解的差异就越大。在剪切增厚悬浮液的情况下,观察到与牛顿行为的显著偏差。相反,屈服应力悬浮液在衬底上表现为堵塞流动,具有类似牛顿的行为,仅限于衬底附近的屈服区域。
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引用次数: 0
Electrokinetic and electro-elastic instabilities in viscoelastic microfluidic flows: suppression and augmentation in mixing efficiency 粘弹性微流体的电动力学和电弹性不稳定性:混合效率的抑制和提高。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00882D
C. Sasmal, T. Waghmare and A. Chauhan

Viscoelastic fluids, such as polymer solutions, surfactant mixtures, colloidal suspensions, emulsions, and biological fluids like blood, are frequently transported in microfluidic systems using external electric fields. In such flows, two distinct types of instabilities can emerge, namely, electro-elastic instabilities (EEI), arising from the interaction between elastic stresses and streamline curvature, and electrokinetic instabilities (EKI), triggered by electrical conductivity gradients once the external electric field exceeds a critical value. Both instabilities can promote fluid mixing by inducing chaotic flow structures; however, their roles are not always complementary. Recent experimental and numerical studies have shown that increasing fluid viscoelasticity can suppress EKI, leading to reduced mixing efficiency in a microfluidic T-junction. However, this study demonstrates that while viscoelasticity initially hinders mixing by damping EKI, a further increase in the Weissenberg number (a measure of fluid elasticity) leads to the onset of EEI, which in turn again increases mixing. Therefore, a non-monotonic relationship between mixing efficiency and Weissenberg number is found in the present study. Furthermore, although both EEI and EKI promote mixing, they differ significantly in their coherent flow structures and regions of origin within the microdevice. To elucidate these differences, we employ the data-driven dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) technique to characterise the underlying instability modes and their influence on the mixing dynamics. Overall, this study provides fundamental insights into how viscoelasticity modulates flow instabilities in electrokinetically driven microflows and offers strategies to optimise mixing by tuning fluid properties and operating conditions.

粘弹性流体,如聚合物溶液、表面活性剂混合物、胶体悬浮液、乳液和血液等生物流体,经常在微流体系统中使用外电场进行输送。在这种流动中,可以出现两种不同类型的不稳定性,即电弹性不稳定性(EEI),由弹性应力和流线曲率之间的相互作用产生,以及电动力学不稳定性(EKI),一旦外电场超过临界值,由电导率梯度触发。两种不稳定性都可以通过诱导混沌流动结构促进流体混合;然而,他们的角色并不总是互补的。最近的实验和数值研究表明,增加流体粘弹性可以抑制EKI,导致微流体t型结混合效率降低。然而,本研究表明,粘弹性最初通过阻尼EKI来阻碍混合,但Weissenberg数(流体弹性的一种度量)的进一步增加会导致EEI的发生,这反过来又会增加混合。因此,本研究发现混合效率与Weissenberg数之间存在非单调关系。此外,尽管EEI和EKI都促进了混合,但它们在微器件内的相干流动结构和起源区域上存在显著差异。为了阐明这些差异,我们采用数据驱动的动态模态分解(DMD)技术来表征潜在的不稳定模态及其对混合动力学的影响。总的来说,这项研究为粘弹性如何调节电动驱动微流的流动不稳定性提供了基本的见解,并提供了通过调整流体性质和操作条件来优化混合的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Probing the limits of effective temperature consistency in actively driven systems 探测主动驱动系统有效温度一致性的极限。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00840A
Dima Boriskovsky, Rémi Goerlich, Benjamin Lindner and Yael Roichman

We investigate the thermodynamic properties of a single inertial probe driven into a nonequilibrium steady state by random collisions with self-propelled active walkers. The probe and walkers are confined within a gravitational harmonic potential. We evaluate the robustness of the effective temperature concept in this active system by comparing values of distinct, independently motivated definitions: a generalized fluctuation–dissipation relation, a kinetic temperature, and via a work fluctuation relation. Our experiments reveal that, under specific conditions, these independent measurements coincide over a wide range of system configurations, yielding a remarkably consistent effective temperature. Furthermore, we also identify regimes where this consistency breaks down, which delineates the fundamental limits of extending equilibrium-like thermodynamic concepts to athermal, actively driven systems.

研究了单惯性探头在与主动行走机器人随机碰撞后进入非平衡稳态的热力学性质。探测器和行走器被限制在引力谐波势内。我们通过比较不同的、独立驱动的定义值来评估有效温度概念在这个主动系统中的鲁棒性:一个广义的波动-耗散关系,一个动力学温度,以及通过一个功波动关系。我们的实验表明,在特定条件下,这些独立的测量结果在广泛的系统配置范围内重合,产生非常一致的有效温度。此外,我们还确定了这种一致性被打破的制度,它描绘了将类似平衡的热力学概念扩展到非热的、主动驱动的系统的基本限制。
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引用次数: 0
Rotation reversal of chiral bacterial vortices 手性细菌涡旋的旋转反转。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00889A
Pyae Hein Htet and Eric Lauga

It is well established that many flagellated bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, swim in clockwise circles above rigid surfaces. However, in a cylindrical microwell with asymmetric top-bottom boundary conditions, such that bacteria segregate into two populations of differing sizes at opposing flat boundaries, the smaller bacterial vortex has been observed to rotate in the opposite direction to that expected in the absence of the other population [K. Beppu, Z. Izri, T. Sato, Y. Yamanishi, Y. Sumino and Y. T. Maeda, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2021, 118, e2107461118]. Motivated by these observations, we employ flow singularities to investigate the motion of a population of chiral swimmers near one flat boundary of a cylindrical geometry, subject to the flows generated by a bacterial vortex at the opposing surface. We show numerically that, purely due to hydrodynamic interactions, the rotational direction of the bacterial population reverses in the presence of a sufficiently large vortex on the opposite boundary. Our numerical results are fully explained by an analytical theory in the continuum limit, which captures the essential hydrodynamic interactions governing the observed reversal.

众所周知,许多鞭毛细菌,如大肠杆菌,在坚硬的表面上顺时针旋转。然而,在具有不对称顶底边界条件的圆柱形微孔中,细菌在相对的平面边界上分离成两个大小不同的群体,观察到较小的细菌漩涡与没有其他群体时的预期方向相反[K]。别府,Z. Izri, T. Sato, Y. Yamanishi, Y. Sumino和Y. T. Maeda, Proc. Natl。学会科学。美国,2021,118,e2107461118]。受这些观察结果的启发,我们采用流动奇点来研究靠近圆柱形几何平面边界的手性游泳者群体的运动,这些游泳者受到相反表面上细菌漩涡产生的流动的影响。我们在数值上表明,纯粹由于流体动力相互作用,细菌种群的旋转方向在相反边界上存在足够大的涡流时反转。我们的数值结果完全由连续体极限的解析理论解释,该理论捕获了控制观测到的逆转的基本水动力相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of phase separation in non-local elastic networks 非局部弹性网络中相分离动力学。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00828J
Oliver W. Paulin, Yicheng Qiang and David Zwicker

Phase separation of a liquid mixture embedded within an elastic network is relevant to a wide range of natural and industrial systems, including biomolecular condensates interacting with the cytoskeleton, structural colouring in bird feathers, and gas bubbles forming within soft sediments. Recent experiments in synthetic polymer gels have demonstrated that when the size of phase-separated domains is comparable to the characteristic pore size of the network, a patterned phase with a well-defined length scale may emerge. Theoretical works based on an equilibrium approach have attributed this pattern formation to non-local elastic effects arising from heterogeneity of the underlying network. Here, we extend these ideas by developing a dynamic theory in which phase separation is coupled to non-local elasticity via the framework of large-deformation poroelasticity. We study our model via both linear stability analysis and numerical simulation, identifying the parameter space in which phase separation occurs, and investigating the impact of different elasticity models. We find that although local elasticity can inhibit phase separation and affect domain count, it is unable to completely suppress coarsening. In contrast, non-local elasticity arrests coarsening to form patterned domains with a well-defined length scale that decreases with increasing stiffness. Our modelling framework thus paves the way for quantitative comparisons between simulations and experiments, for example by considering a strain-stiffening network rheology.

嵌入弹性网络中的液体混合物的相分离与广泛的自然和工业系统相关,包括与细胞骨架相互作用的生物分子凝聚物,鸟类羽毛中的结构着色,以及软沉积物中形成的气泡。最近在合成聚合物凝胶中的实验表明,当相分离域的大小与网络的特征孔径相当时,可能会出现具有明确长度尺度的图案相。基于平衡方法的理论工作将这种模式的形成归因于底层网络异质性引起的非局部弹性效应。在这里,我们通过发展一种动态理论来扩展这些思想,其中相分离通过大变形孔隙弹性的框架耦合到非局部弹性。我们通过线性稳定性分析和数值模拟来研究我们的模型,确定了发生相分离的参数空间,并研究了不同弹性模型的影响。我们发现局部弹性虽然能抑制相分离,影响畴数,但不能完全抑制粗化。相反,非局部弹性阻止粗化以形成具有明确定义的长度尺度的图案域,该长度尺度随着刚度的增加而减小。因此,我们的建模框架为模拟和实验之间的定量比较铺平了道路,例如通过考虑应变硬化网络流变学。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of strong, monovalent and short-ranged monomer–monomer interactions on the phase separation of polymeric macromolecules 强、单价和短程单体相互作用对高分子相分离的影响。
IF 2.8 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1039/D5SM01172H
Masoud Mirzaei and Hossein Fazli

Liquid–liquid phase separation of coarse-grained model polymers of a given length is studied using Langevin dynamics simulations. Some pairs of monomers on each polymer are designated to interact via a short-ranged, effectively monovalent, and relatively strong (SMS) potential. We investigated the effects of the number of SMS interacting pairs, their sequence along the polymers, and polymer flexibility on the phase behavior of the solution, when the remaining monomers are hydrophobic and when they are in a good solvent condition. Our results demonstrate that monomers with SMS interactions can drive phase separation and subsequently gelation of the condensate upon lowering the temperature, even when the remaining monomers are in a good solvent condition. In this case, the phase separation and gelation temperatures increase monotonically with the number of SMS-interacting monomers. Additionally, when the remaining monomers are hydrophobic, the number of SMS monomer pairs and the polymer stiffness exhibit nonmonotonic effects on the phase separation temperature and the surface tension of the condensate. For a fixed number of SMS monomer pairs, their sequence along the polymer chain noticeably influences the phase separation temperature.

采用朗之万动力学模拟方法研究了给定长度的粗粒模型聚合物的液-液分离。每种聚合物上的一些单体对被指定通过短程、有效单价和相对强的(SMS)电位相互作用。我们研究了SMS相互作用对的数量、它们在聚合物上的顺序和聚合物的柔韧性对溶液相行为的影响,当剩下的单体是疏水的和当它们处于良好的溶剂条件下。我们的研究结果表明,即使在剩余的单体处于良好的溶剂条件下,具有SMS相互作用的单体也可以在降低温度时驱动相分离和随后的凝结物凝胶化。在这种情况下,相分离温度和凝胶温度随着sms相互作用单体数量的增加而单调增加。此外,当剩余单体为疏水单体时,单体对数和聚合物刚度对相分离温度和冷凝物表面张力呈现非单调效应。对于一定数量的SMS单体对,它们在聚合物链上的排列顺序显著影响相分离温度。
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引用次数: 0
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Soft Matter
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