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Universal Pharmaceutical Calculations: An Overview 通用制药计算:概述
Pub Date : 2017-05-29 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000E127
A. Al-Achi
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引用次数: 2
Beneficial Effect of a Multifunctional Polyphytocompound in Experimental Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats 多功能多植物化合物对实验性前列腺增生大鼠的有益作用
Pub Date : 2017-03-27 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000169
Makoto Kantah, Birbal Singh, H. Sweed, G. B. Neto, N. Kumar, Fern, O. B. Chueire, F. Marotta, A. Lorenzetti, R. Bellow, U. Solimene
The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a poly-phytocompound in a model of experimental BPH. Adult 8 weeks male Wistar rats were subjected to complete orchiectomy under anesthesia (i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg body weight of sodium pentobarbital). After castration, experimental BPH was reproduced by subcutaneous injection of testosterone (20 mg/kg) for 4 weeks and, at the same time, rats randomly divided in 3 groups (15 rats each): (A) untreated BPH model; (B) BPH plus TR10/P3795 orally and (C) BPH plus finasteride (10 mg/kg body weight) administered orally as positive control group. A third group (D) of sham-operated rats served as control. Both TR10/P3795- and finasteride-treated groups showed a significant (p<0.05) and comparable reduction of all morphometric parameters (volume, weight and weight/body weight ration) which were grossly abnormal in untreated BPH model (p<0.01 vs. sham-op.). Moreover, both treatment schedule maintained a near-to-normal 3 h urinary output (p<0.01 vs. untreated BPH). Untreated BPH showed a significant increase of epithelial size and thickness and these features were equally decreased by TR10/P3795 and finasteride (p<0.05). Either TR10/P3795 or finasteride brought about a significant decrease of serum level of DHT and PAP (p<0.05 vs. sham). There was no difference among the two treatments. Prostatic tissue concentration of MDA, IL-6, TNFα and TGFβ1 significantly increased in untreated BPH model (p<0.001). All these parameters significantly decreased, although not normalised, in TR10/P3795-treated group (p<0.05 vs. sham and vs. finasteride). Finasteride determined only a not significant trend decrease of IL-6 and TNFα. Given the multifactorial aetiology of BPH, the data from this experimental model show the promising larger spectrum of mechanisms of action of the tested poly-phytocompound.
本研究的目的是评估一种多植物化合物在实验性BPH模型中的功效。采用麻醉(腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠100 mg/kg体重)对成年8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠进行全睾丸切除术。去势后,皮下注射睾酮(20 mg/kg) 4周复制实验性BPH,同时将大鼠随机分为3组(每组15只):(A)未处理BPH模型;(B)口服BPH + TR10/P3795, (C)口服BPH +非那雄胺(10 mg/kg体重)作为阳性对照组。第三组(D)假手术大鼠作为对照。TR10/P3795治疗组和非那雄胺治疗组的所有形态学参数(体积、体重和体重/体重比)均有显著(p<0.05)和相当程度的降低,这些参数在未治疗的BPH模型中严重异常(p<0.01 vs. sham-op)。此外,两种治疗方案均维持了接近正常的3小时尿量(与未治疗的BPH相比p<0.01)。TR10/P3795和非那雄胺使未治疗的BPH的上皮细胞的大小和厚度显著增加,而这些特征同样减少(p<0.05)。TR10/P3795组和非那雄胺组均显著降低血清DHT和PAP水平(p<0.05)。两种治疗方法之间没有差异。治疗组前列腺组织MDA、IL-6、TNFα、TGFβ1浓度显著升高(p<0.001)。TR10/ p3795治疗组虽然没有恢复正常,但所有这些参数都显著降低(与假药和非那雄胺相比p<0.05)。非那雄胺对IL-6和tnf - α的影响不明显。鉴于BPH的多因素病因学,该实验模型的数据显示,所测试的多植物化合物的作用机制有很大的前景。
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引用次数: 4
Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of the Bark of Alstonia scholaris 白杨树皮抗氧化、抗菌和细胞毒活性的评价
Pub Date : 2017-03-16 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000168
S. Bellah, Tahasina Jahan Adity, R. Karim, Billah Sms, Alireza Sm, Obaidullah
Alstonia scholaris (Family: Apocynaceae) has been investigated for the assessment of the biological activities. The bark of Alstonia Scholaris were extracted with pet ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methanol extract to afford 0.9 g, 0.8 g, 0.7 g, 3 g respectively for the test. We used crude pet ether, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride extract of the plant for the screening of antimicrobial activity against some selected organisms as bacteria and fungi by disc diffusion method. Out of all samples, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride extract showed strongest zone of inhibition and spectrum of activity. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract of Alstonia scholaris was estimated by using DPPH free radical scavenging assay method. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay IC50 value of methanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris was found to be 39 g/ml which indicates mild to moderate antioxidant activity while Ascorbic acid was the standard drug. In the bioassay of brine shrimp lethality, the methanol extract showed an average of LC50 0.91 μg/ml. This indicated that the cytotoxicity exhibited by methanolic extract was very significant.
本文对夹竹桃科(Alstonia scholaris)进行了生物活性研究。用pet醚、氯仿、四氯化碳和甲醇提取物分别提取Alstonia Scholaris树皮0.9 g、0.8 g、0.7 g、3g进行试验。用粗pet醚、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳提取物对选定的细菌和真菌进行了圆盘扩散法抑菌活性筛选。其中,三氯甲烷和四氯化碳提取物的抑制区和活性谱最强。采用DPPH自由基清除法测定了雪桐提取物的体外抗氧化活性。在DPPH自由基清除实验中,枸杞甲醇提取物的IC50值为39 g/ml,具有轻度至中度的抗氧化活性,而抗坏血酸为标准药物。在盐水对虾致死率的生物测定中,甲醇提取物的LC50平均值为0.91 μg/ml。这表明甲醇提取物具有非常显著的细胞毒性。
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引用次数: 3
Effect of an Integrated Nutraceutical Formula on Key Inflammatory Regulators in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome Features: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study 综合营养配方对代谢综合征患者关键炎症调节因子的影响:一项随机双盲研究
Pub Date : 2017-02-25 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000167
F. He, N. Kumar, F. Marotta, Birbal Singh, A. Khokhlov, Manoj Kumar, A. Italia, A. Lorenzetti, Makoto Kantah, R. Catanzaro
About one fourth of all American adults and a bit less than one sixth of Europeans are reported to be affected by metabolic syndrome. Aging seem associated to a consistent increase of this phenomenon which is now clear to be associated with a low-grade pro-inflammatory cascade. Dyslipidemia is a characteristic factor involved in this multifaceted metabolic setting and this provides new avenues to non-chemical biopharmaceutical interventions. Eighty-two patients (66 males and 16 females, 38-69 as age range) with metabolic syndrome were selected randomly. Patients meeting inclusion criteria were advised to adhere to a standard balanced diet but no specific dietary calorie-restriction or life-style modifications. Two matched patients groups were assigned either to 1 tab/ dinner of drug A and another group received 1 tab/dinner of drug B, both for 3 months. Physicians and patients were blinded as for the content of the tablets except being aware that one being P3/GB-2016 while the other a looking alike placebo. A third group of 25 healthy, normal-weight subjects without any biochemical abnormalities served as control. The mean HbA1c level showed a trend decrease in group I at 3-month observation but this group showed a significant decrease of total and LDL cholesterol, non-HDL aliquot and triglycerides throughout the study period (p<0.05). Serum concentration of either MIP1α or MIF were significantly higher in dysmetabolic patients as compared to healthy control (p<0.01). Treatment with P3/GB-2016 proved to significantly decrease both parameters at 3-month observation (p<0.01). Whereas circulating levels of MCP-1 appeared showed a wide dispersion of data and appearing to be higher in those subjects with highest (n.s.). Overall, P3/GB-2016 seems to be an effective oral agent in controlling dyslipidemia and key regulatory modulator within the management of metabolic syndrome.
据报道,大约四分之一的美国成年人和不到六分之一的欧洲成年人受到代谢综合征的影响。衰老似乎与这种现象的持续增加有关,现在清楚地表明,这种现象与低度促炎级联反应有关。血脂异常是涉及这一多方面代谢设置的一个特征因素,这为非化学生物制药干预提供了新的途径。随机选取代谢综合征患者82例(男66例,女16例,年龄38 ~ 69岁)。符合纳入标准的患者被建议坚持标准的均衡饮食,但没有特定的饮食热量限制或生活方式的改变。两组患者分别给予A药1片/餐,B药1片/餐,疗程均为3个月。医生和患者不知道片剂的含量,只知道一种是P3/GB-2016,而另一种看起来很像安慰剂。第三组25名健康、体重正常、没有任何生化异常的受试者作为对照组。在3个月的观察中,第一组患者的平均HbA1c水平呈下降趋势,但在整个研究期间,该组患者的总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和甘油三酯均显著下降(p<0.05)。代谢异常患者血清中MIP1α或MIF浓度均显著高于健康对照组(p<0.01)。P3/GB-2016治疗3个月后,两项指标均显著降低(p<0.01)。然而,MCP-1的循环水平显示出数据的广泛分散,并且在最高(n.s.)的受试者中似乎更高。综上所述,P3/GB-2016似乎是一种有效的控制血脂异常的口服药物和代谢综合征管理中的关键调节调节剂。
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引用次数: 0
Heme Activates Macrophage Hepcidin Expression via Toll like Receptor 4 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Signaling Pathway 血红素通过Toll样受体4和细胞外信号调节激酶信号通路激活巨噬细胞Hepcidin表达
Pub Date : 2017-01-21 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000166
Tangudu Nk, M. Vujic-Spasic
Tight regulation of systemic and cellular iron levels is required for good health. This control is ensured by hepcidin, a small peptide hormone produced predominantly by the liver. Lack of hepcidin expression or mutations affecting regulators of hepcidin expression, cause common genetic iron disorders. Hepcidin is also expressed in myeloid cells and its expression is increased after infections and in response to lipopolysaccharide. Our study uncovers that macrophages rapidly increase hepcidin expression in response to excess of heme. Moreover, we demonstrate that the underlying mechanism by which heme triggers hepcidin activation in macrophages depends on the Toll Like Receptor (TLR)-4 and the contribution of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK) pathway. Our data propose the contribution of hepcidin, locally produced by macrophages, to the pathology of disorders characterized by excess of free heme, such as certain bacterial infections and hemolytic disorders. Finally, using macrophages from Hfe-deficient mice, we demonstrate that the lack of Hfe is not critical for the hepcidin induction by heme but is required to maintain basal hepcidin expression in macrophages. The findings that the levels of hepcidin in macrophages are directly controlled by the actions of Hfe in these cells expand our view on Hfe beyond the liver and as mere regulator of iron levels.
身体健康需要对全身和细胞铁水平进行严格的调节。这种控制是由肝磷脂保证的,肝磷脂是一种主要由肝脏产生的小肽激素。缺乏hepcidin表达或突变影响hepcidin表达的调节因子,导致常见的遗传性铁疾病。Hepcidin也在髓细胞中表达,其表达在感染后和脂多糖反应中增加。我们的研究发现巨噬细胞在血红素过量的情况下迅速增加hepcidin的表达。此外,我们证明血红素在巨噬细胞中触发hepcidin激活的潜在机制取决于Toll样受体(TLR)-4和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)途径的作用。我们的数据表明,巨噬细胞局部产生的hepcidin对以游离血红素过量为特征的疾病病理的贡献,如某些细菌感染和溶血性疾病。最后,利用来自缺铁小鼠的巨噬细胞,我们证明缺铁对血红素诱导hepcidin并不重要,但对于维持巨噬细胞中hepcidin的基础表达是必需的。巨噬细胞中的hepcidin水平直接受这些细胞中Hfe的作用控制,这一发现扩大了我们对Hfe的认识,使其超越肝脏,仅作为铁水平的调节剂。
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引用次数: 10
Are Nutraceuticals Effective in Controlling Essential Hypertension 营养药品对控制原发性高血压有效吗
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000E128
Antoine Al Achi
According to the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of essential hypertension (adults, 20 years of age or older) in the U.S.A. was estimated to be 33.5% (2013-2014 data), with an estimated death rate of 9.5 per 100,000 due to this illness [1]. The CDC reports also state that the occurrence of this disease in the population varies by age, gender, and ethnicity. Older persons, males (up to the age of 45 years), and African-Americans suffer from this condition the most [2]. Treating hypertension with antihypertensive drugs has been the mainstay for managing individuals with this condition. Surveys in the U.S.A. have shown that clinician’s choice for selecting a particular antihypertensive medication was not correlated with age, gender, ethnicity, or the medical insurance the patient had [3]. Moreover, the most prescribed medications were (in descending order) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and betablockers [3]. It is interesting to note that hypertension and osteoporosis, both are frequently encountered in older patients, share similar risk factors of genetic predisposition and environmental conditions. Moreover, antihypertensive medications can influence, positively or negatively, the bone mineral density in patients with osteoporosis [4]. In this editorial, the use of some nutraceuticals by patients suffering from essential hypertension is briefly discussed.
根据美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)的数据,美国原发性高血压(20岁及以上的成年人)的患病率估计为33.5%(2013-2014年数据),估计死亡率为9.5 / 100,000[1]。美国疾病控制与预防中心的报告还指出,这种疾病在人群中的发病率因年龄、性别和种族而异。老年人、男性(45岁以下)和非裔美国人患此病最多[2]。用抗高血压药物治疗高血压一直是治疗高血压患者的主要方法。美国的调查显示,临床医生选择特定降压药物与患者的年龄、性别、种族或医疗保险无关[3]。此外,最常用的处方药物依次为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、噻嗪类利尿剂、血管紧张素受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂和β受体阻滞剂[3]。值得注意的是,高血压和骨质疏松症都是老年患者常见的疾病,它们具有相似的遗传易感性和环境条件的危险因素。此外,抗高血压药物可对骨质疏松症患者的骨密度产生积极或消极的影响[4]。在这篇社论中,简要讨论了患有原发性高血压的患者对一些营养保健品的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Kinetic Studies of Ranitidine Hydrochloride Film Coated Tablets Available in Bangladesh: In vitro Study Reflection on in vivo 盐酸雷尼替丁薄膜包衣片在孟加拉国的动力学研究:体外研究和体内反思
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000178
K. Islam, D. Sohel, Redwan Hossain, T. Sultana, H. Kawsar
Background: This study deals with the comparative in vitro dissolution and in vitro disintegration characteristics of different brands of ranitidine hydrochloride film coated tablets most commonly available in Bangladesh which reflects the in vivo study. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the in vitro kinetic studies of ranitidine hydrochloride film coated tablets available in Bangladesh. Ranitidine hydrochloride is a potent H2 blocker recommended for hyperacidity related disorders and most common OTC drugs that frequently used by the common people in the world. Methods: Twenty one brands of ranitidine hydrochloride film coated tablets available in Bangladesh drug market were assayed spectrophotometrically and their various kinetics (Zero Order, First Order, Higuchi and Hixson-Crowell) studies were performed to predict in vivo analysis. Results: In Bangladesh, commercially available twenty one brands of ranitidine hydrochloride film coated tablets were studied. The media of the study was distilled water (pH 7.5) due to identify complete organoleptic properties of Ranitidine Hydrochloride. Nine brands (RH-3, RH-5, RH-6, RH-10, RH-11, RH-12, RH-13, RH-14 and RH-17) showed delayed disintegration time instead of quick release formulation, which often claimed by those manufacturer. Other twelve brands (RH-1, RH-2, RH-4, RH-7, RH-8, RH-9, RH-15, RH-16, RH-18, RH-19, RH-20 and RH-21) showed the moderate disintegration time. The tablets were studied for in vitro dissolution behavior for 1 h in distilled water using USP reference dissolution apparatus. The in vitro dissolution profiles of the thirteen brands (RH-1, RH-2, RH-4, RH- 7, RH-8, RH-9, RH-13, RH-15, RH-16, RH-18, RH-19, RH-20 and RH-21) were fulfilled the USP in vitro dissolution specification of 80% drug release within 45 min. On the other hand, five of the total selected brands (RH-3, RH-5, RH-10, RH-12 and RH-17) were failed to fulfill the USP in vitro dissolution specification. Rest three brands (RH-6, RH-11 and RH-14) exhibited very poor release pattern among the selected brands and their drug release rate were 23%, 11% and 19% respectively after one hour study. The drug potency, multiple coefficient (from zero order, first order, Higuchi and Hixson-Crowell cube root law), similarity and dissimilarity factors were determined in this study. The predicted steady state plasma concentration determined by comparing the in vivo pharmacokinetic data of reference brand (Zantac) using superposition principle of steady state plasma levels determination. Conclusion: Most of the brands meet the official requirements, which are very essential parameters for the prediction of in vivo drug release by oral route. As a result the patients will get the proper therapeutic effect to combat against hyperacidity problems while they use those brands of ranitidine hydrochloride film coated tablets.
背景:本研究比较了孟加拉国最常见的盐酸雷尼替丁不同品牌薄膜包衣片的体外溶出度和体外崩解特性,反映了体内研究情况。本研究的目的是评价盐酸雷尼替丁薄膜包衣片在孟加拉国的体外动力学研究。盐酸雷尼替丁是一种有效的H2阻滞剂,推荐用于高酸性相关疾病,是世界上最常见的非处方药,也是普通人经常使用的药物。方法:采用分光光度法对孟加拉国药品市场上销售的21个品牌盐酸雷尼替丁薄膜包衣片进行测定,并对其进行零级、一级、Higuchi和Hixson-Crowell动力学研究,预测其体内分析结果。结果:对孟加拉国市售的21个品牌盐酸雷尼替丁薄膜包衣片进行了研究。为了确定盐酸雷尼替丁的完全感官特性,本研究的介质为蒸馏水(pH为7.5)。9个品牌(RH-3、RH-5、RH-6、RH-10、RH-11、RH-12、RH-13、RH-14和RH-17)的崩解时间是延迟的,而不是这些制造商经常声称的快速释放配方。其余12个牌号(RH-1、RH-2、RH-4、RH-7、RH-8、RH-9、RH-15、RH-16、RH-18、RH-19、RH-20和RH-21)的崩解时间适中。采用USP标准溶出度仪对其在蒸馏水中1 h的体外溶出度进行了研究。13个药牌(RH-1、RH-2、RH-4、RH- 7、RH-8、RH-9、RH-13、RH-15、RH-16、RH-18、RH-19、RH-20和RH-21)的体外溶出度符合45 min内释药80%的USP体外溶出度标准,但有5个药牌(RH-3、RH-5、RH-10、RH-12和RH-17)不符合USP体外溶出度标准。其余3个品牌(RH-6、RH-11和RH-14)的释药规律很差,1h后释药率分别为23%、11%和19%。本研究确定了药物效力、多重系数(从零阶、一阶、Higuchi和Hixson-Crowell立方根定律)、相似因子和不相似因子。利用稳态血药浓度测定的叠加原理,通过对比参比品牌(赞替他)的体内药动学数据,预测稳态血药浓度。结论:大多数品牌符合官方要求,这是预测口服给药体内释放的重要参数。因此,患者在使用这些品牌的盐酸雷尼替丁薄膜包衣片时,会得到适当的治疗效果,以对抗高酸性问题。
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引用次数: 0
A 2-year Double-Blind RCT Follow-up Study with Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP) Modulating Key Markers in Middle-Age Subjects with Clustered Neurodegenerative Disease-Risk Factors. 发酵木瓜制剂(FPP)调节聚集性神经退行性疾病危险因素中年受试者关键标志物的2年双盲RCT随访研究
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-05-18 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000170
Francesco Marotta, Massimiliano Marcellino, Umberto Solimene, Biagio Cuffari, Hariom Yadav, Alexander N Khokhlov, Aldo Lorenzetti, Amelie Mantello, Joseph Cervi, Roberto Catanzaro

In recent years a number of studies have reported the significant relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative disease. There is accumulating evidence that the interplay of combined genetic and environmental risk factors (from diet to life style to pollutants) to intrinsic age-related oxi-inflammatory changes may be advocated for to explain the pandemic of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years a specific Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP) has been shown to significantly affect a number of redox signalling abnormalities in a variety of chronic diseases and as well in aging mechanisms either on experimental and on clinical ground. The aim of the present study was to evaluate FPP use in impending metabolic disease patients with potentially neurodegenerative disease clustered risk factors. The study population consisted of 90 patients aged 45-65 years old, with impending metabolic syndrome and previously selected as to be ApoE4 genotype negative. By applying a RCT, double-blind method, one group received FPP 4.5 g twice a day (the most common dosage utilized in prior clinical studies) while the other received an oral antioxidant cocktail (trans-resveratrol, selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C). Then, after 21 month treatment period, a selected heavy metal chelator was added at the dosage of 3 g/nocte for the final 3 months study treatment. The parameters tested were: routine tests oxidized LDL-cholesterol, anti-oxidised LDL, Cyclophilin-A (CyPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and CyPA gene expression. From this study it would appear that FPP, unlike the control antioxidant, significantly decreased oxidized-LDL and near normalizing the anti-Ox-LDL/Ox-LDL ratio (p<0.001) although unaffecting the lipid profile per sè. Moreover, only FPP decreased cyclophilin-A plasma level and plasminogen activator-inhibitor (p<0.01) together with downregulating cyclophilin-A gene expression (p<0.01). Insulin resistance was only mildly improved. Heavy metals gut clearance proved to be effectively enhanced by the chelator (p<0.01) and this was not affected by any of the nutraceuticals, nor it added any further benefit to the biological action of FPP.

近年来,许多研究报道了代谢综合征与神经退行性疾病之间的重要关系。越来越多的证据表明,遗传和环境风险因素(从饮食到生活方式到污染物)与固有的年龄相关的氧化性炎症变化的相互作用可能被提倡来解释神经退行性疾病的流行。近年来,在实验和临床研究中,一种特殊的发酵木瓜制剂(FPP)已被证明对多种慢性疾病和衰老机制中的许多氧化还原信号异常有显著影响。本研究的目的是评估FPP在伴有潜在神经退行性疾病聚集性危险因素的代谢性疾病患者中的应用。研究人群包括90名年龄在45-65岁之间的患者,他们患有即将发生的代谢综合征,之前被选为ApoE4基因型阴性。采用随机对照试验、双盲方法,一组服用FPP 4.5 g,每天2次(这是之前临床研究中最常用的剂量),另一组服用口服抗氧化鸡尾酒(反式白藜芦醇、硒、维生素E、维生素C)。治疗21个月后,在最后3个月的研究治疗中,选择添加一种重金属螯合剂,剂量为3g /每天。检测参数为:常规氧化LDL-胆固醇、抗氧化LDL、亲环蛋白a (CyPA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、CyPA基因表达。从这项研究中可以看出,与对照抗氧化剂不同,FPP显著降低了氧化ldl,并使抗Ox-LDL/Ox-LDL比率接近正常化(见sè)。此外,只有FPP降低了血浆亲环蛋白a水平和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(p
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引用次数: 3
Sezary Syndrome and T–Cell Lymphoma seary综合征和t细胞淋巴瘤
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000E129
W. Elbossaty
Lymphoma is a cancer of the white blood cells; the body has two main types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes, or B-cells, and T lymphocytes. T-cell lymphoma is a disease in which T lymphocyte cells become cancerous. One of the most common forms of T-cell lymphoma is cutaneous, or skin, lymphoma, because it starts in the lymphocytes in the skin. Cutaneous lymphoma actually describes many different disorders with various signs and symptoms, outcomes and treatment considerations. Sezary Syndrome (SS) is characterized by erythroderma, generalized lymphadenopathy, and the presence of circulating atypical lymphocytes, which are difficult to identify by morphologic data.
淋巴瘤是一种白细胞癌;人体有两种主要类型的淋巴细胞:B淋巴细胞或B细胞和T淋巴细胞。T细胞淋巴瘤是一种T淋巴细胞癌变的疾病。t细胞淋巴瘤最常见的一种形式是皮肤淋巴瘤,因为它起源于皮肤中的淋巴细胞。皮肤淋巴瘤实际上描述了许多不同的疾病,有不同的体征和症状,结果和治疗考虑。Sezary综合征(SS)的特征是红皮病、全身性淋巴结病和循环非典型淋巴细胞的存在,这很难通过形态学数据来识别。
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引用次数: 0
The Notion of Milliequivalence (mEq): A Brief Note 微等价(mEq)的概念:简要说明
Pub Date : 2016-11-21 DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000E126
A. Al-Achi
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics
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