The paper is a review of the clinical use of risperidone, an antipsychotic introduced in the treatment of schizophrenia in 1994. Randomized controlled trials, naturalistic studies and extensive clinical experience have definitively shown strong efficacy and effectiveness of risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. On the basis of available evidence, no other antipsychotic drug has shown superior clinical effectiveness in the treatment of psychotic disorders, with the significant exception of clozapine. The wide use of risperidone in the last 15 years has confirmed a favorable safety index. Some features of risperidone render it uniquely useful in the management of psychotic disorders, including a very wide range of dosage, availability in liquid and long-term injectable forms. Finally, the drug is currently available in generic form, at lower cost. However, risperidone presents major limitations. A substantial number of patients with psychotic symptoms do not respond to risperidone, whatever its dose. Most of these patients will need clozapine. For some risperidone treated patients, extrapyramidal side effects remain a serious concern. Weight gain, metabolic syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia related side effects are frequent and may be severe, unacceptable, and even dangerous in some patients.
{"title":"pharmacotherapy Update: Risperidone in the Treatment of schizophrenia","authors":"M. Raja","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S1123","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is a review of the clinical use of risperidone, an antipsychotic introduced in the treatment of schizophrenia in 1994. Randomized controlled trials, naturalistic studies and extensive clinical experience have definitively shown strong efficacy and effectiveness of risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. On the basis of available evidence, no other antipsychotic drug has shown superior clinical effectiveness in the treatment of psychotic disorders, with the significant exception of clozapine. The wide use of risperidone in the last 15 years has confirmed a favorable safety index. Some features of risperidone render it uniquely useful in the management of psychotic disorders, including a very wide range of dosage, availability in liquid and long-term injectable forms. Finally, the drug is currently available in generic form, at lower cost. However, risperidone presents major limitations. A substantial number of patients with psychotic symptoms do not respond to risperidone, whatever its dose. Most of these patients will need clozapine. For some risperidone treated patients, extrapyramidal side effects remain a serious concern. Weight gain, metabolic syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia related side effects are frequent and may be severe, unacceptable, and even dangerous in some patients.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"6 1","pages":"1199-1214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89269050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is among the most unpleasant and stressful aspects of chemotherapy. Poorly controlled nausea and vomiting may have negative impacts on clinical treatment and quality of life. Clinical trials aimed at the prevention of CINV have focused on both acute and delayed phases of CINV. The use of first generation serotonin subtype 3 serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists has significantly improved symptom control in acute CINV. However, they are less effective in controlling delayed CINV. Palonosetron is a second generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with high potency, selectivity, prolonged half-life, and a unique allosteric binding mechanism. Previous trials which compared palonosetron to other first generation 5-HT3 antagonists had used the prevention of delayed CINV as a secondary end point. Recent data have demonstrated palonosetron, when used with a corticosteroid, was superior to granisetron in the prevention of delayed CINV as a primary end point. This article will review recently published literature focusing on mechanism of action, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of palonosetron in the treatment of CINV, specifically delayed CINV.
{"title":"Palonosetron Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting","authors":"Quan-wang Li, J. Roddy, Michael Berger","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2179","url":null,"abstract":"Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is among the most unpleasant and stressful aspects of chemotherapy. Poorly controlled nausea and vomiting may have negative impacts on clinical treatment and quality of life. Clinical trials aimed at the prevention of CINV have focused on both acute and delayed phases of CINV. The use of first generation serotonin subtype 3 serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists has significantly improved symptom control in acute CINV. However, they are less effective in controlling delayed CINV. Palonosetron is a second generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with high potency, selectivity, prolonged half-life, and a unique allosteric binding mechanism. Previous trials which compared palonosetron to other first generation 5-HT3 antagonists had used the prevention of delayed CINV as a secondary end point. Recent data have demonstrated palonosetron, when used with a corticosteroid, was superior to granisetron in the prevention of delayed CINV as a primary end point. This article will review recently published literature focusing on mechanism of action, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of palonosetron in the treatment of CINV, specifically delayed CINV.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"44 1","pages":"1145-1158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88257409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raltegravir is the first antiretroviral drug in the class of integrase inhibitors approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in combination with other antiretroviral agents in treatment-experienced adults with evidence of ongoing viral replication and resistance to multiple antiretroviral drugs. Since raltegravir has a different mechanism of action to the currently licensed antiretroviral agents, it is a welcome addition in the treatment of HIV-1. Results from clinical studies to date indicate that raltegravir exhibits potent antiviral activity particularly against HIV-1 strains which exhibit resistance to other classes of antiretroviral drugs. It is well tolerated and has a favorable safety profile. Long-term follow-up data on its resistance profile and on potential interactions with other antiretroviral as well as concomitant medications will ultimately define its future role in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. This review briefly describes the mechanism of action of raltegravir and its pharmacokinetic profile, summarizes efficacy and safety data from recent clinical trials and implications for the use in treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients, depicts raltegravir’s emerging resistance profile, and highlights potential drug-drug interactions.
{"title":"A Review of Raltegravir and its Use in HIV-1 Infection","authors":"C. Boesecke, L. Gelgor","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S1985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S1985","url":null,"abstract":"Raltegravir is the first antiretroviral drug in the class of integrase inhibitors approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in combination with other antiretroviral agents in treatment-experienced adults with evidence of ongoing viral replication and resistance to multiple antiretroviral drugs. Since raltegravir has a different mechanism of action to the currently licensed antiretroviral agents, it is a welcome addition in the treatment of HIV-1. Results from clinical studies to date indicate that raltegravir exhibits potent antiviral activity particularly against HIV-1 strains which exhibit resistance to other classes of antiretroviral drugs. It is well tolerated and has a favorable safety profile. Long-term follow-up data on its resistance profile and on potential interactions with other antiretroviral as well as concomitant medications will ultimately define its future role in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. This review briefly describes the mechanism of action of raltegravir and its pharmacokinetic profile, summarizes efficacy and safety data from recent clinical trials and implications for the use in treatment-naive as well as treatment-experienced patients, depicts raltegravir’s emerging resistance profile, and highlights potential drug-drug interactions.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"13 1","pages":"1159-1171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75219873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can provide long term durable remissions for patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The perceived morbidity and the difficulties in delivering this treatment hampered its widespread use in these patients. This review aims to place IL-2 in the modern milieu by reviewing the pharmacology, efficacy and toxicity of this drug. These will be contrasted and compared with the new targeted-agents. The methodology of providing high dose IL-2 treatment, follow-up care and its impact on patient quality of life will be discussed. Importantly, the ability of these agents to provide durable, complete remissions for RCC patients will be placed in context. The goal is to provide the perspective and framework for the reader to balance the important attributes of each of these drugs during the clinical decision making process.
{"title":"A Re-assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Interleukin-2 for the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma","authors":"A. Jarkowski, M. Wong","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2037","url":null,"abstract":"Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can provide long term durable remissions for patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The perceived morbidity and the difficulties in delivering this treatment hampered its widespread use in these patients. This review aims to place IL-2 in the modern milieu by reviewing the pharmacology, efficacy and toxicity of this drug. These will be contrasted and compared with the new targeted-agents. The methodology of providing high dose IL-2 treatment, follow-up care and its impact on patient quality of life will be discussed. Importantly, the ability of these agents to provide durable, complete remissions for RCC patients will be placed in context. The goal is to provide the perspective and framework for the reader to balance the important attributes of each of these drugs during the clinical decision making process.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"2013 1","pages":"527-540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86201441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several clinical studies demonstrate a beneficial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with myocardial infarction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the effects of ramipril, a weak inhibitor of ACE that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ramiprilat, an active metabolite. The Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study evaluated the effects of ramipril in patients with a high risk for cardiovascular events without pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure. In this review, we summarized the effects of ramipril on myocardial infarction, death, diabetes mellitus, and stroke.
{"title":"Reduction in Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. Focus on Rampiril","authors":"M. Khazaei, A. Sharifi, S. Golbidi, I. Laher","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2095","url":null,"abstract":"Several clinical studies demonstrate a beneficial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with myocardial infarction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the effects of ramipril, a weak inhibitor of ACE that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ramiprilat, an active metabolite. The Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study evaluated the effects of ramipril in patients with a high risk for cardiovascular events without pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure. In this review, we summarized the effects of ramipril on myocardial infarction, death, diabetes mellitus, and stroke.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"25 1","pages":"911-925"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86804488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once used only as third-line therapy in the management of chronic pain states, methadone is now being used as first- and second-line therapy. Most risks and the stigma associated with methadone use have been known for years. Only over the past decade or so have the unique pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties and methods for conversion from other opioids to methadone been established. Pertinent English-language literature was obtained from MEDLINE/PUBMED and EMBASE searches (1966–June 2009). This paper provides an overview of the cardiotoxicity of oral methadone, with an emphasis on its use as an analgesic. Cardiotoxicity during its use in the maintenance of opioid addiction has also been reviewed due to the wealth of epidemiologic, risk factor, and correlative analytic data contained therein. A series of recommendations are provided to improve the cardiac safety profile of oral methadone used for analgesia. In addition, there is a discussion of settings and patient types which may impact upon these recommendations.
{"title":"cardiotoxicity of Oral Methadone as an Analgesic— recommendations for safe Use","authors":"D. Guay","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S3041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S3041","url":null,"abstract":"Once used only as third-line therapy in the management of chronic pain states, methadone is now being used as first- and second-line therapy. Most risks and the stigma associated with methadone use have been known for years. Only over the past decade or so have the unique pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties and methods for conversion from other opioids to methadone been established. Pertinent English-language literature was obtained from MEDLINE/PUBMED and EMBASE searches (1966–June 2009). This paper provides an overview of the cardiotoxicity of oral methadone, with an emphasis on its use as an analgesic. Cardiotoxicity during its use in the maintenance of opioid addiction has also been reviewed due to the wealth of epidemiologic, risk factor, and correlative analytic data contained therein. A series of recommendations are provided to improve the cardiac safety profile of oral methadone used for analgesia. In addition, there is a discussion of settings and patient types which may impact upon these recommendations.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"55 1","pages":"1073-1101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83387216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategies for preventing vision loss in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) have evolved over the past decade. Whereas earlier treatments were based on thermal destruction of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), new therapies rely on targeted pharmacologic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of CNV treatment. For the first time in the history of neovascular ARMD treatment, anti-VEGF therapies have consistently improved visual acuity in a subset of patients. Clinical trials continue to investigate the optimal dosing strategies and combination therapies to better refine the treatment of this chronic and debilitating disease.
{"title":"exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: current Therapies and potential Treatments","authors":"P. Quiram, Yahui Song","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2225","url":null,"abstract":"Strategies for preventing vision loss in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) have evolved over the past decade. Whereas earlier treatments were based on thermal destruction of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), new therapies rely on targeted pharmacologic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of CNV treatment. For the first time in the history of neovascular ARMD treatment, anti-VEGF therapies have consistently improved visual acuity in a subset of patients. Clinical trials continue to investigate the optimal dosing strategies and combination therapies to better refine the treatment of this chronic and debilitating disease.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"31 1","pages":"1003-1011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90832350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doxycycline has remained one of the most commonly used and inexpensive of the broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs currently in use. It has a variety of applications to common respiratory and genitourinary tract infections, but also amongst atypical infections, such as malaria, rickettsial infections, leptospirosis, brucellosis and some of the bioterrorist agents, including anthrax. It is known that the tetracycline class of antibiotics does have a range of side-effects, such as photosensitivity and gastrointestinal side effects, and noteworthy contraindications, especially amongst pregnant women and young children.
{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Doxycycline","authors":"P. Leggat","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2860","url":null,"abstract":"Doxycycline has remained one of the most commonly used and inexpensive of the broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs currently in use. It has a variety of applications to common respiratory and genitourinary tract infections, but also amongst atypical infections, such as malaria, rickettsial infections, leptospirosis, brucellosis and some of the bioterrorist agents, including anthrax. It is known that the tetracycline class of antibiotics does have a range of side-effects, such as photosensitivity and gastrointestinal side effects, and noteworthy contraindications, especially amongst pregnant women and young children.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1069-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89882548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suppression of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) is an established intervention in the management of cardiovascular disease. Large, randomized controlled trials have provided a sound evidence base for the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists to block the end product of the RAAS in the treatment of heart failure. However, the place for mineralocorticoid blockade in the treatment of hypertension is less well defined and lacking a strong evidence base. The main indication for the use of this strategy in hypertension is as a third line agent in the treatment of refractory hypertension. The most widely used mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone, is associated with dose related sexual side effects, limiting its use in clinical practice. Eplerenone, the selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, is a promising cardiovascular drug licensed for the treatment of heart failure in Europe and heart failure and hypertension in the USA. It effectively blocks the mineralocorticoid receptor without the unpleasant sexual side effect profile of spironolactone. We review the use of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in the treatment of hypertension; discuss its mechanism of action, safety profile as well as its current place in therapy.
{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Eplerenone in the Management of Essential Hypertension","authors":"F. McManus, J. Connell","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2211","url":null,"abstract":"Suppression of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) is an established intervention in the management of cardiovascular disease. Large, randomized controlled trials have provided a sound evidence base for the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists to block the end product of the RAAS in the treatment of heart failure. However, the place for mineralocorticoid blockade in the treatment of hypertension is less well defined and lacking a strong evidence base. The main indication for the use of this strategy in hypertension is as a third line agent in the treatment of refractory hypertension. The most widely used mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone, is associated with dose related sexual side effects, limiting its use in clinical practice. Eplerenone, the selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, is a promising cardiovascular drug licensed for the treatment of heart failure in Europe and heart failure and hypertension in the USA. It effectively blocks the mineralocorticoid receptor without the unpleasant sexual side effect profile of spironolactone. We review the use of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in the treatment of hypertension; discuss its mechanism of action, safety profile as well as its current place in therapy.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"50 1","pages":"1121-1130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80953722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cornerstone in treatment of psychosis is antipsychotic drugs. Treatment options have increased over the years; newer antipsychotic drugs with a proposed increased efficacy regarding negative and cognitive symptoms, but also a shift in side-effects from neurological side-effects to metabolic side-effects have arisen as the new challenge. The basis of successful pharmacological treatment is a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of action, the desired effects and side-effects of antipsychotic drugs, a good relationship with the patient and a thorough monitoring of the patient before and during treatment. The clinically relevant aspects of antipsychotic drug treatment are reviewed; mechanism of antipsychotic drug action, clinical considerations in treatment, switching antipsychotic drugs, polypharmacy, safety and patient preference.
{"title":"Antipsychotic Drug Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia: Theoretical Background, Clinical Considerations and Patient Preferences","authors":"R. Nielsen, J. Nielsen","doi":"10.4137/CMT.S2175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2175","url":null,"abstract":"The cornerstone in treatment of psychosis is antipsychotic drugs. Treatment options have increased over the years; newer antipsychotic drugs with a proposed increased efficacy regarding negative and cognitive symptoms, but also a shift in side-effects from neurological side-effects to metabolic side-effects have arisen as the new challenge. The basis of successful pharmacological treatment is a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of action, the desired effects and side-effects of antipsychotic drugs, a good relationship with the patient and a thorough monitoring of the patient before and during treatment. The clinically relevant aspects of antipsychotic drug treatment are reviewed; mechanism of antipsychotic drug action, clinical considerations in treatment, switching antipsychotic drugs, polypharmacy, safety and patient preference.","PeriodicalId":10428,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics","volume":"59 1","pages":"1053-1068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88806928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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