In the past year refugees and asylum seekers have emerged as a major domestic and foreign policy issue in Australia. The last time refugees were such a major political issue in Australia was after the Vietnam war with the arrival of the Indo-Chinese ‘boat people’. Then the number of Indo-Chinese ‘boat people’ that arrived between 1976–82 was 2059, small compared with present flows. However, their arrival brought about a large scale offshore selection of refugees and eventually a government-organized ‘orderly departure programme’ from Vietnam which saw the number of IndoChinese born in Australia reach 70,000 by 1982 (Betts, 2001: 34). By contrast the number of ‘boat people’ arriving since 1998 has been large and from diverse sources. In 1999, 3740 asylum seekers arrived by boat, in 2000, 2961 arrived and in 2001 (January–August) more than 3694 had arrived. Yet these boat arrivals have not precipitated an organized refugee programme to bring refugees from Southeast Asia as happened in the 1970s and early 1980s. Instead, the government has presented the latest arrival of boat people as a challenge to national sovereignty and provoked public fear that Australia was facing a refugee crisis. In fact, despite the significant increase in ‘boat people’ (unauthorized arrivals) between 1999 and 2001, the annual refugee quota of 12,000 has remained the same and 1640 unfilled places from the 2000–1 quota were carried over into 2001–2 (Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2001: 25). The perceived crisis is in the ‘threat’ posed by ‘unauthorized entry’ rather than by the actual numbers of refugees arriving or being accepted annually. Nevertheless the issue of the management of refugee flows, symbolized in the Tampa incident, was made an election winner by the Liberal government in late 2001.1 They set about ‘selling protection’ as their election strategy: protection against foreigners seeking ‘entitlements’ they did not deserve because they had entered illegally (were ‘queue jumpers’) and acted criminally (paid ‘people smugglers’), and protection against terror in the form of individual suicidal acts causing mass death (Tilly, 1985).
{"title":"ENDANGERED SPECIES","authors":"Michael A. Altieri","doi":"10.3368/er.13.1.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.13.1.141","url":null,"abstract":"In the past year refugees and asylum seekers have emerged as a major domestic and foreign policy issue in Australia. The last time refugees were such a major political issue in Australia was after the Vietnam war with the arrival of the Indo-Chinese ‘boat people’. Then the number of Indo-Chinese ‘boat people’ that arrived between 1976–82 was 2059, small compared with present flows. However, their arrival brought about a large scale offshore selection of refugees and eventually a government-organized ‘orderly departure programme’ from Vietnam which saw the number of IndoChinese born in Australia reach 70,000 by 1982 (Betts, 2001: 34). By contrast the number of ‘boat people’ arriving since 1998 has been large and from diverse sources. In 1999, 3740 asylum seekers arrived by boat, in 2000, 2961 arrived and in 2001 (January–August) more than 3694 had arrived. Yet these boat arrivals have not precipitated an organized refugee programme to bring refugees from Southeast Asia as happened in the 1970s and early 1980s. Instead, the government has presented the latest arrival of boat people as a challenge to national sovereignty and provoked public fear that Australia was facing a refugee crisis. In fact, despite the significant increase in ‘boat people’ (unauthorized arrivals) between 1999 and 2001, the annual refugee quota of 12,000 has remained the same and 1640 unfilled places from the 2000–1 quota were carried over into 2001–2 (Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2001: 25). The perceived crisis is in the ‘threat’ posed by ‘unauthorized entry’ rather than by the actual numbers of refugees arriving or being accepted annually. Nevertheless the issue of the management of refugee flows, symbolized in the Tampa incident, was made an election winner by the Liberal government in late 2001.1 They set about ‘selling protection’ as their election strategy: protection against foreigners seeking ‘entitlements’ they did not deserve because they had entered illegally (were ‘queue jumpers’) and acted criminally (paid ‘people smugglers’), and protection against terror in the form of individual suicidal acts causing mass death (Tilly, 1985).","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121353886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaw’s poem explores the bewilderment of grief as it re-imagines the tropes of the pastoral poem through a contemporary framework.
萧伯纳的诗探索了悲伤的困惑，通过当代的框架重新想象田园诗的比喻。
{"title":"Forest","authors":"Alix Anne Shaw","doi":"10.3368/er.4.2.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.4.2.74","url":null,"abstract":"Shaw’s poem explores the bewilderment of grief as it re-imagines the tropes of the pastoral poem through a contemporary framework.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127470262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In June 1983 4 ha of steep slopes and ditches around an earth dam in eastern Iowa were extensively reshaped with a bulldozer. The season was too dry to expect a perennial cover crop to establish, and slopes were too steep to recommend using tractor or tillage later, following establishment of a temporary cover crop. An innovative seeding method was deemed necessary. The method chosen was to broadcast oats heavily (100 kg/ha) on the cloddy surface and mulch them thoroughly (90-100% coverage) with spoiled hay. One August rain followed by normal autunm precipitation produced a good temporary stand of oats, and by late autumn the original mulch was mostly decomposed. A mid-November weather forecast predicted that a sleet storm would arrive with the next front. Seed of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) was immediately broadcast through the dead standing oats (10 kg/ha). The storm’s force then matted the oats down over the seed. Two 1-m2 miniplots were also sown; one to big bluestem and the other to lance-leaved coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata), at rates of approximately 14 kg/ha (PLS) and 11 kg/ha, respectively. All three species apparently benefited from the winter stratification and protection under the oat layer. Weeds, along with some self-seeded oats, were the most obvious 1984 crop. Along with the dead oats, which remained functionally rooted until early summer, weeds provided much of the erosion control. However, by 1985 the three intentionally planted species were dominant, with good stands developed in their respective areas. Variations of this method might be useful for establishing prairie plantings under similarly adverse circumstances. For example, the cover crop could be matted mechanically over a "frost seeding" rather than waiting for an opportunity to plant before an approaching storm.
{"title":"Prairie","authors":"Victor Burgin","doi":"10.3368/er.4.2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.4.2.71","url":null,"abstract":"In June 1983 4 ha of steep slopes and ditches around an earth dam in eastern Iowa were extensively reshaped with a bulldozer. The season was too dry to expect a perennial cover crop to establish, and slopes were too steep to recommend using tractor or tillage later, following establishment of a temporary cover crop. An innovative seeding method was deemed necessary. The method chosen was to broadcast oats heavily (100 kg/ha) on the cloddy surface and mulch them thoroughly (90-100% coverage) with spoiled hay. One August rain followed by normal autunm precipitation produced a good temporary stand of oats, and by late autumn the original mulch was mostly decomposed. A mid-November weather forecast predicted that a sleet storm would arrive with the next front. Seed of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) was immediately broadcast through the dead standing oats (10 kg/ha). The storm’s force then matted the oats down over the seed. Two 1-m2 miniplots were also sown; one to big bluestem and the other to lance-leaved coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata), at rates of approximately 14 kg/ha (PLS) and 11 kg/ha, respectively. All three species apparently benefited from the winter stratification and protection under the oat layer. Weeds, along with some self-seeded oats, were the most obvious 1984 crop. Along with the dead oats, which remained functionally rooted until early summer, weeds provided much of the erosion control. However, by 1985 the three intentionally planted species were dominant, with good stands developed in their respective areas. Variations of this method might be useful for establishing prairie plantings under similarly adverse circumstances. For example, the cover crop could be matted mechanically over a \"frost seeding\" rather than waiting for an opportunity to plant before an approaching storm.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122175022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efforts over the last 20 years to restore and revegetate the barren slopes and beaches of China’s hilly Nanao Island have centered on the application of a Multiple Treatment Ecosystem structure that incorporates "eco-agriculture" practices that minimize economic and ecologic cost/ benefit ratios. Land productivity is improved by planting forest, orchards or dryland crops across upper, middle or lower slopes respectively. This provides the needed balance between hillside protection, crops for export, and crops for local consumption. perennial bunchgrasses, polyacrylamide--at a rate of 0.45 kg (1 lb.) per 32.5 m2 (350 ft2)--was applied to test the material’s ability to retain soil moisture within the root zone, thus enhancing bunchgrass growth. Compared With a non-treated section, the test plot showed significantly higher grass coverage and frequency.
{"title":"ENDANGERED SPECIES","authors":"William Bregnard","doi":"10.3368/er.13.2.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.13.2.240","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts over the last 20 years to restore and revegetate the barren slopes and beaches of China’s hilly Nanao Island have centered on the application of a Multiple Treatment Ecosystem structure that incorporates \"eco-agriculture\" practices that minimize economic and ecologic cost/ benefit ratios. Land productivity is improved by planting forest, orchards or dryland crops across upper, middle or lower slopes respectively. This provides the needed balance between hillside protection, crops for export, and crops for local consumption. perennial bunchgrasses, polyacrylamide--at a rate of 0.45 kg (1 lb.) per 32.5 m2 (350 ft2)--was applied to test the material’s ability to retain soil moisture within the root zone, thus enhancing bunchgrass growth. Compared With a non-treated section, the test plot showed significantly higher grass coverage and frequency.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123497478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Label the pictures with the following vocabulary. Look at the the pictures above and then ask a partner the questions below:
{"title":"Endangered Species","authors":"Elizabeth Ticknor","doi":"10.3368/er.8.2.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.8.2.131","url":null,"abstract":"Label the pictures with the following vocabulary. Look at the the pictures above and then ask a partner the questions below:","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122417553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many permanent pastures in the western corn belt and eastern Great Plains are composed of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), and broadleaf weeds. Although many of these pastures have never been tilled, the tallgrass prairie that once existed on these sites has disappeared due to years of mismanagement. Research has been undertaken to reestablish the productive vegetation in these pastures by sod-seeding into chemically treated sod. Using atrazine [2 chloro-4-ethylamino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-trazine] at 2.2 kg/ha kills all of the Kentucky bluegrass, provides season-long annual weed control, and provides an excellent seedbed for big bluestem (Andropogon gerardt) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) since these grasses are atrazine resistant at the seedling stage. An excellent stand generally resuits, with the warm-season grasses reaching full maturity during the seeding year. Glyphosate [N(phosphonomethyl glycine)] can be used to kill the vegetation, and any grass species can be seeded in the dead sod since there is no chemical residue. Annual weeds can start growth immediately; however, since the soil is not disturbed the weed problem is often not serious. The most interesting aspect of this research is that we found remnant native tallgrass vegetation still existing in these pastures even though the tallgrass prairie had vanished many years ago. In eastern Nebraska big bluestem often is the major remnant left. With a single application of atrazine and grazing protection for one year, these depleted weedy, bluegrass pastures were turned into tall warm-season grassland in one year just by releasing the competition suppressing the existing native remnants. Although this restored pasture does not have the composition of a true prairie, producers can benefit by encouraging the native remnants that may still exist. While big bluestem was by far the most abundant remnant species reappearing on our treated sites, we have seen some little bluestem, sideoats grama, tall and prairie dropseed, western wheatgrass, and, in pastures that are not severely depleted, Indiangrass. A producer can determine whether there are sufficient native remnants in a pasture by apply2 ing a strip of atrazine in the spring and placing some exclosures there to protect the treated area from grazing. If native remnants appear, treatment of the pasture can then occur the following spring. More details on these studies, including seedling establishment and remnant warm-season grass yields, can be obtained from our article: "Sod seeding perennial grasses into eastern Nebraska sod," by J. F. Samson and L. E. Moser. 1982. Agronomy Journal 74:1055-60. Reprints are available.
{"title":"Prairie","authors":"Pamela Greenberg","doi":"10.3368/er.2.1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.2.1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Many permanent pastures in the western corn belt and eastern Great Plains are composed of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), and broadleaf weeds. Although many of these pastures have never been tilled, the tallgrass prairie that once existed on these sites has disappeared due to years of mismanagement. Research has been undertaken to reestablish the productive vegetation in these pastures by sod-seeding into chemically treated sod. Using atrazine [2 chloro-4-ethylamino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-trazine] at 2.2 kg/ha kills all of the Kentucky bluegrass, provides season-long annual weed control, and provides an excellent seedbed for big bluestem (Andropogon gerardt) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) since these grasses are atrazine resistant at the seedling stage. An excellent stand generally resuits, with the warm-season grasses reaching full maturity during the seeding year. Glyphosate [N(phosphonomethyl glycine)] can be used to kill the vegetation, and any grass species can be seeded in the dead sod since there is no chemical residue. Annual weeds can start growth immediately; however, since the soil is not disturbed the weed problem is often not serious. The most interesting aspect of this research is that we found remnant native tallgrass vegetation still existing in these pastures even though the tallgrass prairie had vanished many years ago. In eastern Nebraska big bluestem often is the major remnant left. With a single application of atrazine and grazing protection for one year, these depleted weedy, bluegrass pastures were turned into tall warm-season grassland in one year just by releasing the competition suppressing the existing native remnants. Although this restored pasture does not have the composition of a true prairie, producers can benefit by encouraging the native remnants that may still exist. While big bluestem was by far the most abundant remnant species reappearing on our treated sites, we have seen some little bluestem, sideoats grama, tall and prairie dropseed, western wheatgrass, and, in pastures that are not severely depleted, Indiangrass. A producer can determine whether there are sufficient native remnants in a pasture by apply2 ing a strip of atrazine in the spring and placing some exclosures there to protect the treated area from grazing. If native remnants appear, treatment of the pasture can then occur the following spring. More details on these studies, including seedling establishment and remnant warm-season grass yields, can be obtained from our article: \"Sod seeding perennial grasses into eastern Nebraska sod,\" by J. F. Samson and L. E. Moser. 1982. Agronomy Journal 74:1055-60. Reprints are available.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121768349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
policy, and education. Recognizing that the field of ecological restoration is undergoing rapid, and in some areas uneven development, the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan sponsored a two-day meeting of practitioners, scientists, and policy-makers to discuss emerging issues in the field. Among the 60 participants--19 from various departments at the University of Michigan, and 21 from other institutions-were many leaders in the field. Their discussion, held over two days early in March, 1996 resulted in some fresh perspectives on the challenges facing those in the field of ecological restoration. Perhaps most significant was the recognition that in all areas, from research to policy and education, the task of restoration both challenges traditional disciplinary and cultural boundaries and provides opportunities for breaking down barriers and building bridges. Reed Noss, editor of Conservation Bio/ogy and coordinator of the Wildlands Project, kicked off the two-day workshop by describing the role of ecological restoration as part of a larger strategy for protecting biological diversity. He noted that ecosystems in the United States are in bad shape, estimating that less than 5 percent of the land in the 48 coterminous states is in pristine or high-quality condition, 2550 percent is moderately degraded, and 5070 percent is highly to severely degraded. As a result, we need conservation strategies that protect remaining examples of endangered ecosystems and that also identify the long-term conservation management and restoration needs for all ecosystems. Speaking on research issues related to ecological restoration, Roger Anderson, Professor of Biology at Illinois State University at Normal, argued for greater collaboration between restorationists and researchers to build a solid scientific basis for restoration efforts. He urged increased use of restoration as a process for learning more about ecosystem structure, function, and maintenance. William Niering, Professor of Botany at Connecticut College and editor of Restoration Ecology, supported this, exhorting academics to develop approaches to teaching about restoration that are firmly grounded in ecological theory, encourage interdisciplinary interactions, and provide students with first-hand experience.
{"title":"Looking Ahead","authors":"R. Grese, Shannan Gibb-Randall","doi":"10.3368/ER.15.1.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/ER.15.1.64","url":null,"abstract":"policy, and education. Recognizing that the field of ecological restoration is undergoing rapid, and in some areas uneven development, the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan sponsored a two-day meeting of practitioners, scientists, and policy-makers to discuss emerging issues in the field. Among the 60 participants--19 from various departments at the University of Michigan, and 21 from other institutions-were many leaders in the field. Their discussion, held over two days early in March, 1996 resulted in some fresh perspectives on the challenges facing those in the field of ecological restoration. Perhaps most significant was the recognition that in all areas, from research to policy and education, the task of restoration both challenges traditional disciplinary and cultural boundaries and provides opportunities for breaking down barriers and building bridges. Reed Noss, editor of Conservation Bio/ogy and coordinator of the Wildlands Project, kicked off the two-day workshop by describing the role of ecological restoration as part of a larger strategy for protecting biological diversity. He noted that ecosystems in the United States are in bad shape, estimating that less than 5 percent of the land in the 48 coterminous states is in pristine or high-quality condition, 2550 percent is moderately degraded, and 5070 percent is highly to severely degraded. As a result, we need conservation strategies that protect remaining examples of endangered ecosystems and that also identify the long-term conservation management and restoration needs for all ecosystems. Speaking on research issues related to ecological restoration, Roger Anderson, Professor of Biology at Illinois State University at Normal, argued for greater collaboration between restorationists and researchers to build a solid scientific basis for restoration efforts. He urged increased use of restoration as a process for learning more about ecosystem structure, function, and maintenance. William Niering, Professor of Botany at Connecticut College and editor of Restoration Ecology, supported this, exhorting academics to develop approaches to teaching about restoration that are firmly grounded in ecological theory, encourage interdisciplinary interactions, and provide students with first-hand experience.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130097836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-01DOI: 10.1179/000870407x213495
F. Michael
The Division of Education seeks to develop highly qualified Christian teachers who view teaching as a mission. They nurture their students, reflect critically on their practice, and facilitate classroom experience to maximize the potential of all learners. Our faculty focuses on three main areas of preparation: the personal, the professional, and the practical. While we believe that all three areas are important, our focus on the personal, relational aspects of education is our key distinctive, the core value that connects our educational philosophy to our Christian worldview, our emphasis on the community, and our commitment to diversity. It is from this concept of the personal with its emphasis on the teacher as nurturer that our motto, “Touching Lives One Student at a Time,” has been developed.
{"title":"EDUCATION","authors":"F. Michael","doi":"10.1179/000870407x213495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000870407x213495","url":null,"abstract":"The Division of Education seeks to develop highly qualified Christian teachers who view teaching as a mission. They nurture their students, reflect critically on their practice, and facilitate classroom experience to maximize the potential of all learners. Our faculty focuses on three main areas of preparation: the personal, the professional, and the practical. While we believe that all three areas are important, our focus on the personal, relational aspects of education is our key distinctive, the core value that connects our educational philosophy to our Christian worldview, our emphasis on the community, and our commitment to diversity. It is from this concept of the personal with its emphasis on the teacher as nurturer that our motto, “Touching Lives One Student at a Time,” has been developed.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125364064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ditions range from flooding to very dry. The development of a prairie also satisfied our need for an easily maintained, attractive natural area in a location marked by rapid urban development. The site has recently been designated as a nature preserve. A range of edaphic conditions exist throughout the borrow pit area. While the site is generally well-drained, a number of clay lenses form seeps that persist except in the driest times. The more active of these supply an ephemeral pond in the basin. This variety of habitats allows for a great variety of plants, representing species from both wet and dry prairies (Conover and Geiger, 1989). Given the steep slopes, rough terrain, and the large area to be seeded, we hired a f’n’in to hydroseed eight prairie grass species. For the initial planting, seeds for the grasses and three prairie forbs were purchased from a source in Missouri. For subsequent plantings, grass and forb seeds were collected locally. Prairie forb seeds that were available in quantity were broadcast and raked into the soil. Forb seeds in small supply, or from rare or difficult to establish species, were planted in a nursery and the plants later transplanted to the prairie. Forbs were raised either in plastic containers (Rootmaster, Hummert Co., St. Louis, MO), or in 5-cm diameter clear polyethylene film tubing, 30 cm in length. In some cases seeds were stratified in flats and transplanted to the tubes or containers after germination. In other cases seeds were stratified outdoors in the containers and transplanted to the prairie in the spring when the roots just reached the bottom of the containers. Dormant plants, collected locally from habitats about to be destroyed, were transplanted in the spring. Differential success in germination and survival is producing a number of distinct associations of grasses and forbs. Established plants are serving as a source of seeds, and now, after three seasons, new plants are becoming established in wellsuited microhabitats. To date, approximately 36 species of Ohio prairie indicator plant species have become established on the site despite the severe drought of 1988. Current efforts are focused on ridding the site of introduced weeds such as western ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, increasing the diversity of species present, and planting rare and endangered species that we have raised from seed.
情况从洪水泛滥到非常干燥不等。草原的开发也满足了我们对一个易于维护的、有吸引力的自然区域的需求，这个区域以快速的城市发展为标志。这个地方最近被指定为自然保护区。整个借坑地区存在一系列的土壤条件。虽然这个地方通常排水良好，但除了最干燥的时候，一些粘土透镜形成的渗漏会持续存在。其中较为活跃的部分在盆地中形成了一个短暂的池塘。这种多样性的栖息地允许各种各样的植物，代表了湿草原和干草原的物种(Conover和Geiger, 1989)。考虑到陡峭的山坡、崎岖的地形和大面积的播种面积，我们雇了一辆拖拉机，对八种草原草进行了水力播种。在最初的种植中，草和三种草原牧草的种子是从密苏里州的一个来源购买的。为了后续的种植，草和牧草的种子都是在当地收集的。大量可利用的草原牧草种子被播撒并耙入土壤。少量供应的Forb种子，或来自稀有或难以建立物种的种子，被种植在苗圃中，然后移植到草原上。福布斯要么在塑料容器(Rootmaster, Hummert Co.， St. Louis, MO)中饲养，要么在直径5厘米，长度30厘米的透明聚乙烯薄膜管中饲养。在某些情况下，种子在平地上分层，发芽后移栽到管状或容器中。在其他情况下，种子在室外容器中分层，并在春天根系刚刚到达容器底部时移植到草原上。从当地即将被破坏的栖息地收集的休眠植物在春天被移植。在萌发和存活方面的不同成功产生了许多不同的草和草的关联。现有的植物是种子的来源，现在，经过三个季节，新的植物在非常适合的微生境中建立起来。迄今为止，尽管1988年的严重干旱，仍有大约36种俄亥俄州草原指示植物物种在该地点建立。目前的工作重点是清除外来杂草，如西部豚草，Ambrosia psilostachya，增加现有物种的多样性，种植我们从种子中培育出来的稀有和濒危物种。
{"title":"Endangered Species","authors":"Jeff Mariotte, N. Holder","doi":"10.3368/er.7.2.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.7.2.109","url":null,"abstract":"ditions range from flooding to very dry. The development of a prairie also satisfied our need for an easily maintained, attractive natural area in a location marked by rapid urban development. The site has recently been designated as a nature preserve. A range of edaphic conditions exist throughout the borrow pit area. While the site is generally well-drained, a number of clay lenses form seeps that persist except in the driest times. The more active of these supply an ephemeral pond in the basin. This variety of habitats allows for a great variety of plants, representing species from both wet and dry prairies (Conover and Geiger, 1989). Given the steep slopes, rough terrain, and the large area to be seeded, we hired a f’n’in to hydroseed eight prairie grass species. For the initial planting, seeds for the grasses and three prairie forbs were purchased from a source in Missouri. For subsequent plantings, grass and forb seeds were collected locally. Prairie forb seeds that were available in quantity were broadcast and raked into the soil. Forb seeds in small supply, or from rare or difficult to establish species, were planted in a nursery and the plants later transplanted to the prairie. Forbs were raised either in plastic containers (Rootmaster, Hummert Co., St. Louis, MO), or in 5-cm diameter clear polyethylene film tubing, 30 cm in length. In some cases seeds were stratified in flats and transplanted to the tubes or containers after germination. In other cases seeds were stratified outdoors in the containers and transplanted to the prairie in the spring when the roots just reached the bottom of the containers. Dormant plants, collected locally from habitats about to be destroyed, were transplanted in the spring. Differential success in germination and survival is producing a number of distinct associations of grasses and forbs. Established plants are serving as a source of seeds, and now, after three seasons, new plants are becoming established in wellsuited microhabitats. To date, approximately 36 species of Ohio prairie indicator plant species have become established on the site despite the severe drought of 1988. Current efforts are focused on ridding the site of introduced weeds such as western ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, increasing the diversity of species present, and planting rare and endangered species that we have raised from seed.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125551742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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