restoration ecology. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provisions of the 1985 Food Security Act set aside 16 million hectares of highly erodible cropland for a period of ten years. The enrolled land was planted with perennial vegetation to reduce the supply of surplus commodities, improve farm income, conserve soil, and provide improved habitat for wildlife. Since the program has been put into effect, it is estimated that soil erosion has been reduced, on average, by 17 metric tons per hectare on CRP lands (Clark et al., 1993). In addition, CRP lands have gained an average of 1 metric ton of carbon per hectare per year (Gebhart et al., 1994). Indeed, it is estimated that the land enrolled in CRP may be able to sequester about 45 percent of the 35 million metric tons of atmospheric carbon originating from U. S. agriculture annually (Gebhart eta!., 1994). Current CRP contracts began expiring in October, 1995, and more than 40 percent of these contracts will have ended by October, 1996. Congress recently reauthorized the CRP program, capping it at the current level of 14.7 million hectares for the seven-year life of the bill. While Congress’s commitment to enhancing the environment is to be applauded, under the reauthorization selected lands will still be withdrawn from the program because some rental payments will be reduced and because of an early-out provision for all or part of a farmer’s enrolled acreage. Thus among the many options available, farmers may return land to crop production, develop it for grazing or haying, or maintain it in the new Conservation Reserve Program. In any case, continuation of the program is important to conservationists, not only because it offers obvious ecological benefits, but also because CRP lands offer virtually unmatched opportunities for restoration-related research on a landscape scale.
恢复生态学。1985年《食品安全法》的保护储备计划(CRP)规定在10年内留出1600万公顷高度易侵蚀的农田。登记的土地上种植了多年生植被，以减少过剩商品的供应，提高农业收入，保护土壤，并为野生动物提供更好的栖息地。自该计划实施以来，据估计，CRP土地上的土壤侵蚀平均每公顷减少了17公吨(Clark et al.， 1993)。此外，CRP土地每年每公顷平均增加1公吨碳(Gebhart等人，1994年)。事实上，据估计，参与CRP计划的土地可能能够吸收美国每年3500万吨大气碳排放中的45% (Gebhart eta!)。, 1994)。目前的CRP合同于1995年10月开始到期，其中40%以上的合同将于1996年10月到期。国会最近重新批准了CRP计划，在该法案的七年有效期内，将其限制在目前的1470万公顷的水平。虽然国会对改善环境的承诺值得称赞，但根据重新授权，选定的土地仍将退出该计划，因为一些租金将减少，并且由于提前退出所有或部分农民登记面积的规定。因此，在众多可用的选择中，农民可以将土地恢复作物生产，开发用于放牧或干草，或在新的保护储备计划中维护它。无论如何，该项目的延续对保护主义者来说都很重要，不仅因为它提供了明显的生态效益，还因为CRP土地为景观尺度上的恢复相关研究提供了几乎无与伦比的机会。
{"title":"The Conservation Reserve Program","authors":"D. Jelinski, P. Kulakow","doi":"10.3368/er.14.2.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.2.137","url":null,"abstract":"restoration ecology. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provisions of the 1985 Food Security Act set aside 16 million hectares of highly erodible cropland for a period of ten years. The enrolled land was planted with perennial vegetation to reduce the supply of surplus commodities, improve farm income, conserve soil, and provide improved habitat for wildlife. Since the program has been put into effect, it is estimated that soil erosion has been reduced, on average, by 17 metric tons per hectare on CRP lands (Clark et al., 1993). In addition, CRP lands have gained an average of 1 metric ton of carbon per hectare per year (Gebhart et al., 1994). Indeed, it is estimated that the land enrolled in CRP may be able to sequester about 45 percent of the 35 million metric tons of atmospheric carbon originating from U. S. agriculture annually (Gebhart eta!., 1994). Current CRP contracts began expiring in October, 1995, and more than 40 percent of these contracts will have ended by October, 1996. Congress recently reauthorized the CRP program, capping it at the current level of 14.7 million hectares for the seven-year life of the bill. While Congress’s commitment to enhancing the environment is to be applauded, under the reauthorization selected lands will still be withdrawn from the program because some rental payments will be reduced and because of an early-out provision for all or part of a farmer’s enrolled acreage. Thus among the many options available, farmers may return land to crop production, develop it for grazing or haying, or maintain it in the new Conservation Reserve Program. In any case, continuation of the program is important to conservationists, not only because it offers obvious ecological benefits, but also because CRP lands offer virtually unmatched opportunities for restoration-related research on a landscape scale.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133537799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Section A. History of Geology, Mineral Exploration, and Environmental Damage.- 1. Geological and Geographic Setting.- 2. Early History of Human Activities in the Sudbury Area and Ecological Damage to the Landscape.- 3. Reading the Records Stored in the Lake Sediments: A Method of Examining the History and Extent of Industrial Damage to Lakes.- Section B. Trends in Natural Recovery after Emission Reductions.- 4. Declining Industrial Emissions, Improving Air Quality, and Reduced Damage to Vegetation.- 5. Lake Water Quality Improvements and Recovering Aquatic Communities.- 6. Lichens: Sensitive Indicators of Improving Air Quality.- 7. Natural Recovery of Vascular Plant Communities on the Industrial Barrens of the Sudbury Area.- Section C. Goals of Restoration.- 8. Municipal Land Restoration Program: The Regreening Process.- 9. Revegetation of the Copper Cliff Tailings Area.- 10. Engineered Wetlands as a Tailings Rehabilitation Strategy.- 11. Preservation of Biodiversity: Aurora Trout.- 12. Partnerships for Wildlife Restoration: Peregrine Falcons.- Section D. Research Topics in Restoration Ecology.- 13. Dynamics of Plant Communities and Soils in Revegetated Ecosystems: A Sudbury Case Study.- 14. Lake Sediments: Sources or Sinks of Industrially Mobilized Elements?.- 15. Liming of Sudbury Lakes: Lessons for Recovery of Aquatic Biota from Acidification.- 16. Trends in Waterfowl Populations: Evidence of Recovery from Acidification.- 17. Acidification and Metal Contamination: Implications for the Soil Biota of Sudbury.- 18. Birch Coppice Woodlands near the Sudbury Smelters: Dynamics of a Forest Monoculture.- 19. Potential Role of Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) in Colonizing Metal-Contaminated Ecosystems.- 20. Urban Lakes: Integrators of Environmental Damage and Recovery.- Section E. Planning for the Future.- 21. Developments in Emission Control Technologies/Strategies: A Case Study.- 22. Integrated Management and Progressive Rehabilitation of Industrial Lands.- 23. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems: Technologies for Mapping and Monitoring Environmental Health.- 24. Catchment Management in the Industrial Landscape.- 25. Planning for the Environmentally Friendly City.- 26. From Restoration to Sustainable Ecosystems.- A color insert follows page.
{"title":"Restoring the Smelter-Damaged Landscape Near Sudbury, Canada","authors":"J. Gunn","doi":"10.3368/er.14.2.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.2.129","url":null,"abstract":"Section A. History of Geology, Mineral Exploration, and Environmental Damage.- 1. Geological and Geographic Setting.- 2. Early History of Human Activities in the Sudbury Area and Ecological Damage to the Landscape.- 3. Reading the Records Stored in the Lake Sediments: A Method of Examining the History and Extent of Industrial Damage to Lakes.- Section B. Trends in Natural Recovery after Emission Reductions.- 4. Declining Industrial Emissions, Improving Air Quality, and Reduced Damage to Vegetation.- 5. Lake Water Quality Improvements and Recovering Aquatic Communities.- 6. Lichens: Sensitive Indicators of Improving Air Quality.- 7. Natural Recovery of Vascular Plant Communities on the Industrial Barrens of the Sudbury Area.- Section C. Goals of Restoration.- 8. Municipal Land Restoration Program: The Regreening Process.- 9. Revegetation of the Copper Cliff Tailings Area.- 10. Engineered Wetlands as a Tailings Rehabilitation Strategy.- 11. Preservation of Biodiversity: Aurora Trout.- 12. Partnerships for Wildlife Restoration: Peregrine Falcons.- Section D. Research Topics in Restoration Ecology.- 13. Dynamics of Plant Communities and Soils in Revegetated Ecosystems: A Sudbury Case Study.- 14. Lake Sediments: Sources or Sinks of Industrially Mobilized Elements?.- 15. Liming of Sudbury Lakes: Lessons for Recovery of Aquatic Biota from Acidification.- 16. Trends in Waterfowl Populations: Evidence of Recovery from Acidification.- 17. Acidification and Metal Contamination: Implications for the Soil Biota of Sudbury.- 18. Birch Coppice Woodlands near the Sudbury Smelters: Dynamics of a Forest Monoculture.- 19. Potential Role of Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) in Colonizing Metal-Contaminated Ecosystems.- 20. Urban Lakes: Integrators of Environmental Damage and Recovery.- Section E. Planning for the Future.- 21. Developments in Emission Control Technologies/Strategies: A Case Study.- 22. Integrated Management and Progressive Rehabilitation of Industrial Lands.- 23. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems: Technologies for Mapping and Monitoring Environmental Health.- 24. Catchment Management in the Industrial Landscape.- 25. Planning for the Environmentally Friendly City.- 26. From Restoration to Sustainable Ecosystems.- A color insert follows page.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128620949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
natural areas. I n October 1994, the U.S. Army vacated the Presidio of San Francisco, bringing to an end 148 years of continuous military occupation--the longest tenure of any Army garrison in the American West. After two centuries of military service--it was established by Spanish soldiers in 1776~the Presidio may become a model for military-base conversion. In the three years since its transfer to the National Park Service (NPS), it has become a centerpiece for the agency’s expanding volunteer-based restoration program, with more than 95,000 volunteer hours donated thus far. Envisioned as a "a working laboratory to create models of environmental sustainability that can be transferred to communities worldwide" (GGNRA, 1994), the Presidio has also become an election-year target for Republicans in Congress who seek to make the Presidio the first national park in the country to pay for itself---or face being sold to reduce the national debt. By engaging the public and creating a constituency for the Presidio’s natural areas, community-based restoration could act as a countervailing force against the push to privatize a celebrated national asset. The former Army post is now part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA), which features such well-known landmarks as Alcatraz and Muir Woods among its 30,600 hectares, making it one of the largest urban parks in the world. Twenty million people visit GGNRA lands every year; 3.5 million of those visits are to the Presidio, and this is expected to increase to more than 8 raillion within fifteen years. A general management plan developed after several years of community meetings envisioned "a network of national and international organizations devoted to improving human and natural environments" being housed in the Presidio’s 510 historic structures. (Unike most other parks, the Presidio’s 602 hectares contain 870 buildings and other associated urban features including a bowling alley, a fast-food franchise, and a golf course. Approximately 300 non-historic structures are scheduled for demolition.) Following years of deferred maintenance by the Army, the remaining buildings will require costly rehabilitation before they can be occupied by the National Park Service or leased to one of the 400 organizations that have expressed an interest in becoming Presidio tenants. The Tides Foundation and 18 other nonprofit organizations and foundations, for example, are now leasing office space in the Thoreau Center for Sustainability, the Presidio’s first major rehabilitation effort using environmentally-friendly building materials. A federally chartered partnership institution has been proposed to assist the park in rehabilitating and leasing buildings. Known as the Presidio Trust, this institution would seek up to $600 million in loans from the U.S. Treasury to finance rehabilitation over the next fifteen years. Finalized before the November 1994 elections, however, the plan’s enabling legislation has been d
自然区域。1994年10月，美国陆军撤出旧金山要塞，结束了长达148年的军事占领——这是美国西部最长的军队驻军。普雷西迪奥是由西班牙士兵于1776年建立的，经过两个世纪的军事服务，普雷西迪奥可能会成为军事基地改造的典范。在移交给国家公园管理局(NPS)的三年中，它已成为该机构不断扩大的以志愿者为基础的修复计划的核心，迄今为止捐赠了超过95,000个志愿者小时。普雷西迪奥被设想为“一个创造环境可持续性模型的工作实验室，可以转移到世界各地的社区”(GGNRA, 1994)，普雷西迪奥也成为国会共和党人的选举年目标，他们寻求使普雷西迪奥成为该国第一个自给自足的国家公园，否则将面临出售以减少国家债务。通过让公众参与进来，为普雷西迪奥的自然区域创造一个选区，以社区为基础的修复可以作为一种抵消力量，反对将一项著名的国家资产私有化。这个前陆军哨所现在是金门国家游乐区(GGNRA)的一部分，该游乐区占地30600公顷，以恶魔岛和缪尔森林等著名地标为特色，使其成为世界上最大的城市公园之一。每年有2000万人参观gnra土地;其中有350万人次是去普雷西迪奥的，预计在15年内，这一数字将增加到8亿以上。经过几年的社区会议，制定了一个总体管理计划，设想“一个致力于改善人类和自然环境的国家和国际组织网络”被安置在Presidio的510个历史建筑中。(与大多数其他公园不同，Presidio占地602公顷，包含870栋建筑和其他相关的城市特色，包括保龄球馆、快餐连锁店和高尔夫球场。计划拆除的非历史建筑约有300座。)在陆军推迟了数年的维护之后，剩下的建筑将需要昂贵的修复，然后才能由国家公园管理局(National Park Service)占用，或者租给有兴趣成为Presidio租户的400个组织之一。例如，潮汐基金会(Tides Foundation)和其他18个非营利组织和基金会，目前正在索罗可持续发展中心(Thoreau Center for Sustainability)租用办公空间，这是普雷西迪奥使用环保建筑材料进行的第一次重大修复工作。一个联邦特许的合伙机构被提议协助公园修复和租赁建筑。这家名为普雷西迪奥信托(Presidio Trust)的机构将向美国财政部寻求高达6亿美元的贷款，为未来15年的重建提供资金。然而，在1994年11月选举之前最后定稿后，国会对该计划的授权立法进行了大幅度修订。每年2500万美元的花费比黄石国家公园的年度预算还多，但是
{"title":"The Greening of the Golden Gate","authors":"P. Holloran","doi":"10.3368/er.14.2.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.2.112","url":null,"abstract":"natural areas. I n October 1994, the U.S. Army vacated the Presidio of San Francisco, bringing to an end 148 years of continuous military occupation--the longest tenure of any Army garrison in the American West. After two centuries of military service--it was established by Spanish soldiers in 1776~the Presidio may become a model for military-base conversion. In the three years since its transfer to the National Park Service (NPS), it has become a centerpiece for the agency’s expanding volunteer-based restoration program, with more than 95,000 volunteer hours donated thus far. Envisioned as a \"a working laboratory to create models of environmental sustainability that can be transferred to communities worldwide\" (GGNRA, 1994), the Presidio has also become an election-year target for Republicans in Congress who seek to make the Presidio the first national park in the country to pay for itself---or face being sold to reduce the national debt. By engaging the public and creating a constituency for the Presidio’s natural areas, community-based restoration could act as a countervailing force against the push to privatize a celebrated national asset. The former Army post is now part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA), which features such well-known landmarks as Alcatraz and Muir Woods among its 30,600 hectares, making it one of the largest urban parks in the world. Twenty million people visit GGNRA lands every year; 3.5 million of those visits are to the Presidio, and this is expected to increase to more than 8 raillion within fifteen years. A general management plan developed after several years of community meetings envisioned \"a network of national and international organizations devoted to improving human and natural environments\" being housed in the Presidio’s 510 historic structures. (Unike most other parks, the Presidio’s 602 hectares contain 870 buildings and other associated urban features including a bowling alley, a fast-food franchise, and a golf course. Approximately 300 non-historic structures are scheduled for demolition.) Following years of deferred maintenance by the Army, the remaining buildings will require costly rehabilitation before they can be occupied by the National Park Service or leased to one of the 400 organizations that have expressed an interest in becoming Presidio tenants. The Tides Foundation and 18 other nonprofit organizations and foundations, for example, are now leasing office space in the Thoreau Center for Sustainability, the Presidio’s first major rehabilitation effort using environmentally-friendly building materials. A federally chartered partnership institution has been proposed to assist the park in rehabilitating and leasing buildings. Known as the Presidio Trust, this institution would seek up to $600 million in loans from the U.S. Treasury to finance rehabilitation over the next fifteen years. Finalized before the November 1994 elections, however, the plan’s enabling legislation has been d","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"42 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132458480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
beneficial. N one would dispute the fact that adequate rainfall is essential to the success of any prairie restoration. But for years it has been my assumption that, at least here in eastern Iowa, normal rainfall is ordinarily adequate to ensure the success of a restoration planting--after all, the prairies grew here naturally. Dr. Peter Schramm at Knox College not far from here in north-central Illinois expressed essentially same opinion over thirty years ago:
{"title":"Rainfall and Prairie Establishment","authors":"Michael A. O'Keefe","doi":"10.3368/er.14.1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.1.26","url":null,"abstract":"beneficial. N one would dispute the fact that adequate rainfall is essential to the success of any prairie restoration. But for years it has been my assumption that, at least here in eastern Iowa, normal rainfall is ordinarily adequate to ensure the success of a restoration planting--after all, the prairies grew here naturally. Dr. Peter Schramm at Knox College not far from here in north-central Illinois expressed essentially same opinion over thirty years ago:","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123844087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
place. A coupte of years ago I read a very wellwritten book that tried to convince me that wherever humans touched nature, nature became un-natural, its beauty and wildness spoiled. The book took notice, correctly I think, that human influence on the landscape had become universal. The writer, Bill McKibben, drew the conclusion that because of this, the end of nature was near. The name of the book is, in fact, The End of Nature (McKibben, 1989). Like many environmentalists, McKibben is a passionate man, a man who grieves for injuries to nature. But at the time he wrote this book, he seemed also to be a man who had swallowed most of industry’s argument for the inevitability and (indeed!) naturalness of its destructive behavior in regard to natural systems and human communities. If you accept these arguments~some of which are that economies must grow; that the efficiency of mass production legitimizes its brutalization of human life and and the destruction of natural systems; that mere appetite is the ruling element in human behavior--then McKibben’s conclusions must be correct. If humans are such a sport of nature, if their behavior can only be anti-nature, and if humans are everywhere, then nature must surely be on its way out. It is as if we lived somewhere else altogether than in the ecosystems which provide us with all our needs. But in fact humans have always been immersed in ecosystems. And for most of the time we’ve been on the planet, with the exception of the the last few hundred years, humans have behaved as if they were immersed in ecosystems.1 The paleolithic hunter fails to find his game and returns to council with his people. How has their behavior strayed from the path of ample provision? The pre-industrial neolithic planter bums brush, saves seed, collects dung. Alongside deep frugality in the home exist the exuberant public indulgence in great monuments that were observatories of planetary movement, and the devotion of large amounts of time and energy to ceremonial observances of nonhuman processes and presences in the surrounding landscape. Throughout the industrial age, ecosystem behavior has endured even though its practitioners have been pushed back to the most marginal of land bases. It is important to understand that behavior which rises out of ecosystems--life lived by immersion has never been passive but diligently active: symbiotic, reciprocal, deliberately manipulative, and creative. Dennis Martinez, the pre-historian of the restoration movement, has shown us that the indigenous peoples of North America--and by extension elsewhere-have always been an interactive element of the landscape, effecting their own longterm survival with management practices so extensive that ecosystem function was affected (Martinez, 1993). This is another view altogether of human relationships to nature. Rather than objectifying nature as a resource base functioning only to provide human wealth and comfort, such cultures express themselves as
{"title":"Restoring Relations","authors":"Freeman House","doi":"10.3368/er.14.1.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.1.57","url":null,"abstract":"place. A coupte of years ago I read a very wellwritten book that tried to convince me that wherever humans touched nature, nature became un-natural, its beauty and wildness spoiled. The book took notice, correctly I think, that human influence on the landscape had become universal. The writer, Bill McKibben, drew the conclusion that because of this, the end of nature was near. The name of the book is, in fact, The End of Nature (McKibben, 1989). Like many environmentalists, McKibben is a passionate man, a man who grieves for injuries to nature. But at the time he wrote this book, he seemed also to be a man who had swallowed most of industry’s argument for the inevitability and (indeed!) naturalness of its destructive behavior in regard to natural systems and human communities. If you accept these arguments~some of which are that economies must grow; that the efficiency of mass production legitimizes its brutalization of human life and and the destruction of natural systems; that mere appetite is the ruling element in human behavior--then McKibben’s conclusions must be correct. If humans are such a sport of nature, if their behavior can only be anti-nature, and if humans are everywhere, then nature must surely be on its way out. It is as if we lived somewhere else altogether than in the ecosystems which provide us with all our needs. But in fact humans have always been immersed in ecosystems. And for most of the time we’ve been on the planet, with the exception of the the last few hundred years, humans have behaved as if they were immersed in ecosystems.1 The paleolithic hunter fails to find his game and returns to council with his people. How has their behavior strayed from the path of ample provision? The pre-industrial neolithic planter bums brush, saves seed, collects dung. Alongside deep frugality in the home exist the exuberant public indulgence in great monuments that were observatories of planetary movement, and the devotion of large amounts of time and energy to ceremonial observances of nonhuman processes and presences in the surrounding landscape. Throughout the industrial age, ecosystem behavior has endured even though its practitioners have been pushed back to the most marginal of land bases. It is important to understand that behavior which rises out of ecosystems--life lived by immersion has never been passive but diligently active: symbiotic, reciprocal, deliberately manipulative, and creative. Dennis Martinez, the pre-historian of the restoration movement, has shown us that the indigenous peoples of North America--and by extension elsewhere-have always been an interactive element of the landscape, effecting their own longterm survival with management practices so extensive that ecosystem function was affected (Martinez, 1993). This is another view altogether of human relationships to nature. Rather than objectifying nature as a resource base functioning only to provide human wealth and comfort, such cultures express themselves as ","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131504137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of wetland forests. A common characteristic of forested wetlands in non-floodplain areas throughout the northeastern United States is their so-called "mound-and-pool" microtopography, also referred to as "pitand-mound" or "hummock-and-hollow" (Golet et al., 1993). Typically, these wetlands are dominated by red maples (Acer rubrum) which grow on the mounds, thus avoiding the anaerobic soil conditions associated with prolonged flooding or saturation. The precise origin of such microrelief is open to question, although the most likely explanation appears to be windthrows (Golet et al., 1993). Tree species growing in wetlands are typically shallow-rooted and easily toppled by wind. This results in a raised mass of root and soil, which, as the woody material decays, setties into a mound, creating a relatively dry site for seedling establishment. The growth of the root systems of the young trees, and the accumulation of trapped soil and leaf litter probably also contributes to the initial formation of a mound. Regardless of its origin, the mound-and-pool microrelief increases the probability that some individuals of woody species will survive seasonal or even multi-year periods of high water. The mounds also increase the diversity of the plant community, since they provide establishment sites with a relatively wide range of flooding frequencies and moisture conditions (see Golet et al., 1993 for a li{erature review). With the current high level of interest in wetland restoration, enhancement, and creation, it is surprising that more attention has not been given in the literature to duplicating the mound-and-pool microrelief. This is especially true considering the regulatory emphasis on in-kind replacement of wooded wetlands in New England. Mounds are an important feature of these ecosystems, whether from an ecological or aesthetic point of view, and should be included in any attempt to re-create authentic versions of them. Equally important, by providing small-scale topographic relief, mounds increase the margin of tolerance for plants placed in fluctuating hydrological conditions. This increases the shortterm chances of success in a mitigation project, and also favors a natural pattern of species recruitment and community development as a project matures. Despite this, the only previous report of an attempt to replicate the mound-andpool microtopography in the Northeast appears to be a 1990 report by by D.J. Crispin and A.D. Randall. Their effort to create mound-and-pool topography on a 66.8-ha (165-acre) site in the Great Cedar Swamp in southeastern Massachusetts met with mixed success. In attempting to restore the site to its original con~tition, they encountered a number of problems, foremost of which was the miring of heavy construction equipment in the clay and muck soils. Other difficulties included low survival rates for woody species in rootmats transplanted from natural wetlands (called "strip mulching") and a highly altered site hydrology t
湿地森林。在整个美国东北部的非洪泛平原地区，森林湿地的一个共同特征是它们所谓的“丘和池”微地形，也被称为“坑丘”或“丘和空心”(Golet et al.， 1993)。通常，这些湿地以生长在土丘上的红枫(Acer rubrum)为主，从而避免了与长时间洪水或饱和相关的厌氧土壤条件。尽管最可能的解释似乎是风力，但这种微地形的确切起源仍有待探讨(Golet et al.， 1993)。生长在湿地的树种通常是浅根的，很容易被风吹倒。这导致了根和土壤的凸起，随着木质材料的腐烂，形成了一个土堆，为幼苗的建立创造了一个相对干燥的地方。幼树根系的生长、被困土壤和凋落叶的积累也可能有助于土丘的初步形成。不管它的起源是什么，土丘和池塘的微地形增加了一些木本物种个体在季节性或甚至多年的高水位时期存活的可能性。这些土丘还增加了植物群落的多样性，因为它们提供了相对广泛的洪水频率和湿度条件的建立地点(见Golet等人，1993年的文献综述)。随着目前对湿地恢复、增强和创造的高度关注，令人惊讶的是，文献中没有更多的关注复制丘池微地形。考虑到新英格兰强调以实物替代树木繁茂的湿地，这一点尤其正确。无论从生态学还是美学的角度来看，土丘都是这些生态系统的一个重要特征，任何试图重建它们的真实版本的尝试都应该包括土丘。同样重要的是，通过提供小规模地形起伏，土丘增加了植物在波动水文条件下的容忍度。这增加了缓解项目短期内成功的机会，也有利于在项目成熟时物种补充和群落发展的自然模式。尽管如此，之前唯一一份试图复制东北部土丘和池塘微地形的报告似乎是1990年由D.J. Crispin和A.D. Randall撰写的报告。他们在马萨诸塞州东南部的大雪松沼泽66.8公顷(165英亩)的场地上创造了土丘和池塘地形，取得了不同程度的成功。在试图将场地恢复到原来的状态时，他们遇到了许多问题，其中最主要的问题是重型建筑设备在粘土和淤泥中挖矿。其他困难包括木本物种在从自然湿地移植的根垫(称为“条形覆盖”)中存活率低，以及高度改变的现场水文，需要建造2,440米(8,000英尺)的粘土堤岸和几座水坝来控制地下水和溪流(Crispin和Randall, 1990;Valiton, 1995)。本文介绍了一种建造土墩和水池的设计和方法
{"title":"Duplicating the Mound-and-Pool Microtopography of Forested Wetlands","authors":"W. Barry, A. Garlo, C. Wood","doi":"10.3368/er.14.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"of wetland forests. A common characteristic of forested wetlands in non-floodplain areas throughout the northeastern United States is their so-called \"mound-and-pool\" microtopography, also referred to as \"pitand-mound\" or \"hummock-and-hollow\" (Golet et al., 1993). Typically, these wetlands are dominated by red maples (Acer rubrum) which grow on the mounds, thus avoiding the anaerobic soil conditions associated with prolonged flooding or saturation. The precise origin of such microrelief is open to question, although the most likely explanation appears to be windthrows (Golet et al., 1993). Tree species growing in wetlands are typically shallow-rooted and easily toppled by wind. This results in a raised mass of root and soil, which, as the woody material decays, setties into a mound, creating a relatively dry site for seedling establishment. The growth of the root systems of the young trees, and the accumulation of trapped soil and leaf litter probably also contributes to the initial formation of a mound. Regardless of its origin, the mound-and-pool microrelief increases the probability that some individuals of woody species will survive seasonal or even multi-year periods of high water. The mounds also increase the diversity of the plant community, since they provide establishment sites with a relatively wide range of flooding frequencies and moisture conditions (see Golet et al., 1993 for a li{erature review). With the current high level of interest in wetland restoration, enhancement, and creation, it is surprising that more attention has not been given in the literature to duplicating the mound-and-pool microrelief. This is especially true considering the regulatory emphasis on in-kind replacement of wooded wetlands in New England. Mounds are an important feature of these ecosystems, whether from an ecological or aesthetic point of view, and should be included in any attempt to re-create authentic versions of them. Equally important, by providing small-scale topographic relief, mounds increase the margin of tolerance for plants placed in fluctuating hydrological conditions. This increases the shortterm chances of success in a mitigation project, and also favors a natural pattern of species recruitment and community development as a project matures. Despite this, the only previous report of an attempt to replicate the mound-andpool microtopography in the Northeast appears to be a 1990 report by by D.J. Crispin and A.D. Randall. Their effort to create mound-and-pool topography on a 66.8-ha (165-acre) site in the Great Cedar Swamp in southeastern Massachusetts met with mixed success. In attempting to restore the site to its original con~tition, they encountered a number of problems, foremost of which was the miring of heavy construction equipment in the clay and muck soils. Other difficulties included low survival rates for woody species in rootmats transplanted from natural wetlands (called \"strip mulching\") and a highly altered site hydrology t","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126123331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review: Eastern Old-Growth Forests/Prospects For Rediscovery and Recovery. By Mary Byrd Davis Reviewed by Candy J. Strobel James Island High School Davis, Mary Byrd. Eastern Old-Growth Forests/Prospects For Rediscovery and Recovery. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996. 383 pp. US$ 24.95 paperback ISBN: 1-55963-409-X. Recycled, acid-free paper. Billed as the first book devoted exclusively to old growth throughout the East, Eastern Old Growth Forests serves as a learning tool for the layperson and an authoritative reference for the expert. The text is a collection of essays by a variety of informed individuals on topics ranging from the definition of old growth to studies conducted on specific sites. Each essay is well referenced and written at a level that promotes understanding of the topic by individuals of varied backgrounds and expertise. There are four major sections in the book containing a total of twenty-three chapters, a foreword by the editor, an afterward, glossary of major terms, brief listings for the contributors, and an index. Part I is an introduction to the book and includes two chapters. Chapter 1 defines old growth forests and provides a history of the study of such ecosystems. Chapter 2 is an overview of the location and area of identified stands of old growth forest in the areas covered by the book. Part II, entitled Biological and Cultural Values, contains six essays on the ecological significance of these stands. Biological diversity is the underlying theme of this section, and it concludes with two essays that explore the aesthetic reasons for conservation. Part III, Identification , is made up of seven essays that help the reader identify specific old- growth ecosystems. Common and scientific names are given where applicable and information regarding both the biology and ecology of these areas is presented. The essay on long leaf pine forests, for example, covers the forest characteristics, its dependence on fire, the history of such habitats and individual habitat types that occur within this region. Part IV, Preservation and Restoration , includes seven studies of old-growth forests written in journal format. The final chapter, How Much Old Growth Is Enough explores options for the preservation of current reserves and the justification for doing so.
{"title":"Eastern Old-Growth Forests: Prospects for Rediscovery and Recovery","authors":"Candy J. Strobel","doi":"10.3368/er.14.2.202a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.14.2.202a","url":null,"abstract":"Review: Eastern Old-Growth Forests/Prospects For Rediscovery and Recovery. By Mary Byrd Davis Reviewed by Candy J. Strobel James Island High School Davis, Mary Byrd. Eastern Old-Growth Forests/Prospects For Rediscovery and Recovery. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996. 383 pp. US$ 24.95 paperback ISBN: 1-55963-409-X. Recycled, acid-free paper. Billed as the first book devoted exclusively to old growth throughout the East, Eastern Old Growth Forests serves as a learning tool for the layperson and an authoritative reference for the expert. The text is a collection of essays by a variety of informed individuals on topics ranging from the definition of old growth to studies conducted on specific sites. Each essay is well referenced and written at a level that promotes understanding of the topic by individuals of varied backgrounds and expertise. There are four major sections in the book containing a total of twenty-three chapters, a foreword by the editor, an afterward, glossary of major terms, brief listings for the contributors, and an index. Part I is an introduction to the book and includes two chapters. Chapter 1 defines old growth forests and provides a history of the study of such ecosystems. Chapter 2 is an overview of the location and area of identified stands of old growth forest in the areas covered by the book. Part II, entitled Biological and Cultural Values, contains six essays on the ecological significance of these stands. Biological diversity is the underlying theme of this section, and it concludes with two essays that explore the aesthetic reasons for conservation. Part III, Identification , is made up of seven essays that help the reader identify specific old- growth ecosystems. Common and scientific names are given where applicable and information regarding both the biology and ecology of these areas is presented. The essay on long leaf pine forests, for example, covers the forest characteristics, its dependence on fire, the history of such habitats and individual habitat types that occur within this region. Part IV, Preservation and Restoration , includes seven studies of old-growth forests written in journal format. The final chapter, How Much Old Growth Is Enough explores options for the preservation of current reserves and the justification for doing so.","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"252 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122494550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
work together. A human populations continue to increase in size and distribution over the landscape, there will be fewer opportunities to preserve existing areas in a relatively natural condition. Wildlife conservation will thus depend more and more on the modification of existing reserves and the restoration of degraded environments. Although countless papers have been published on various species of wildlife and their habitats, neither wildlife ecologists nor restorationists have made much effort to apply this information to the work of restoration. Furthermore, the continual splitting off of subdivisions within the biological sciences, with a corresponding proliferation of journals and meetings, makes it increasingly difficult for scientists and resource managers to stay abreast of recent scientific advances. Too often the result is a retreat into a kind of protective insularity. Indeed, few people now refer to themselves simply as "biologists," and in recent years most "ecologists" have also begun attaching modifiers to their job titles. Because of these subdivisions, there have been attempts to create more-comprehensive, mission-oriented disciplines. Of particular interest here are three of these--wildlife biology, conservation biology, and restoration ecology--and the relationship between them. The first of these has a fairly long history, having taken shape as an academic discipline during the 1930s. The latter are much younger, having appeared in the last decade or so as part of a new generation of management-oriented disciplines that have emerged in an effort to bring various traditional disciplines together and focus them on solving environmental problems. These disciplines have broadly overlapping objectives, but each is now represented by a separate national society (The Wildlife Society, the Society for Conservation Biology, and the Society for Ecological Restoration, respectively). This proliferation of mission-oriented initiatives and organizatiofis raises questions about the relationships between them. Although wildlife biologists can correctly argue that they have been practicing restoration for decades, much of their early research focused on management of game species and control of pest species under the framework of the agricultural sciences. Today, most wildlife research is still oriented toward single species, though the interests of wildlife biologists have expanded to include many nongame species. Much of this change has been driven by changes in environmental laws--especially those mandating environmental impact documents, and, of course, the Endangered Species Act (1973, as amended) and related state laws. Collectively, these have resuited in an enormous increase in funding for research on nongame species. Unfortunately, the traditional emphasis of most academic wildlife programs and--especially-state game departments on game species or control of a handful of "pest" species fostered the perception that wildlife biologi
一起工作。随着人口规模和分布在景观上的不断增加，在相对自然的条件下保护现有地区的机会将越来越少。因此，野生动物保护将越来越依赖于对现有保护区的改造和对退化环境的恢复。尽管已经发表了无数关于各种野生动物及其栖息地的论文，但野生动物生态学家和恢复学家都没有努力将这些信息应用到恢复工作中。此外，生物科学内部不断分裂的分支，以及相应的期刊和会议的激增，使得科学家和资源管理者越来越难以跟上最新的科学进展。结果往往是退回到一种保护性的孤立状态。事实上，现在很少有人简单地称自己为“生物学家”，近年来，大多数“生态学家”也开始在自己的头衔后面加上修饰语。由于这些细分，已经有人尝试创建更全面的、以任务为导向的学科。这里特别感兴趣的是其中的三个——野生动物生物学、保护生物学和恢复生态学——以及它们之间的关系。第一种方法有相当长的历史，在20世纪30年代形成了一门学术学科。后者要年轻得多，在过去十年左右出现，作为新一代管理导向学科的一部分，这些学科的出现是为了将各种传统学科结合在一起，并将它们集中在解决环境问题上。这些学科有着广泛重叠的目标，但每个学科现在都由一个独立的国家学会代表(分别是野生动物学会、保护生物学学会和生态恢复学会)。这种以任务为导向的倡议和组织的激增引发了关于它们之间关系的问题。尽管野生动物生物学家可以正确地说，他们已经进行了几十年的恢复工作，但他们早期的大部分研究都集中在农业科学框架下的狩猎物种管理和有害物种控制上。今天，大多数野生动物研究仍然以单一物种为导向，尽管野生动物生物学家的兴趣已经扩大到包括许多非游戏物种。这种变化在很大程度上是由环境法的变化所推动的——尤其是那些要求提供环境影响文件的法律，当然还有《濒危物种法》(1973年修订)和相关的州法律。总的来说，这些都重新适应了对非游戏物种研究资金的巨大增加。不幸的是，大多数学术野生动物项目，特别是国家狩猎部门对野生动物物种或少数“有害”物种的控制的传统强调，助长了野生动物生物学家对非游戏物种进行研究的能力不足的看法。这种认识至少是1985年保护生物学学会(Society for Conservation Biology, SCB)成立并迅速被保护界接受的因素之一。SCB的出现，
{"title":"Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Ecology","authors":"M. Morrison","doi":"10.3368/er.13.2.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.13.2.203","url":null,"abstract":"work together. A human populations continue to increase in size and distribution over the landscape, there will be fewer opportunities to preserve existing areas in a relatively natural condition. Wildlife conservation will thus depend more and more on the modification of existing reserves and the restoration of degraded environments. Although countless papers have been published on various species of wildlife and their habitats, neither wildlife ecologists nor restorationists have made much effort to apply this information to the work of restoration. Furthermore, the continual splitting off of subdivisions within the biological sciences, with a corresponding proliferation of journals and meetings, makes it increasingly difficult for scientists and resource managers to stay abreast of recent scientific advances. Too often the result is a retreat into a kind of protective insularity. Indeed, few people now refer to themselves simply as \"biologists,\" and in recent years most \"ecologists\" have also begun attaching modifiers to their job titles. Because of these subdivisions, there have been attempts to create more-comprehensive, mission-oriented disciplines. Of particular interest here are three of these--wildlife biology, conservation biology, and restoration ecology--and the relationship between them. The first of these has a fairly long history, having taken shape as an academic discipline during the 1930s. The latter are much younger, having appeared in the last decade or so as part of a new generation of management-oriented disciplines that have emerged in an effort to bring various traditional disciplines together and focus them on solving environmental problems. These disciplines have broadly overlapping objectives, but each is now represented by a separate national society (The Wildlife Society, the Society for Conservation Biology, and the Society for Ecological Restoration, respectively). This proliferation of mission-oriented initiatives and organizatiofis raises questions about the relationships between them. Although wildlife biologists can correctly argue that they have been practicing restoration for decades, much of their early research focused on management of game species and control of pest species under the framework of the agricultural sciences. Today, most wildlife research is still oriented toward single species, though the interests of wildlife biologists have expanded to include many nongame species. Much of this change has been driven by changes in environmental laws--especially those mandating environmental impact documents, and, of course, the Endangered Species Act (1973, as amended) and related state laws. Collectively, these have resuited in an enormous increase in funding for research on nongame species. Unfortunately, the traditional emphasis of most academic wildlife programs and--especially-state game departments on game species or control of a handful of \"pest\" species fostered the perception that wildlife biologi","PeriodicalId":105419,"journal":{"name":"Restoration & Management Notes","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128576119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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