Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977116
Norulaina Alias, R. Yunus, A. Idris
Hydraulic fluids are liquids used as the motive medium in hydraulic machinery and equipment. The current interest in protecting the environment has created a demand for vegetable-based and biodegradable hydraulic fluids. However, the lubricating properties of the vegetable-based such as poor oxidative stability and high pour point have hindered their use. In this study, Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester or TMPE, which is derived from palm oil-based methyl ester (POME), was used as the base fluid. The objective of this research is to study the lubrication properties of the formulated TMPE (TMPE + 1.0% of Additive A), namely the pour point (PP) test, wear and friction test and filterability test. The pour point obtained from this research was 10°C before applied to the lab-scale hydraulic test rig. This reading is much higher if compared to the commercial hydraulic fluid, which has the pour point of −30°C. Nevertheless, this result was slightly comparable to the unformulated TMPE, 12°C. The wear test shows that at 15 kg load, the WSD was 1.0 mm before application (at 0 hour), with the coefficient of friction (CoF) was 0.04 as compared to the WSD of unformulated oil, 0.46 mm and CoF of 0.04. There is no data available at 15kg load for the commercial hydraulic oil compared. Meanwhile, at 40 kg load, the WSD recorded was 3.24 mm before the application compared to commercial hydraulic oil, 0.36 mm and unformulated oil, 0.64 mm. After 800 hours application, the WSD increase sharply both for 15 kg (1049 mm) and 40 kg (3364 mm). It showed that there were particles built in the formulated oil. This is supported by the filterability study.
{"title":"Effect of additives on lubrication properties of palm oil-based trimethylolpropane ester for hydraulic fluid application","authors":"Norulaina Alias, R. Yunus, A. Idris","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977116","url":null,"abstract":"Hydraulic fluids are liquids used as the motive medium in hydraulic machinery and equipment. The current interest in protecting the environment has created a demand for vegetable-based and biodegradable hydraulic fluids. However, the lubricating properties of the vegetable-based such as poor oxidative stability and high pour point have hindered their use. In this study, Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester or TMPE, which is derived from palm oil-based methyl ester (POME), was used as the base fluid. The objective of this research is to study the lubrication properties of the formulated TMPE (TMPE + 1.0% of Additive A), namely the pour point (PP) test, wear and friction test and filterability test. The pour point obtained from this research was 10°C before applied to the lab-scale hydraulic test rig. This reading is much higher if compared to the commercial hydraulic fluid, which has the pour point of −30°C. Nevertheless, this result was slightly comparable to the unformulated TMPE, 12°C. The wear test shows that at 15 kg load, the WSD was 1.0 mm before application (at 0 hour), with the coefficient of friction (CoF) was 0.04 as compared to the WSD of unformulated oil, 0.46 mm and CoF of 0.04. There is no data available at 15kg load for the commercial hydraulic oil compared. Meanwhile, at 40 kg load, the WSD recorded was 3.24 mm before the application compared to commercial hydraulic oil, 0.36 mm and unformulated oil, 0.64 mm. After 800 hours application, the WSD increase sharply both for 15 kg (1049 mm) and 40 kg (3364 mm). It showed that there were particles built in the formulated oil. This is supported by the filterability study.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125703115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977084
A. Saat, Nurulhuda Kassim, Z. Hamzah
Taman Negara or National Park is a reserve for natural or semi natural land and restricted from most development. In this area, depending on the geological condition of the surrounding, it may contain some natural radionuclides which emit certain amount or levels of radiation In this study natural radionuclides (226Ra, 228Ra and 40K) activity concentrations in soil and the corresponding surface doses at eleven locations around UiTM-Perhilitan Research Station Taman Negara, Pahang were determined to assess the possible radiation hazard to visitors in that area. The gamma activities and the surface doses were determined using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer and portable radiation survey meter. The mean activity concentrations in the area for 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K are 99.13 Bq/kg, 139.98 Bq/kg and 598.24 Bq/kg respectively, while on average the doses are 0.215 μSv/hr on the ground and 0.193 μSv/hr at one meter from ground. The activities were higher than world average and doses were in the ranges, while radiation hazard indices were slightly greater than unity in four locations.
Taman Negara或国家公园是自然或半自然土地的保护区，限制大多数开发。根据周围的地质条件，该地区可能含有一些天然放射性核素，这些天然放射性核素释放出一定数量或水平的辐射。本研究在彭亨州Taman Negara UiTM-Perhilitan研究站周围的11个地点测定了土壤中天然放射性核素(226Ra, 228Ra和40K)的活性浓度及其相应的表面剂量，以评估该地区可能对游客造成的辐射危害。采用高分辨率伽玛能谱仪和便携式辐射测量仪测定了样品的γ活度和表面剂量。226Ra、228Ra和40K在该地区的平均活度浓度分别为99.13 Bq/kg、139.98 Bq/kg和598.24 Bq/kg，地面平均剂量为0.215 μSv/hr，距离地面1 m处平均剂量为0.193 μSv/hr。放射性活动高于世界平均水平，剂量在一定范围内，四个地点的辐射危害指数略大于1。
{"title":"Measurement of natural radioactivity levels in soil samples in research station at National Park area in Malaysia","authors":"A. Saat, Nurulhuda Kassim, Z. Hamzah","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977084","url":null,"abstract":"Taman Negara or National Park is a reserve for natural or semi natural land and restricted from most development. In this area, depending on the geological condition of the surrounding, it may contain some natural radionuclides which emit certain amount or levels of radiation In this study natural radionuclides (226Ra, 228Ra and 40K) activity concentrations in soil and the corresponding surface doses at eleven locations around UiTM-Perhilitan Research Station Taman Negara, Pahang were determined to assess the possible radiation hazard to visitors in that area. The gamma activities and the surface doses were determined using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer and portable radiation survey meter. The mean activity concentrations in the area for 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K are 99.13 Bq/kg, 139.98 Bq/kg and 598.24 Bq/kg respectively, while on average the doses are 0.215 μSv/hr on the ground and 0.193 μSv/hr at one meter from ground. The activities were higher than world average and doses were in the ranges, while radiation hazard indices were slightly greater than unity in four locations.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128742397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977118
A. Ridzuan, M. Fauzi, Azman Kassim
Self consolidating concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It offers a rapid rate of concrete placement, with faster construction times and ease of flow around congested reinforcement. The improved construction practice and performance, combined with the health and safety benefits, make SCC a very attractive solution for both precast concrete and civil engineering construction [1]. If the production of concrete wastes is not managed properly, Malaysia will face major environmental problems. The Government will have to bear the unnecessary costs for clean-ups, repairs and protection measures on illegal dumping areas and providing more landfills. Recycling of waste concrete as crushed concrete waste aggregate (CCWA) for new concrete is beneficial for environmental preservation and effective utilization of resources. This study is to determine the compressive strength performance of SCC using CCWA as coarse aggregate with various replacement percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of CCWA to normal aggregate for grade 30 N/mm2 concrete. The specimens were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days age. Results indicated that the compressive strength of SCC containing up to 25% CCWA coarse aggregate replacement is comparable to the compressive strength of normal aggregate SCC.
{"title":"The evaluation of self consolidating concrete incorporating crushed concrete waste aggregate","authors":"A. Ridzuan, M. Fauzi, Azman Kassim","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977118","url":null,"abstract":"Self consolidating concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It offers a rapid rate of concrete placement, with faster construction times and ease of flow around congested reinforcement. The improved construction practice and performance, combined with the health and safety benefits, make SCC a very attractive solution for both precast concrete and civil engineering construction [1]. If the production of concrete wastes is not managed properly, Malaysia will face major environmental problems. The Government will have to bear the unnecessary costs for clean-ups, repairs and protection measures on illegal dumping areas and providing more landfills. Recycling of waste concrete as crushed concrete waste aggregate (CCWA) for new concrete is beneficial for environmental preservation and effective utilization of resources. This study is to determine the compressive strength performance of SCC using CCWA as coarse aggregate with various replacement percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of CCWA to normal aggregate for grade 30 N/mm2 concrete. The specimens were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days age. Results indicated that the compressive strength of SCC containing up to 25% CCWA coarse aggregate replacement is comparable to the compressive strength of normal aggregate SCC.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132129531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977098
R. A. Rahman, S. Sulaiman, A. M. Omar, Z. Zain, S. Shaari
This paper presents the performance of a 45.36 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system at Malaysia Green Technology Corporation (MGTC), Bangi, Malaysia. The site is located at latitude of approximately 2.96°N and longitude of 101.75°E. The system was commissioned on 14th June 2007 and the system performance has been monitored since 1st Feb 2008. The system comprises 45.36 kWp of PV array size, a 40 kW inverter and other balance of system (BOS) components. An irradiance sensor and two temperature sensors are connected externally to the system via the inverter to obtain the irradiance, ambient temperature and module temperature profiles at the site. In contrast, other performance data such as AC current AC voltage, DC current and DC voltage are recorded from the inverter. During the monitoring period, all data were recorded based on 15 minute interval. The system had produced 787.25 MWh of solar electricity since its being monitored with an average daily output of 144 kWh. On the other hand, the inverter efficiency has been fluctuating from 86% to 97%. The average monthly final yield was found to be 96 kWhkWp−1 while the performance ratio (PR) varies from 71.37% to 91.99%.
{"title":"Performance analysis of 45.36 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic systems at Malaysia Green Technology Corporation","authors":"R. A. Rahman, S. Sulaiman, A. M. Omar, Z. Zain, S. Shaari","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977098","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the performance of a 45.36 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system at Malaysia Green Technology Corporation (MGTC), Bangi, Malaysia. The site is located at latitude of approximately 2.96°N and longitude of 101.75°E. The system was commissioned on 14th June 2007 and the system performance has been monitored since 1st Feb 2008. The system comprises 45.36 kWp of PV array size, a 40 kW inverter and other balance of system (BOS) components. An irradiance sensor and two temperature sensors are connected externally to the system via the inverter to obtain the irradiance, ambient temperature and module temperature profiles at the site. In contrast, other performance data such as AC current AC voltage, DC current and DC voltage are recorded from the inverter. During the monitoring period, all data were recorded based on 15 minute interval. The system had produced 787.25 MWh of solar electricity since its being monitored with an average daily output of 144 kWh. On the other hand, the inverter efficiency has been fluctuating from 86% to 97%. The average monthly final yield was found to be 96 kWhkWp−1 while the performance ratio (PR) varies from 71.37% to 91.99%.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115172038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977123
R. Omar, Rachel Samuel
In many Asian countries, firms are required by the government to consider sustainable development as an integral aspect of the firms' business strategy. Besides, the growing demand for environmentally friendly products among consumers has driven many businesses to be concerned about green marketing and sustainable development. Implementation of environmental standards amongst companies is costly and difficult. This study was undertaken to examine the stages of environmental management amongst companies in Malaysia. In Malaysia, SMEs play an important role in continuous economic growth. Preliminary results indicate that the stage of environmental management is moderate whereby environmental management is perceived worthwhile and companies are driven by ethical concern or corporate social responsibility. For a small percentage, environmental management is deemed unnecessary or as an inconvenience. This exploratory study hopes to bring forth the importance of environmental management towards business sustainability.
{"title":"Environmental management amongst manufacturing firms in Malaysia","authors":"R. Omar, Rachel Samuel","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977123","url":null,"abstract":"In many Asian countries, firms are required by the government to consider sustainable development as an integral aspect of the firms' business strategy. Besides, the growing demand for environmentally friendly products among consumers has driven many businesses to be concerned about green marketing and sustainable development. Implementation of environmental standards amongst companies is costly and difficult. This study was undertaken to examine the stages of environmental management amongst companies in Malaysia. In Malaysia, SMEs play an important role in continuous economic growth. Preliminary results indicate that the stage of environmental management is moderate whereby environmental management is perceived worthwhile and companies are driven by ethical concern or corporate social responsibility. For a small percentage, environmental management is deemed unnecessary or as an inconvenience. This exploratory study hopes to bring forth the importance of environmental management towards business sustainability.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129851940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977086
A. Saat, Z. Hamzah, H. Jamaluddin, Husna Mardhiah Muda
Tourism beaches are main attractions visited by members of the public for leisure and holidays. Knowledge of radiation hazard would enable the radiation risk estimation to be made, and suggest mitigation steps if needed. Surface radiation dose, activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K, and radiation hazard index in 18 beaches at eastern, south western and southern coast of Peninsular Malaysia were determined. In-situ surface radiation dose measurements were done using portable radiation survey meter, while gamma-ray activities of sand samples were measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry method. The surface dose rates were found to range between 0.04 to 0.12 (μSv hr−1. Mean activity concentration of 238U varies between 7.3 to 51.0 Bqkg−1, 232Th between 5.9 and 58.4 Bqkg−1 while 40K between 32.7 and 1293 Bqkg−1 respectively. The corresponding annual effective dose from these natural radiations ranged between 0.051 and 0.552 mSv/y. This average is way below the average worldwide exposure of 2.4 mSv/y. The external radiation hazard index calculated for the eighteen samples ranged between 0.05 and 0.51. No obvious correlation was observed between in-situ dose measurement with the annual effective dose as well as radiation hazard index.
{"title":"Assessment of outdoor radiation hazard of natural radionuclides in tourism beach areas","authors":"A. Saat, Z. Hamzah, H. Jamaluddin, Husna Mardhiah Muda","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977086","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism beaches are main attractions visited by members of the public for leisure and holidays. Knowledge of radiation hazard would enable the radiation risk estimation to be made, and suggest mitigation steps if needed. Surface radiation dose, activity concentration of <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K, and radiation hazard index in 18 beaches at eastern, south western and southern coast of Peninsular Malaysia were determined. In-situ surface radiation dose measurements were done using portable radiation survey meter, while gamma-ray activities of sand samples were measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry method. The surface dose rates were found to range between 0.04 to 0.12 (μSv hr<sup>−1</sup>. Mean activity concentration of <sup>238</sup>U varies between 7.3 to 51.0 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup>, <sup>232</sup>Th between 5.9 and 58.4 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup> while <sup>40</sup>K between 32.7 and 1293 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup> respectively. The corresponding annual effective dose from these natural radiations ranged between 0.051 and 0.552 mSv/y. This average is way below the average worldwide exposure of 2.4 mSv/y. The external radiation hazard index calculated for the eighteen samples ranged between 0.05 and 0.51. No obvious correlation was observed between in-situ dose measurement with the annual effective dose as well as radiation hazard index.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132387970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977079
H. Zainuddin, S. Shaari, A. M. Omar, S. Sulaiman
This paper presents the prediction performance and analysis of the power output from grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system using power model. The power model used is presently applied in the testing, commissioning and acceptance test of grid-connected systems procedure in Malaysia. This study involved outdoor testing and validation of model through mathematical formula, root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation coefficient (R2) and standard deviation (STD) determination. Results showed that most of the time, the actual power output was lower than the modelled power output. This implies that more derating factors should be considered in the existing power model such as aging and installation criteria.
{"title":"Power prediction for grid-connected photovoltaic system in Malaysia","authors":"H. Zainuddin, S. Shaari, A. M. Omar, S. Sulaiman","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977079","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the prediction performance and analysis of the power output from grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system using power model. The power model used is presently applied in the testing, commissioning and acceptance test of grid-connected systems procedure in Malaysia. This study involved outdoor testing and validation of model through mathematical formula, root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation coefficient (R2) and standard deviation (STD) determination. Results showed that most of the time, the actual power output was lower than the modelled power output. This implies that more derating factors should be considered in the existing power model such as aging and installation criteria.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"138 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133880876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977103
R. Sazali, N. Shaari, R. M. Zin
The focus of this research was to investigate and study the cogeneration potential in PTA production plant for reducing the emission to the environment due to high energy consumption in the respective plant. Currently, the total power requirement of the plant is about 26 MW per month in which fortunately, the Energy Improvement Team manage to locally generate 6 MW by using the expander and another 6 MW by using the steam turbine. However, through this new improvement project, it still contributes up to approximately 49,500 tonne CO2 emission per year. In view of that situation, the potential of cogeneration is studied in this research with the main objective to reduce the carbon dioxide emission to the environment. Gas turbine system is selected over other Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technologies due to several reasons such as power demand are continuous as well as high availability of natural gas in the plant[1]. In this study, the by product from the gas turbine (exhausted hot gases from turbine), will be utilized for local heating; the hot oil system facility. A preliminary design of gas turbine engine with heat recovery system has been carried out and research study had attested cogeneration has high potential to reduce the emission up to approximately 40,500 tonnes per year with reasonable annual percentage of emission savings up to 18.2%. The gas turbine design also manages to reduce the utilities and electricity costs in the plant of approximately RM 14 million per year which is accounted for 25% savings. Shaft work produced by the turbine is used to power the air compressor of axial flow type which amount up to 20 392.64 kW and producing net power of 29.61 MW before being transformed into electricity for domestic application in PTA plant and sales purpose. For the heat recovery system, an amount of 20 934 kW have been recovered from the exhausted air with temperature of 493.29 °C. Overall thermal efficiency of the system is determined to be 70.71% while the payback period of the gas turbine engine is determined to be 6 years with net present value of RM 347 491 087 and rate of return of 18.91%. Therefore, it is really a valuable and worth effort to install the new gas turbine engine in the respective plant. Through the implementation of this new gas turbine, not only the emission can be reduced but also impact a significant reduction in operating cost. Therefore, it is really a valuable and worth effort to install the new gas turbine engine in the existing PTA plant to sustain the environment.
{"title":"Emission reduction potential in PTA production plant through cogeneration technology","authors":"R. Sazali, N. Shaari, R. M. Zin","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977103","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this research was to investigate and study the cogeneration potential in PTA production plant for reducing the emission to the environment due to high energy consumption in the respective plant. Currently, the total power requirement of the plant is about 26 MW per month in which fortunately, the Energy Improvement Team manage to locally generate 6 MW by using the expander and another 6 MW by using the steam turbine. However, through this new improvement project, it still contributes up to approximately 49,500 tonne CO2 emission per year. In view of that situation, the potential of cogeneration is studied in this research with the main objective to reduce the carbon dioxide emission to the environment. Gas turbine system is selected over other Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technologies due to several reasons such as power demand are continuous as well as high availability of natural gas in the plant[1]. In this study, the by product from the gas turbine (exhausted hot gases from turbine), will be utilized for local heating; the hot oil system facility. A preliminary design of gas turbine engine with heat recovery system has been carried out and research study had attested cogeneration has high potential to reduce the emission up to approximately 40,500 tonnes per year with reasonable annual percentage of emission savings up to 18.2%. The gas turbine design also manages to reduce the utilities and electricity costs in the plant of approximately RM 14 million per year which is accounted for 25% savings. Shaft work produced by the turbine is used to power the air compressor of axial flow type which amount up to 20 392.64 kW and producing net power of 29.61 MW before being transformed into electricity for domestic application in PTA plant and sales purpose. For the heat recovery system, an amount of 20 934 kW have been recovered from the exhausted air with temperature of 493.29 °C. Overall thermal efficiency of the system is determined to be 70.71% while the payback period of the gas turbine engine is determined to be 6 years with net present value of RM 347 491 087 and rate of return of 18.91%. Therefore, it is really a valuable and worth effort to install the new gas turbine engine in the respective plant. Through the implementation of this new gas turbine, not only the emission can be reduced but also impact a significant reduction in operating cost. Therefore, it is really a valuable and worth effort to install the new gas turbine engine in the existing PTA plant to sustain the environment.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126688586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977119
M. Balqis, E. M. G. Aruan, N. Mohd
This paper presents findings on the use of sewage sludge generated from sewage treatment plant (STP) as artificial material in a lightweight aggregates-making process. The chemical and physical characterization of the dried sewage sludge (DSS) and clay were investigated by varying the clay proportion (0%, 10% and 20%) to-DSS and heating temperatures (1020°C to 1100°C). The major components observed in the pulverized sludge were quartz SiO2, hematite Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO and P2O5 and small amount of MgO and K2O were also identified. With 20% clay content at 1100°C sintering temperature, the sintered product exhibited higher compressive strength and the bulk density reduced significantly. Formation of larger pores was confirmed by the SEM images at excessive bloating. In addition, the weight loss increased when the sintering temperature increased and by increasing the sintering temperature and the amount of clay in the sample, a decrease of water absorption was observed. This study shows that the manufactured lightweight aggregate from pulverized sludge is compliant with pertinent standards of lightweight aggregates.
{"title":"Chemical and physical characterizations of dried and pulverized sewage sludge/clay as lightweight aggregates","authors":"M. Balqis, E. M. G. Aruan, N. Mohd","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977119","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents findings on the use of sewage sludge generated from sewage treatment plant (STP) as artificial material in a lightweight aggregates-making process. The chemical and physical characterization of the dried sewage sludge (DSS) and clay were investigated by varying the clay proportion (0%, 10% and 20%) to-DSS and heating temperatures (1020°C to 1100°C). The major components observed in the pulverized sludge were quartz SiO2, hematite Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO and P2O5 and small amount of MgO and K2O were also identified. With 20% clay content at 1100°C sintering temperature, the sintered product exhibited higher compressive strength and the bulk density reduced significantly. Formation of larger pores was confirmed by the SEM images at excessive bloating. In addition, the weight loss increased when the sintering temperature increased and by increasing the sintering temperature and the amount of clay in the sample, a decrease of water absorption was observed. This study shows that the manufactured lightweight aggregate from pulverized sludge is compliant with pertinent standards of lightweight aggregates.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124379176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977100
M. N. Chik, H. Hasini
Mini hydro can be among the most sustainable energy resource, appropriate for Malaysian condition. In its actual sense, ‘availability’ is one of the sustainability indicators, but choked intakes have been the main common issue that keep lowering the availability figure. This works aims to improve sustainability ranking of a mini hydro station by improving its availability through an improvement in its intake cleaning procedure. It takes Sg. Renyok Mini Hydro Station, located at Jeli, Kelantan, as a case study. Here, flow and geometry of the river are simulated using CFD, in order to establish a baseline on the flow profile. Characteristics and behaviour of floating debris at this station were studied giving 28 kg per day as the total amount of floating debris accumulated. 1.64% per hour, as the clogging rate was also established. A peculiar louvered steel diverter is designed, that when installed at a pre-determined angle of 73°, a self-cleaning effect can be realized. A physical model test of this structure has also been performed with a good success in proving the concept, obtaining an efficiency of 85% on diverting the floating debris. A meticulous cost-benefit analysis was performed, giving a favourable result: 1.72 cost-benefit ratio and 2.8 years simple payback period. The results presented herein can improve the station's availability, while at the same time providing an alternative solution from the commonly available measures.
{"title":"Enhancing sustainability of a mini hydro station through a self-cleaning debris diverter","authors":"M. N. Chik, H. Hasini","doi":"10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESEE.2011.5977100","url":null,"abstract":"Mini hydro can be among the most sustainable energy resource, appropriate for Malaysian condition. In its actual sense, ‘availability’ is one of the sustainability indicators, but choked intakes have been the main common issue that keep lowering the availability figure. This works aims to improve sustainability ranking of a mini hydro station by improving its availability through an improvement in its intake cleaning procedure. It takes Sg. Renyok Mini Hydro Station, located at Jeli, Kelantan, as a case study. Here, flow and geometry of the river are simulated using CFD, in order to establish a baseline on the flow profile. Characteristics and behaviour of floating debris at this station were studied giving 28 kg per day as the total amount of floating debris accumulated. 1.64% per hour, as the clogging rate was also established. A peculiar louvered steel diverter is designed, that when installed at a pre-determined angle of 73°, a self-cleaning effect can be realized. A physical model test of this structure has also been performed with a good success in proving the concept, obtaining an efficiency of 85% on diverting the floating debris. A meticulous cost-benefit analysis was performed, giving a favourable result: 1.72 cost-benefit ratio and 2.8 years simple payback period. The results presented herein can improve the station's availability, while at the same time providing an alternative solution from the commonly available measures.","PeriodicalId":105476,"journal":{"name":"2011 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment (ISESEE)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122836405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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