Economic development of a remote, mountainous region poses a challenge anywhere. Based on field research and documentary evidence, this article examines how such a development challenge has been addressed in Daocheng county, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province. In doing so, it investigates the different forms of economic development, how such development comes about, and the role played by government in economic development. The article also probes the broader socioeconomic consequences of economic development. The fact that Daocheng is a predominantly Tibetan county adds a nationality dimension to the issue of economic development.
{"title":"The Process of Economic Development in West Sichuan: The Case of Daocheng County","authors":"Carsten A. Holz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3169125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3169125","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Economic development of a remote, mountainous region poses a challenge anywhere. Based on field research and documentary evidence, this article examines how such a development challenge has been addressed in Daocheng county, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province. In doing so, it investigates the different forms of economic development, how such development comes about, and the role played by government in economic development. The article also probes the broader socioeconomic consequences of economic development. The fact that Daocheng is a predominantly Tibetan county adds a nationality dimension to the issue of economic development.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114234075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global Value Chain (GVC), The full range of activities (design, production, marketing, distribution, and support to the final consumer, etc.) that are divided among multiple firms and workers across geographic spaces to bring a product from its conception to its end use and beyond. Most of the countries in south Asia and southeast Asia such as Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, India, and Bangladesh economics depend on the GVC’s participation. Especially the production and service sector in the Small and Medium Enterprises of each country has linked with the GVC. Small and Medium – size enterprises (SME) have played a major role in the country's economy and it is the country’s backbone. Therefore, if some factors affecting the SME sector it is also directly affected positively or negatively to the relevant country’s economic developments. Considering the latest studies and research, the impact of the Global value chain on the performance of SME’s, we identified negative and positive relations with the SME sector of the Asian region countries. Here in this paper, we analyzed the five research papers published by the Asian Development Bank in 2021 about how the global value chain impacts Small and Medium – size businesses in the countries of Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
全球价值链(Global Value Chain, GVC)，指跨越地理空间的多家公司和工人之间的一系列活动(设计、生产、营销、分销和对最终消费者的支持等)，将产品从概念带到最终用途甚至更远的地方。南亚和东南亚的大多数国家，如斯里兰卡、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、马来西亚、印度和孟加拉国的经济都依赖于全球价值链的参与。特别是各国中小企业的生产和服务部门都与全球价值链联系在一起。中小企业在国家经济中扮演着重要的角色，是国家的中坚力量。因此，如果一些因素影响到中小企业部门，它也会直接对相关国家的经济发展产生积极或消极的影响。考虑到最新的研究和研究，全球价值链对中小企业绩效的影响，我们确定了与亚洲地区国家中小企业部门的负和正关系。在本文中，我们分析了亚洲开发银行在2021年发表的关于全球价值链如何影响印度尼西亚、越南、斯里兰卡和泰国等国中小企业的五篇研究论文。
{"title":"Impact of Global Value Chain on the Performance of SMEs","authors":"Janaka Jeewantha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927333","url":null,"abstract":"Global Value Chain (GVC), The full range of activities (design, production, marketing, distribution, and support to the final consumer, etc.) that are divided among multiple firms and workers across geographic spaces to bring a product from its conception to its end use and beyond. Most of the countries in south Asia and southeast Asia such as Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, India, and Bangladesh economics depend on the GVC’s participation. Especially the production and service sector in the Small and Medium Enterprises of each country has linked with the GVC. Small and Medium – size enterprises (SME) have played a major role in the country's economy and it is the country’s backbone. Therefore, if some factors affecting the SME sector it is also directly affected positively or negatively to the relevant country’s economic developments. Considering the latest studies and research, the impact of the Global value chain on the performance of SME’s, we identified negative and positive relations with the SME sector of the Asian region countries. Here in this paper, we analyzed the five research papers published by the Asian Development Bank in 2021 about how the global value chain impacts Small and Medium – size businesses in the countries of Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121811781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bottom-up planning regaining ground with the increase in political awareness of grassroot people, who are direct beneficiaries of any government schemes. In this context the paper examined the best ways to develop and implement local bottom-up action plans for the lowest administrative unit(village level) in India.
{"title":"Village Action Plans Through Local Participation","authors":"A. Reddy","doi":"10.20935/al3555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20935/al3555","url":null,"abstract":"The bottom-up planning regaining ground with the increase in political awareness of grassroot people, who are direct beneficiaries of any government schemes. In this context the paper examined the best ways to develop and implement local bottom-up action plans for the lowest administrative unit(village level) in India.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130514158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to examine and conduct a comparative economic analysis between Pakistan and Bangladesh based on different economic indicators from 1971 to 2020. The methodology used in this study is primarily qualitative, with data mainly obtained from secondary sources. The findings of the study suggested that in terms of economic and social development, Bangladesh clearly surpassed Pakistan in all the domains. Bangladesh’s progressive and consistent economic approach with emphasis on economic empowerment of their population was the key towards Bangladesh’s success. Bangladesh dominated the following economic indicators: Current account balance, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita growth rate, and social development. In contrast, Pakistan lacked behind due to immersive political and economic instability caused by inconsistent political regimes and economic policies. The findings revealed that Pakistan’s: Exports % of GDP, Trade balance, Net income, Current account balance, GDP annual growth rate, GDP per capita annual growth rate, portrayed better performance in the first economic phase (1971-2000) than in the second economic phase (2000-2020).
{"title":"Pakistan and Bangladesh: Comparative Economic Analysis (1971-2020)","authors":"Saif-ul-Mujahid Shah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3920349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3920349","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to examine and conduct a comparative economic analysis between Pakistan and Bangladesh based on different economic indicators from 1971 to 2020. The methodology used in this study is primarily qualitative, with data mainly obtained from secondary sources. The findings of the study suggested that in terms of economic and social development, Bangladesh clearly surpassed Pakistan in all the domains. Bangladesh’s progressive and consistent economic approach with emphasis on economic empowerment of their population was the key towards Bangladesh’s success. Bangladesh dominated the following economic indicators: Current account balance, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita growth rate, and social development. In contrast, Pakistan lacked behind due to immersive political and economic instability caused by inconsistent political regimes and economic policies. The findings revealed that Pakistan’s: Exports % of GDP, Trade balance, Net income, Current account balance, GDP annual growth rate, GDP per capita annual growth rate, portrayed better performance in the first economic phase (1971-2000) than in the second economic phase (2000-2020).","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129762993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study attempts to examine the dynamics and trajectories of tourism, agriculture, import, textiles. COVID-19 collected data from Asian countries and recognized websites the during the eruption. Although sri lanka and other countries will be self-sufficient by the end of 2019 by 2020, COVID-19 will have fallen globally since its inception. The analysis of the industries shows that they have changed globally and regionally.it has been acknowledged that the government will take steps to prevent tourists from visiting Sri Lanka, make agriculture self-sufficient by providing fertilizers for agriculture , simultaneously bring imports and call on those involved in the industry from time to time improve the sector and control the COVID-19 situation.it is also accepted as a low risk as there is no physical or social involvement in making unnecessary meetings and studies as the school is able to change the way people go to work and go to university online and do other things online. However, due to these COVID-19 conditions, priority has been given to study of the declines mentioned above, i.e. the above percentages indicate these depressions. Finally, this study confirms how people in south Asia behave and change in the tourism industry, agriculture, import conditions, and textile industries. Countries changed significantly during the COVID-19 eruption.
{"title":"Sri Lankan Economy in Conflict with COVID-19","authors":"H. M. Sathsara Dilshani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3911154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911154","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to examine the dynamics and trajectories of tourism, agriculture, import, textiles. COVID-19 collected data from Asian countries and recognized websites the during the eruption. Although sri lanka and other countries will be self-sufficient by the end of 2019 by 2020, COVID-19 will have fallen globally since its inception. The analysis of the industries shows that they have changed globally and regionally.it has been acknowledged that the government will take steps to prevent tourists from visiting Sri Lanka, make agriculture self-sufficient by providing fertilizers for agriculture , simultaneously bring imports and call on those involved in the industry from time to time improve the sector and control the COVID-19 situation.it is also accepted as a low risk as there is no physical or social involvement in making unnecessary meetings and studies as the school is able to change the way people go to work and go to university online and do other things online. However, due to these COVID-19 conditions, priority has been given to study of the declines mentioned above, i.e. the above percentages indicate these depressions. Finally, this study confirms how people in south Asia behave and change in the tourism industry, agriculture, import conditions, and textile industries. Countries changed significantly during the COVID-19 eruption.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116463339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary objective of this report is to review the trends in public investment in Water for Agriculture Production (WfAP) at the national and subnational levels. Specifically, this report aims to i) review the national and sub-national literature on investment in WfAP with specific reference to smallholder agriculture; ii) review the extent to which budget preparation and development processes enable the consideration of the wider social-economic and growth impacts of investing in WfAP; iii) identify, map and quantify resources that are allocated for WfAP in the national budget; and iv) track and assess the extent to which the appropriated budget translates into allocations and transfers to local governments for the implementation of WfAP for the benefit of smallholder farmers.
{"title":"Budget Analysis and Assessment of Investments in Water Smart Agriculture for Smallholders in Uganda and East Africa","authors":"F. Mwaura, M. Katunze, T. Muhumuza, I. Shinyekwa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3902484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3902484","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this report is to review the trends in public investment in Water for Agriculture Production (WfAP) at the national and subnational levels. Specifically, this report aims to i) review the national and sub-national literature on investment in WfAP with specific reference to smallholder agriculture; ii) review the extent to which budget preparation and development processes enable the consideration of the wider social-economic and growth impacts of investing in WfAP; iii) identify, map and quantify resources that are allocated for WfAP in the national budget; and iv) track and assess the extent to which the appropriated budget translates into allocations and transfers to local governments for the implementation of WfAP for the benefit of smallholder farmers.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131512563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies how production responses from agricultural commodity booms affect greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of climate change. We show that Brazilian localities more exposed to booms substantially increase deforestation and agricultural fires, leading to higher emissions. The effects are significantly larger in Brazil’s Amazon. Commodity booms also induce production responses toward lower emissions, such as higher output per area. Taking into account higher- and lower-emission production responses, localities present an increase in net emissions. Moreover, our findings highlight that positive economic shocks may have unintended consequences, as high-exposed localities present lower compliance with an emission curbing policy.
{"title":"Commodity Booms and The Environment","authors":"Daniel Da Mata, Mario Dotta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3900793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3900793","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies how production responses from agricultural commodity booms affect greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of climate change. We show that Brazilian localities more exposed to booms substantially increase deforestation and agricultural fires, leading to higher emissions. The effects are significantly larger in Brazil’s Amazon. Commodity booms also induce production responses toward lower emissions, such as higher output per area. Taking into account higher- and lower-emission production responses, localities present an increase in net emissions. Moreover, our findings highlight that positive economic shocks may have unintended consequences, as high-exposed localities present lower compliance with an emission curbing policy.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123556653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the impact of legislated land ceiling size on capital investment and industrialisation in the Indian states. India’s land ceiling legislations of 1960s and 1970s imposed a ceiling on maximum land holdings and redistributed above-ceiling lands. These ceiling legislations, effectively implemented or not, had increased land fragmentation and increased transactions costs of acquiring land for both strategic and non-strategic reasons. States with smaller ceiling size are thus likely to have (i) lower capital investment; (ii) less factories and lower industrialisation too. Ceteris paribus, estimates of both relative (post-1971 ceiling legislations relative to pre-1971 ones) and aggregate effects of legislated ceiling size lend support to these hypotheses, after eliminating competing explanations. These results offer insights about how to reduce transactions costs of land acquisition, policies that we claim are also applicable beyond India.
{"title":"Land Ceiling Legislations, Land Acquisition and De-industrialisation - Theory and Evidence from the Indian States","authors":"S. Pal, Prabal Roy Chowdhury, Zoya Saher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3890909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3890909","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the impact of legislated land ceiling size on capital investment and industrialisation in the Indian states. India’s land ceiling legislations of 1960s and 1970s imposed a ceiling on maximum land holdings and redistributed above-ceiling lands. These ceiling legislations, effectively implemented or not, had increased land fragmentation and increased transactions costs of acquiring land for both strategic and non-strategic reasons. States with smaller ceiling size are thus likely to have (i) lower capital investment; (ii) less factories and lower industrialisation too. Ceteris paribus, estimates of both relative (post-1971 ceiling legislations relative to pre-1971 ones) and aggregate effects of legislated ceiling size lend support to these hypotheses, after eliminating competing explanations. These results offer insights about how to reduce transactions costs of land acquisition, policies that we claim are also applicable beyond India.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121920202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the pandemic has created uncertainties about the shape of recovery, both at the domestic and global level, the Mauritian Government’s recovery programme reflected in the 2021-2022 budget provides some practical foresight necessary to protect the economy and build readiness for the post- COVID-19 era. This policy brief articulates the government recovery proposals in the 2021-2022 national budget. It places emphasis on building back better through three strategic areas namely: building and sustaining the private sector, rethinking of the tourism sector as a core pillar of the economy; and leveraging the potential of digitilation.
{"title":"Mauritius: Strategic Investments for Accelerating Socio-Economic Transformation in the Post-COVID-19 Era","authors":"T. Muhumuza","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3886956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3886956","url":null,"abstract":"While the pandemic has created uncertainties about the shape of recovery, both at the domestic and global level, the Mauritian Government’s recovery programme reflected in the 2021-2022 budget provides some practical foresight necessary to protect the economy and build readiness for the post- COVID-19 era. This policy brief articulates the government recovery proposals in the 2021-2022 national budget. It places emphasis on building back better through three strategic areas namely: building and sustaining the private sector, rethinking of the tourism sector as a core pillar of the economy; and leveraging the potential of digitilation.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128432524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper summarises research on the ‘pocket of effectiveness’ (POE) phenomenon in Zambia. It traces the development of three POEs within the Zambia context: the Ministry of Finance, the Bank of Zambia and Zambia Revenue Authority. This paper shows that the performance of these POEs largely depends on structural forces underpinning Zambia’s historical trajectory, namely the character of its political settlement, the structure of the economy and global neoliberalism, and of the shifting political coalitions that have governed the country during this period. Originally shaped by the nationalised copper industry and a state-led economy, these organisations were subject to a radical reorientation under the neoliberal reforms of the 1990s. Donor-supported ‘capacity-building’ efforts and the need to adhere to international standards disciplined Zambia’s economic institutions, moderated political interference from the executive and enabled them to be highly functional in a narrow organisational sense. They turned out over time to be politically unsustainable in the face of developmental failures, alternative ideological commitments, elite fragmentation and political populism. Overall, Zambia’s governing elite was only fully aligned with this project of technocratic neoliberalism for a relatively brief period during the mid-2000s that ended with the unfortunate death of the then-president. With Zambia’s politics becoming increasingly competitive and fragmentary, this mode of economic governance came into direct conflict with both political populism and a residual commitment to a more statist and planning-based approach within the bureaucracy. Despite the rhetoric of economic nationalism, the prioritisation of short-term survival strategies has undermined the quality of economic governance to the extent that rising levels of debt dependency now threaten both Zambia’s sovereignty and its developmental future.
{"title":"State Capacity Building in Zambia Amidst Shifting Political Coalitions and Ideologies","authors":"Caesar Cheelo, M. Hinfelaar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3894485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3894485","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarises research on the ‘pocket of effectiveness’ (POE) phenomenon in Zambia. It traces the development of three POEs within the Zambia context: the Ministry of Finance, the Bank of Zambia and Zambia Revenue Authority. This paper shows that the performance of these POEs largely depends on structural forces underpinning Zambia’s historical trajectory, namely the character of its political settlement, the structure of the economy and global neoliberalism, and of the shifting political coalitions that have governed the country during this period. Originally shaped by the nationalised copper industry and a state-led economy, these organisations were subject to a radical reorientation under the neoliberal reforms of the 1990s. Donor-supported ‘capacity-building’ efforts and the need to adhere to international standards disciplined Zambia’s economic institutions, moderated political interference from the executive and enabled them to be highly functional in a narrow organisational sense. They turned out over time to be politically unsustainable in the face of developmental failures, alternative ideological commitments, elite fragmentation and political populism. Overall, Zambia’s governing elite was only fully aligned with this project of technocratic neoliberalism for a relatively brief period during the mid-2000s that ended with the unfortunate death of the then-president. With Zambia’s politics becoming increasingly competitive and fragmentary, this mode of economic governance came into direct conflict with both political populism and a residual commitment to a more statist and planning-based approach within the bureaucracy. Despite the rhetoric of economic nationalism, the prioritisation of short-term survival strategies has undermined the quality of economic governance to the extent that rising levels of debt dependency now threaten both Zambia’s sovereignty and its developmental future.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":" 32","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113949150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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