Pub Date : 1990-08-01DOI: 10.5089/9781451961003.001
Richard K. Abrams, P. Cornelius, P. Hedfors, Gunnar Tersman
This paper presents an overview of the impact of the EC`s Internal Market on the EFTA countries. It starts by examining the history of EC-EFTA relations; the institutional and legal changes that closer cooperation may require; and the general implications of the Internal Market Program for EFTA countries. This is followed by an exploration of specific issues relating to the goods trade, transport services, labor mobility, financial services and capital flows. Subsequent chapters focus on the potential impact of the EC`s proposed monetary unification on EFTA countries and the implications of the EC`s efforts in the area of tax harmonization.
{"title":"The Impact of the Ec's Internal Market on Nonmember Countries: The Case of Efta","authors":"Richard K. Abrams, P. Cornelius, P. Hedfors, Gunnar Tersman","doi":"10.5089/9781451961003.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451961003.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of the impact of the EC`s Internal Market on the EFTA countries. It starts by examining the history of EC-EFTA relations; the institutional and legal changes that closer cooperation may require; and the general implications of the Internal Market Program for EFTA countries. This is followed by an exploration of specific issues relating to the goods trade, transport services, labor mobility, financial services and capital flows. Subsequent chapters focus on the potential impact of the EC`s proposed monetary unification on EFTA countries and the implications of the EC`s efforts in the area of tax harmonization.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123233876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in saving behavior brought about by financial liberalization in the Nordic countries are examined. Although this paper suggests that there have been changes in the economic relationships in Denmark and Finland, the evidence from Norway is less conclusive, and the data do not reveal any structural change in Sweden. The results also indicate that the wealth effect has played an increasing role in household saving decisions. Since the present tax rules are biased against saving, cuts in marginal tax rates and reductions in the tax value of interest payments would be expected to increase household saving.
{"title":"Deregulation and Consumption: Saving Dynamics in the Nordic Countries","authors":"Olli-Pekka Lehmussaari","doi":"10.2307/3867304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3867304","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in saving behavior brought about by financial liberalization in the Nordic countries are examined. Although this paper suggests that there have been changes in the economic relationships in Denmark and Finland, the evidence from Norway is less conclusive, and the data do not reveal any structural change in Sweden. The results also indicate that the wealth effect has played an increasing role in household saving decisions. Since the present tax rules are biased against saving, cuts in marginal tax rates and reductions in the tax value of interest payments would be expected to increase household saving.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121981176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Having regard to the constitutional provisions concerning the national public budget, which establish, as a matter of principle, that the national public budget comprises the State budget, the State social security budget, and the local budgets of parishes, towns, and counties, made up mostly from fees, as well as from other revenues, in this paper, I intend to examine to what extent the separate imposition of non-harmonised direct taxes is compatible with the constitutional provisions on the fair distribution of the tax burden. In this context, I note that the constitutional legislature itself has foreseen the possibility of setting up funds, available to entities, but provided that the amounts representing contributions to such funds be used exclusively for their intended purpose. Such contributions complement the budgetary resources and the imposition thereof can be achieved through infraconstitutional rules. One example is Government Emergency Ordinance no. 77/2011 establishing a contribution to finance expenditures on health.
{"title":"Social Policy Influences in the Field of Tax Policy","authors":"Petre Lăzăroiu, Ioniţa Cochinţu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2915742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2915742","url":null,"abstract":"Having regard to the constitutional provisions concerning the national public budget, which establish, as a matter of principle, that the national public budget comprises the State budget, the State social security budget, and the local budgets of parishes, towns, and counties, made up mostly from fees, as well as from other revenues, in this paper, I intend to examine to what extent the separate imposition of non-harmonised direct taxes is compatible with the constitutional provisions on the fair distribution of the tax burden. In this context, I note that the constitutional legislature itself has foreseen the possibility of setting up funds, available to entities, but provided that the amounts representing contributions to such funds be used exclusively for their intended purpose. Such contributions complement the budgetary resources and the imposition thereof can be achieved through infraconstitutional rules. One example is Government Emergency Ordinance no. 77/2011 establishing a contribution to finance expenditures on health.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124225349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a simple model of fiscal competition in taxes and public inputs among local jurisdictions to analyze the incentive effects of fiscal equalization transfers. We find that a budget-compensated increase in the contribution rate to a system of fiscal equalization not only induces higher local tax rates (e.g., Koethenbuerger, 2002; Bucovetsky and Smart, 2006) but also lower budgetary shares of the public input to production. The subsequent empirical analysis is based on a rich data set of German municipalities and provides strong evidence for the existence of an incentive of fiscal equalization transfers on local expenditure policies.
{"title":"The Impact of Fiscal Equalization on Local Expenditure Policies - Theory and Evidence from Germany","authors":"Sebastian Hauptmeier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1080538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1080538","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a simple model of fiscal competition in taxes and public inputs among local jurisdictions to analyze the incentive effects of fiscal equalization transfers. We find that a budget-compensated increase in the contribution rate to a system of fiscal equalization not only induces higher local tax rates (e.g., Koethenbuerger, 2002; Bucovetsky and Smart, 2006) but also lower budgetary shares of the public input to production. The subsequent empirical analysis is based on a rich data set of German municipalities and provides strong evidence for the existence of an incentive of fiscal equalization transfers on local expenditure policies.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130987741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of R&D tax incentives. It explains the economic justification behind the state support of research and development and summarizes its main types. In addition, it gives an overview of the existing R&D tax incentives in Europe and provides a thorough review of the empirical literature on the outcomes of fiscal incentives. Furthermore, the Devereux and Griffith model is used to determine the effective tax burden of multinational firms that reside in countries which implement R&D tax support and countries which do not. The model is developed further following Spengel and Elschner (2010) and Evers et al. (2015) to reflect a potential use of R&D tax incentives by multinational firms for tax planning. The hypothesis developed in the model is tested in an empirical estimation, where we employ the OECD data on international co-operation in patents. According to our main findings, there are at least two reasons why input-oriented R&D tax incentives, such as tax credits and tax super-deductions, constitute a more suitable instrument for fostering research and development than the output-oriented incentives, such as IP Boxes. First, there is robust evidence found in the empirical literature which shows the positive effect introducing input-oriented tax incentives has on a firm’s innovative activity, whereas studies on output-oriented tax incentives are not able to support this argument. Secondly, according to our theoretical and empirical analyses, output-oriented R&D tax incentives may be used by multinationals for tax planning as opposed to their intended use of fostering research and development.
{"title":"Tax Incentives for Research and Development and Their Use in Tax Planning","authors":"O. Pfeiffer, Christoph Spengel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3067926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3067926","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of R&D tax incentives. It explains the economic justification behind the state support of research and development and summarizes its main types. In addition, it gives an overview of the existing R&D tax incentives in Europe and provides a thorough review of the empirical literature on the outcomes of fiscal incentives. Furthermore, the Devereux and Griffith model is used to determine the effective tax burden of multinational firms that reside in countries which implement R&D tax support and countries which do not. The model is developed further following Spengel and Elschner (2010) and Evers et al. (2015) to reflect a potential use of R&D tax incentives by multinational firms for tax planning. The hypothesis developed in the model is tested in an empirical estimation, where we employ the OECD data on international co-operation in patents. According to our main findings, there are at least two reasons why input-oriented R&D tax incentives, such as tax credits and tax super-deductions, constitute a more suitable instrument for fostering research and development than the output-oriented incentives, such as IP Boxes. First, there is robust evidence found in the empirical literature which shows the positive effect introducing input-oriented tax incentives has on a firm’s innovative activity, whereas studies on output-oriented tax incentives are not able to support this argument. Secondly, according to our theoretical and empirical analyses, output-oriented R&D tax incentives may be used by multinationals for tax planning as opposed to their intended use of fostering research and development.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133573059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyse tax revenue elasticities by applying dynamic models to a new disaggregated dataset for Germany, which is adjusted for the effects of tax reforms. We estimate long-run elasticities that are substantially lower than in comparable studies for profit-related taxes and are slightly lower for value-added taxes, whereas the long-run elasticity for wage taxes is close to the consensus estimate in the literature. Additionally, we find that differences between short- and long-run elasticities are particularly important with respect to profit-related taxes. Here we estimate a far lower contemporaneous response to tax base changes than other studies and a dynamic reaction pattern spanning several years, which can be explained, for example, by tax collection lags.
{"title":"Estimating Dynamic Tax Revenue Elasticities for Germany","authors":"G. Koester, Christoph Priesmeier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2796877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2796877","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse tax revenue elasticities by applying dynamic models to a new disaggregated dataset for Germany, which is adjusted for the effects of tax reforms. We estimate long-run elasticities that are substantially lower than in comparable studies for profit-related taxes and are slightly lower for value-added taxes, whereas the long-run elasticity for wage taxes is close to the consensus estimate in the literature. Additionally, we find that differences between short- and long-run elasticities are particularly important with respect to profit-related taxes. Here we estimate a far lower contemporaneous response to tax base changes than other studies and a dynamic reaction pattern spanning several years, which can be explained, for example, by tax collection lags.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128089531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The EU's revenue system is still typical for an organisation based on international cooperation and stands in contrast to the Union's far advanced legislative and political role. This contrast feeds the debate on granting the EU an autonomous tax source. Our contribution explores the factors which shape the acceptance of the EU tax option among European policy makers. We make use of a unique database: A survey among Members of the European Parliament (MEP) which resulted in a response of some 150 of the representatives. Our results confirm an important role for party ideology and individual characteristics but they also demonstrate that country-specific factors are important to understand the support for an EU tax. In the light of our findings the status quo bias in the EU's revenue system can be attributed to the persistent importance of national interests with respect to fiscal burden sharing and tax policy.
{"title":"Who's Afraid of an EU Tax and Why? - Revenue System Preferences in the European Parliament","authors":"F. Heinemann, P. Mohl, Steffen Osterloh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1131204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1131204","url":null,"abstract":"The EU's revenue system is still typical for an organisation based on international cooperation and stands in contrast to the Union's far advanced legislative and political role. This contrast feeds the debate on granting the EU an autonomous tax source. Our contribution explores the factors which shape the acceptance of the EU tax option among European policy makers. We make use of a unique database: A survey among Members of the European Parliament (MEP) which resulted in a response of some 150 of the representatives. Our results confirm an important role for party ideology and individual characteristics but they also demonstrate that country-specific factors are important to understand the support for an EU tax. In the light of our findings the status quo bias in the EU's revenue system can be attributed to the persistent importance of national interests with respect to fiscal burden sharing and tax policy.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131420416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the EC directive on capital duties and its evolution or gradual suppressing. The paper is meant to form a chapter on a book on EU taxation. It reviews case law and modifications to the directive.
{"title":"EC Directive on Capital Duties (69/335/EEC)","authors":"A. Ashta","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.956111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.956111","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the EC directive on capital duties and its evolution or gradual suppressing. The paper is meant to form a chapter on a book on EU taxation. It reviews case law and modifications to the directive.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131334678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：