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Analysis of Goods and Services Tax (GST) impact on Indian Automobile Industry 商品和服务税(GST)对印度汽车工业的影响分析
Pub Date : 2021-05-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3851580
B. Nayaka
Indian automobile industry is one of the fast-growing industries in the world. It contributes significantly to global value chain. Growth of automobile industry is highly correlated with the development of other sectors in the economy. India is the world’s largest producer of heavy motor vehicles. The share of automobile sector in GDP is 7.1 percent and provides employment opportunities to over 35 million people and its share in total exports is 4.3 percent (Invest India, 2020). Increasing population and growth in per capita income have provided stimulus for growth of Indian automobile industry. The government of India envisioned to make India a manufacturing hub of automobiles; it brought many initiatives to make India an attractive destination for automotive companies. Among the initiatives taken by the government, the most important one is replacing the multiple indirect tax system with Goods and Services Tax (GST). GST is one of the biggest tax reforms in the history of Indian taxation. It impacted significantly almost all sectors of the economy. GST has also significantly impacted automobile industry. An attempt is made in this study to examine the impact of GST on production, sales, exports, registrations, crude oil imports, and FDI inflows to automobile and petroleum, and natural gas sectors. It is found that there are no significant differences in production, sales, FDI inflows to automobile sector after implementation of GST. However, it is noticed that there is a significant increase in the registrations and exports of automobiles after the GST implementation.
印度汽车工业是世界上发展最快的工业之一。它为全球价值链做出了重要贡献。汽车工业的发展与其他经济部门的发展高度相关。印度是世界上最大的重型机动车辆生产国。汽车行业在GDP中的份额为7.1%,为3500多万人提供就业机会,在总出口中的份额为4.3%(投资印度,2020年)。人口的增长和人均收入的增长为印度汽车工业的发展提供了刺激。印度政府希望把印度打造成汽车制造中心;它带来了许多举措,使印度成为对汽车公司有吸引力的目的地。在政府采取的举措中,最重要的是用商品和服务税(GST)取代多重间接税制度。消费税是印度税收史上最大的税收改革之一。它对几乎所有经济部门都产生了重大影响。商品及服务税也对汽车行业产生了重大影响。本研究试图检验商品及服务税对生产、销售、出口、登记、原油进口以及外国直接投资流入汽车、石油和天然气部门的影响。研究发现,实施商品及服务税后,汽车行业的生产、销售和FDI流入没有显著差异。然而,值得注意的是,在商品及服务税实施后,汽车的登记和出口显着增加。
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引用次数: 2
The Impact of the COVID-19 Shock on Labour Income Inequality: Evidence from Italy COVID-19冲击对劳动收入不平等的影响:来自意大利的证据
Pub Date : 2021-02-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3828129
F. Carta, Marta de Philippis
The spread of the pandemic and the consequent adoption of lockdown measures to prevent infections had severe consequences for business activity and employment. By using data from the Italian Labour Force Survey, this paper simulates the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the dynamics and distribution of equivalized labour income in the first two quarters of 2020. Moreover, it assesses the effectiveness in smoothing labour income losses of the social insurance benefits that were in place before the crisis and of the temporary measures adopted by the Italian Government to face it. We find that the economic repercussions of the COVID-19 shock impacted low-income households more heavily than higher income families, implying a substantial increase in labour income inequality. However, our results show that the social insurance benefits temporarily introduced by the Italian Government were able, at least in the short term, to compensate for these income losses and for the increased inequality significantly more than the pre-crisis measures.
大流行病的蔓延以及随后采取的防范感染的封锁措施对商业活动和就业造成了严重后果。本文利用意大利劳动力调查的数据,模拟了2019冠状病毒病危机对2020年前两个季度等值劳动收入动态和分配的影响。此外,报告还评估了危机前已实行的社会保险福利和意大利政府为应对危机而采取的临时措施在消除劳动收入损失方面的有效性。我们发现,COVID-19冲击对低收入家庭的经济影响比对高收入家庭的影响更大,这意味着劳动收入不平等的大幅加剧。然而,我们的研究结果表明,意大利政府暂时引入的社会保险福利,至少在短期内,能够弥补这些收入损失和不平等加剧,远远超过危机前的措施。
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引用次数: 27
The German Business Panel: Insights on Corporate Taxation and Accounting during the COVID-19 Pandemic 德国商业小组:2019冠状病毒病大流行期间企业税收和会计的见解
Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3777306
J. Bischof, P. Dörrenberg, Davud Rostam‐Afschar, Dirk Simons, Johannes Voget
We introduce the German Business Panel (GBP), a novel large-scale survey of German firms. The GBP periodically surveys executives and key decision-makers in a representative sample of German firms, taking stock of their perceptions, views, and expectations. A particular focus of the survey is on the role of accounting and tax regulation for companies. We present findings from the first wave of the GBP which was in the field over the summer 2020 and addressed the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic for companies in Germany. Relying on more than 10,000 complete responses, we disentangle how the economic impact of COVID-19 hits industries with varying intensity. We also document that state aid was insufficient for the hardest-hit firms. As a consequence, firms systematically took additional measures like cost-cutting or reducing cash outflows. The state interventions did not lead to managers expecting a substantial increase in future tax rates. We conclude by providing an outlook on how researchers can access and use the survey data for their own research questions.
我们介绍了德国商业小组(GBP),一个新颖的大规模调查德国公司。英镑定期调查具有代表性的德国公司的高管和关键决策者,评估他们的看法、观点和期望。调查的一个特别重点是会计和税收监管对公司的作用。我们介绍了2020年夏季在该领域进行的第一波英镑调查的结果,并解决了2019冠状病毒病大流行对德国公司的影响。根据1万多份完整回复,我们梳理了2019冠状病毒病对不同行业的经济影响。我们还证明,对于受打击最严重的公司,国家援助是不够的。因此,企业系统地采取了额外的措施,如削减成本或减少现金流出。国家干预并没有导致管理者预期未来税率会大幅上升。最后,我们展望了研究人员如何访问和使用调查数据来解决他们自己的研究问题。
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引用次数: 8
Supporting Carbon Taxes: The Role of Fairness 支持碳税:公平的作用
Pub Date : 2020-10-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3707644
Stephan Sommer, Linus Mattauch, M. Pahle
Wenngleich die okonomischen Argumente fur die Einfuhrung einer CO2-Bepreisung uberzeugend sind, ist die offentliche Unterstutzung dafur gering. Mittels eines Discrete-Choice Experimentes und einer Stichprobe von 6.000 deutschen Haushaltsvorstanden untersuchen wir in diesem Artikel, wie Fairnesspraferenzen die Unterstutzung fur eine CO2-Bepreisung bei unterschiedlicher Verwendung der Einnahmen beeinflussen. Wir finden, dass jene Befragte, die die Einnahmen fur die Forderung erneuerbarer Energie- und Verkehrsinfrastruktur verwenden mochten, eine CO2-Bepreisung eher unterstutzen. Deren Unterstutzung sinkt allerdings besonders stark bei hoheren Steuersatzen, im Gegensatz zu Befragten, die eine Ruckzahlung fur einkommensschwache Haushalte befurworten. Betrachten wir ausschlieslich direkte Formen der Umverteilung der Einnahmen an die Bevolkerung, zeigt sich, dass die Befragten Pro-Kopf-Zahlungen gegenuber Zahlungen an die Armsten oder am starksten Betroffenen bevorzugen. Unsere Ergebnisse haben Auswirkungen auf die Akzeptanz einer CO2-Bepreisung, da die Unterstutzung fur diese wesentlich erhoht werden kann, wenn sie nach den Fairnesspraferenzen der Burger gestaltet wird.
虽然okon经济学对于采取碳定价措施的论据是可信的,但人为地地下经济支持基本上是微小的。本文通过一个优惠选择实验和抽样调查6000个德国家庭户主,探讨了公平传单对于在收入分配不同情况下实现碳标价的支持的影响。我们发现,那些希望使用可再生能源和运输基础设施收入的人更倾向于支持碳定价。但在那些将低收入家庭视为收入障碍的受访者看来,他们的经济状况恶化得特别严重。如果我们仔细考虑直接的、收入分配给人口的再分配,就会发现人均付款相比,受访者则偏好于直接向最贫困人群或受影响最严重人群支付。我们的研究结果影响了碳标价方案的接受度,因为以汉堡的平等性为基础设计的碳标价支持方案要明显的窒息。
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引用次数: 44
Protectionism and the Effective Lower Bound in the Euro Area 保护主义与欧元区的有效下限
Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3680561
Pietro Cova, A. Notarpietro, M. Pisani
This paper evaluates the macroeconomic impact on the euro area (EA) of the imposition of tariffs by simulating a multi-country New Keynesian model featuring the effective lower bound (ELB) on the EA monetary policy rate. The main results are as follows. First, the bilateral tariff dispute between the United States (US) and China (CH) has positive spillovers on the EA economy, because of favorable trade diversion effects. Second, simultaneous tariff increases between the US and CH and between the US and EA have negative effects on euro-area GDP and (ex-tariff) inflation. The effects are magnified if the ELB binds in the EA. Third, if the elasticity of substitution among tradables is low, the spillovers on euro-area GDP of US-CH trade tensions are negligible if the ELB is not binding, while they become negative if the ELB binds.
本文通过模拟一个以欧元区货币政策利率有效下限(ELB)为特征的多国新凯恩斯模型,评估了征收关税对欧元区(EA)的宏观经济影响。主要结果如下:首先,由于有利的贸易转移效应,美国和中国之间的双边关税争端对东亚经济具有积极的溢出效应。其次,美国和欧盟之间以及美国和欧盟之间同时增加关税对欧元区GDP和(除关税外)通胀产生负面影响。第三,如果可贸易品之间的替代弹性较低,如果ELB不具有约束力,那么美欧贸易紧张对欧元区GDP的溢出效应可以忽略不计,而如果ELB具有约束力,则这些溢出效应将变为负值。
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引用次数: 16
Analyzing the Interaction Between Double Taxation Treaties (DTT) and Workers Mobility Within the European Union (EU) 避免双重征税协定与欧盟内部劳动力流动的互动分析
Pub Date : 2020-06-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3630599
Munachiso Ogu-Jude
A major advantage of being an European Union (EU) citizen is that as a citizen, you have the right to move freely from one-member state to another. The concept of free movement of persons, is one of the four freedoms of the single market and a fundamental right of EU citizens. A citizen can therefore move across the all member states for several reasons, such as holiday visit, reunion with family members or job search.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how bilateral double tax treaties may affect the mobility of EU workers, based on the free movement principle. This will be achieved by firstly discussing the limitations caused by the DTT and secondly, supporting the previous discussion using case analysis.
作为欧盟(EU)公民的一个主要优势是,作为公民,你有权从一个成员国自由迁移到另一个成员国。人员自由流动的概念是单一市场的四大自由之一,也是欧盟公民的一项基本权利。因此,公民可以出于各种原因在所有成员国之间移动,例如度假旅行、与家人团聚或找工作。本文的目的是评估双边双重征税协定如何影响欧盟工人的流动,基于自由流动原则。这将通过首先讨论由数字地面电视引起的限制,其次,用案例分析来支持前面的讨论来实现。
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引用次数: 0
Practical Solutions to the Problem of Mirrlees - Optimal Labor Income Taxation in Poland 米尔利斯问题的实际解决方案——波兰的最优劳动所得税收
Pub Date : 2020-06-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3621764
M. Dudek
The optimal labor income taxation problem is cast in the context of the Polish economy. We use the actual Polish data on labor income and the corresponding tax revenue provided by the Polish Tax Authority to calibrate the optimal taxation Problem of Mirrlees to the Polish data. We solve the optimal taxation problem in a variety of contexts using numerical techniques. We provide solutions to the optimal labor income taxation problem, examine the sensitivity to the underlying parameters. In general, our numerical results confirm that the solutions are affected, in particular, by the elasticity of labor supply with respect to the wage, and by the preferences of policy makers. Still, in the qualitative sense the optimal marginal tax rates normally take the form of an inverted U-shaped curve when depicted in terms of income earned. We establish that the quantitative results are sensitive to the underlying parameters. In one extreme, the optimum calls for high optimal marginal tax rates reaching nearly 75% for moderate income levels when the elasticity of labor supply is low and the degree of aversion towards inequality is high. On the other hand the optimal marginal tax rates can be low for moderate income levels when the elasticity of labor supply with respect to the wage is high and when the aversion towards inequality is low. In addition, we show that marginal tax rates at low income levels can be high, which is supposed to encourage higher labor supply by low earners. Finally, our solutions reveal that universal basic income is a part of the optimum regardless of the values of the underlying parameters.
最优劳动所得税问题是在波兰经济背景下提出的。我们使用波兰劳动收入的实际数据和波兰税务机关提供的相应的税收收入来校准Mirrlees的最优税收问题到波兰的数据。我们解决了最优税收问题在各种情况下使用数值技术。我们提供了最优劳动所得税问题的解决方案,检验了对基本参数的敏感性。总的来说,我们的数值结果证实,解决方案特别受到劳动力供给相对于工资的弹性和政策制定者偏好的影响。尽管如此,在定性意义上,当用所得来描述时,最优边际税率通常采取倒u型曲线的形式。我们建立了定量结果对基础参数敏感。在一种极端情况下,当劳动力供给弹性较低、对不平等的厌恶程度较高时,中等收入水平的最优边际税率应达到近75%。另一方面,当劳动力供给相对于工资的弹性较高,对不平等的厌恶程度较低时,中等收入水平的最优边际税率可能较低。此外,我们表明,低收入水平的边际税率可能很高,这应该会鼓励低收入者提供更多的劳动力。最后,我们的解决方案表明,全民基本收入是最优的一部分,而不管基本参数的值是多少。
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引用次数: 0
Making the Switch From Joint to Individual Taxation in Luxembourg. Cost, Behavioural Response and Welfare Effects 卢森堡从联合税收到个人税收的转变。成本、行为反应和福利效应
Pub Date : 2020-05-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3593263
N. Islam, Karina Doorley, Lennart Flood
We study the effect of a move from joint to individual taxation system using 2,276 couple household living in Luxembourg. We estimate simultaneously labour supply and social assistance (RMG) participation, exploiting a discrete choice model. We focus on the distributional, work (extensive and intensive margin) incentive, and the social welfare effect of introducing a mandatory individual taxation system in Luxembourg. The work incentive of married women increases by 2.27% in intensive margin and 2.58% in extensive margin after the reform. The incentive of married men is almost zero. Equivalised disposable income, after the behavioural adjustment, decreases on average 2.1 per cent. After adjustments to direct and indirect taxes, the net revenue-neutral result is a budget surplus for the central government of around €10 million.
我们用生活在卢森堡的2276对夫妇的家庭研究了从联合税制到个人税制的转变的影响。我们同时估计劳动力供给和社会援助(RMG)参与,利用离散选择模型。我们的重点是分配,工作(广泛和密集的利润)激励,以及在卢森堡引入强制性个人税收制度的社会福利效应。改革后,已婚妇女的工作激励在集约型边际提高了2.27%,在粗放型边际提高了2.58%。已婚男性的动机几乎为零。在行为调整之后,等值可支配收入平均下降2.1%。在对直接税和间接税进行调整后,净收入中性的结果是,中央政府的预算盈余约为1000万欧元。
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引用次数: 0
Stock-Market Behavior on Ex-Dates: New Insights from German Stocks with Tax-Free Dividend 股票交易日期的市场行为:来自德国免税股息股票的新见解
Pub Date : 2020-04-13 DOI: 10.3390/IJFS8030058
Felix Kreidl
We examine stock prices and the number of stocks traded around ex-dividend dates of German stocks with tax-free dividend. Tax-free dividends are temporarily tax-exempt, as they reduce the initial purchasing price of a stock. With our analysis of this particular group of German stocks, we can make clear predictions regarding ex-date prices and analyze the number of stocks traded around ex-dates, doing so without the systematic bias of cum-ex trades over time. For XETRA, our empirical results indicate that ex-date prices decline, on average, by the amount of the dividend. We do not find a significant relationship between a stock’s price-drop ratio and dividend yield. Further, the empirical analysis suggests that there is no significant correlation between an abnormal number of a stock being traded and its dividend yield. These results are most consistent with tax-motivated reasoning. However, our volume analysis reveals no consistency regarding the abnormal number of stocks traded for multilateral trading facilities.
我们考察了德国免税股票除息日期前后的股价和股票交易数量。免税股息是暂时免税的,因为它们降低了股票的初始购买价格。通过对这组特殊的德国股票的分析,我们可以对除日期外的价格做出明确的预测,并分析在除日期前后交易的股票数量,这样做不会随着时间的推移而产生系统偏差。对于XETRA,我们的实证结果表明,除日期价格下降,平均而言,通过股息的金额。我们没有发现股票的股价下跌率和股息收益率之间有显著的关系。进一步,实证分析表明,股票交易数量异常与其股息收益率之间不存在显著相关性。这些结果与税收动机推理最为一致。然而,我们的交易量分析显示,在多边交易设施交易的股票数量异常方面没有一致性。
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引用次数: 3
The EU VAT Treatment of Shares and Other Securities 欧盟对股票和其他证券的增值税待遇
Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3561536
Ad van Doesum
The topic of the EU VAT treatment of the issue, acquisition, holding and sale of shares has become a rather complicated subject matter over the last thirty years. There is a vast body of CJEU case law on the VAT consequences of the acquisition, holding and sale of shares. This case law contains crucial ambiguities in its very fundamentals, causing serious legal uncertainty among businesses. Determining the VAT consequences of dealings in shares has become one of the most complex topics in the field of VAT, particularly when it comes to determining the right of deduction. In this paper, the author takes an integrated look at the VAT aspects of dealings in shares and other securities, providing as much clarity where possible, while still recognizing the ambiguities in the case law of the CJEU.
在过去的三十年里,欧盟增值税对股份的发行、收购、持有和出售的处理已经成为一个相当复杂的主题。欧洲法院判例法中有大量关于收购、持有和出售股份的增值税后果的案例。该判例法在其基本原则中包含关键的含糊不清,在企业中造成严重的法律不确定性。确定股票交易的增值税后果已成为增值税领域最复杂的话题之一,特别是在确定抵扣权时。在本文中,作者对股票和其他证券交易的增值税方面进行了综合研究,在尽可能清晰的情况下,同时仍然认识到欧洲法院判例法中的模糊性。
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引用次数: 0
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ERN: Taxation
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