Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-41
A. Platzer, A. Leygue, L. Stainier
{"title":"Assessment of data-driven computational mechanics in finite strain elasticity","authors":"A. Platzer, A. Leygue, L. Stainier","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-41","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76271127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-57
H. Khajehsaeid, R. Soleymani
{"title":"Mullins softening in pneumatic artificial muscles: Analytical solution and 3D application of the network alteration theories","authors":"H. Khajehsaeid, R. Soleymani","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-57","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84524567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-58
Stephen John Connolly, D. Mackenzie, Y. Gorash
Hyperelastic constitutive models are investigated and compared on their ability to predict the elastic, isothermal and rate-independent response of rubber. Constitutive model parameters are identified in an optimization problem by minimizing the difference between homogeneous experimental data and their analytical solutions. The results are presented for ten hyperelastic constitutive models over four case studies where varying extents of experimental data are used. The choice of constitutive model is found to determine how accurately experimental data is fitted, though this has different implications depending on the extent of available experimental data. With a complete data set, an accurate fit generally indicates an overall accurate prediction of the material’s response. However, an accurate fit to a reduced set of experimental data may not indicate an accurate prediction of the overall response. With reduced data, accurate predictions are obtained only if the constitutive model is capable of predicting unfitted deformations and the appropriate experimental data is used.
{"title":"The implications of constitutive model selection in hyperelastic parameter identification","authors":"Stephen John Connolly, D. Mackenzie, Y. Gorash","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-58","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperelastic constitutive models are investigated and compared on their ability to predict the elastic, isothermal and rate-independent response of rubber. Constitutive model parameters are identified in an optimization problem by minimizing the difference between homogeneous experimental data and their analytical solutions. The results are presented for ten hyperelastic constitutive models over four case studies where varying extents of experimental data are used. The choice of constitutive model is found to determine how accurately experimental data is fitted, though this has different implications depending on the extent of available experimental data. With a complete data set, an accurate fit generally indicates an overall accurate prediction of the material’s response. However, an accurate fit to a reduced set of experimental data may not indicate an accurate prediction of the overall response. With reduced data, accurate predictions are obtained only if the constitutive model is capable of predicting unfitted deformations and the appropriate experimental data is used.","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86540693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-24
M. Sukiman, Dannee Wong, A. Andriyana, B. C. Ang, E. Verron
{"title":"Evaluation of the elastic properties of randomly-oriented electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane thermoplastic elastomer membranes","authors":"M. Sukiman, Dannee Wong, A. Andriyana, B. C. Ang, E. Verron","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82107275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-87
E. Nunez, J. Busfield, N. Pugno, R. Manson, Hoi Ling Chen, J. Ramier
{"title":"Application of rubber friction to FEA models of rubber sealing","authors":"E. Nunez, J. Busfield, N. Pugno, R. Manson, Hoi Ling Chen, J. Ramier","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-87","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75969888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-10
B. Ruellan, J. Cam, É. Robin, I. Jeanneau, F. Canévet, G. Mauvoisin, D. Loison
: Natural Rubber (NR) exhibits a remarkable fatigue resistance, especially for non-relaxing loadings under which a strong lifetime reinforcement is observed (Cadwell et al. 1940). Such a resistance is classically attributed to strain-induced crystallization (SIC). At the microscopic scale, it has been shown that SIC induces striations on the fracture surface of NR samples tested under fatigue loadings (Le Cam and Toussaint 2010, Muñoz-Mejia 2011, Le Cam et al. 2013, Ruellan et al. 2018). In order to provide additional infor- mation on the role of SIC in the fatigue crack growth resistance of NR, striations are investigated through post-mortem analysis after fatigue experiments carried out under both relaxing and non-relaxing loadings. Results show that two striation regimes take place. Regime 1 corresponds to small striation patches with different orientations and Regime 2 induces zones with large and well-formed striations. As fatigue striations are observed for all the loading ratios applied, they are therefore not the signature of the reinforcement. Neverthe-less, increasing the minimum value of the strain ampli fi ed the striation phenomenon and the occurrence of Regime 2. The analysis carried out uni fi es the results obtained in the literature for relaxing and fully relaxing loadings in the sense that increasing the loading, i.e. the tearing energy, leads to an increase in the crack growth rate Lindley (1973) and to a striation typology evolution, especially the striation size (Ruellan et al. 2018).
天然橡胶(NR)表现出显著的抗疲劳性能,特别是在非松弛载荷下,可以观察到强寿命强化(Cadwell et al. 1940)。这种电阻通常归因于应变诱导结晶(SIC)。在微观尺度上,研究表明SIC在疲劳载荷下测试的NR样品断口表面会产生条纹(Le Cam and Toussaint 2010, Muñoz-Mejia 2011, Le Cam et al. 2013, Ruellan et al. 2018)。为了提供碳化硅在NR抗疲劳裂纹扩展中的作用的额外信息,通过在松弛和非松弛载荷下进行疲劳实验后的尸检分析来研究条纹。结果表明,该材料存在两种摩擦机制。区域1对应不同方向的小条纹斑块,区域2对应大而整齐的条纹带。由于在所有加载比下都观察到疲劳条纹,因此它们不是钢筋的标志。然而,增大应变的最小值会加剧磨痕现象,并导致状态2的发生。所进行的分析与文献中关于松弛载荷和完全松弛载荷的结果一致,即增加载荷(即撕裂能量)会导致裂纹扩展速率的增加Lindley(1973)和条纹类型的演变,特别是条纹尺寸(Ruellan et al. 2018)。
{"title":"Investigating strain-induced crystallization through fatigue striations in filled NR","authors":"B. Ruellan, J. Cam, É. Robin, I. Jeanneau, F. Canévet, G. Mauvoisin, D. Loison","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-10","url":null,"abstract":": Natural Rubber (NR) exhibits a remarkable fatigue resistance, especially for non-relaxing loadings under which a strong lifetime reinforcement is observed (Cadwell et al. 1940). Such a resistance is classically attributed to strain-induced crystallization (SIC). At the microscopic scale, it has been shown that SIC induces striations on the fracture surface of NR samples tested under fatigue loadings (Le Cam and Toussaint 2010, Muñoz-Mejia 2011, Le Cam et al. 2013, Ruellan et al. 2018). In order to provide additional infor- mation on the role of SIC in the fatigue crack growth resistance of NR, striations are investigated through post-mortem analysis after fatigue experiments carried out under both relaxing and non-relaxing loadings. Results show that two striation regimes take place. Regime 1 corresponds to small striation patches with different orientations and Regime 2 induces zones with large and well-formed striations. As fatigue striations are observed for all the loading ratios applied, they are therefore not the signature of the reinforcement. Neverthe-less, increasing the minimum value of the strain ampli fi ed the striation phenomenon and the occurrence of Regime 2. The analysis carried out uni fi es the results obtained in the literature for relaxing and fully relaxing loadings in the sense that increasing the loading, i.e. the tearing energy, leads to an increase in the crack growth rate Lindley (1973) and to a striation typology evolution, especially the striation size (Ruellan et al. 2018).","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76041592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-13
D. Aranda-Iglesias, G. Giunta, S. Belouettar, A. Peronnet-Paquin, F. Sportelli, D. Keniray
{"title":"Non-linear multi-scale modeling of 3D-spacer-rubber composites","authors":"D. Aranda-Iglesias, G. Giunta, S. Belouettar, A. Peronnet-Paquin, F. Sportelli, D. Keniray","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76538524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-26
J. Cam
The hysteresis observed in the mechanical response of rubbers (especially filled rubbers) is classically assumed to be fully due to viscosity. Complete energy balances carried out during cyclic deformation show that viscosity is not systematically the preponderant contribution to the hysteresis loop: the mechanical energy brought to the material is not entirely dissipated into heat but can be predominantly used by the material to change its microstructure. Predicting changes in temperature, and consequently the self-heating, is therefore not possible from the mechanical response only. This has been evidenced by defining a ratio in terms of energy. A new way of interpretation of the rubber resistance can therefore by found through its ability to store mechanical energy.
{"title":"Recent progress in the energy characterization of the mechanical behaviour of rubbers","authors":"J. Cam","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-26","url":null,"abstract":"The hysteresis observed in the mechanical response of rubbers (especially filled rubbers) is classically assumed to be fully due to viscosity. Complete energy balances carried out during cyclic deformation show that viscosity is not systematically the preponderant contribution to the hysteresis loop: the mechanical energy brought to the material is not entirely dissipated into heat but can be predominantly used by the material to change its microstructure. Predicting changes in temperature, and consequently the self-heating, is therefore not possible from the mechanical response only. This has been evidenced by defining a ratio in terms of energy. A new way of interpretation of the rubber resistance can therefore by found through its ability to store mechanical energy.","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79541496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stretch-induced crystallization in rubbers: Model formulation and verification","authors":"Q. Guo, F. Zaïri, X. Guo","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84354018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1201/9780429324710-89
R. Deterre, P. Mousseau, A. Sarda, J. Launay
The rubber industry is facing a lack of thermal control during rubber processing. In the process of injection molding of elastomers, improving the energy efficiency of the tools is a current challenge for industry in terms of energy consumption, productivity and product quality. Experimental measurements allow us to understand the thermal of the tool and to show the thermal heterogeneities on the surface of the mold and in the various cavities. Tests of injection molding of the rubber and a thermal balance on the energy consumption of the tool are carried out. In the rubber industry, 20% of the energy consumed by capital goods comes from heating processes; more than 50% of heat losses are linked to insufficient control and thermal insulation of Molds. The design of the tooling evolves in particular towards the reduction of the heated mass and the thermal insulation of the molds. Figure 2: rubber parts and runners used in the experimental setup. The rubber compound is based on EthylenePropylene-Diene Monomer matrix. The compound has a density of 1070 kg /m3, a thermal conductivity of 0.298 W/m /K and a constant heat mass of 1490 J/kg/K. we used a RPA (Rubber Process Analyzer) in order to measure the kinetics curves of the rubber compound vulcanization. 2.3 Mold and thermal instrumentation The mold is equipped with thermal and pressure sensors (cf. Figure 3). Figure 3: view of the mold cavities equipped with sensors. The thermal device is able to measure the rubber temperature evolution in the channels and in the various cavities (Fekiri, et al., 2017). 3 THERMO-KINETIC MODEL OF MOLDING The model geometry used for the numerical curing simulation is represented in Figure 4. Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the model geometry. Mould temperature regulation is imposed on the boundaries Γ1 and Γ5. Ωm represents the metal boundaries of the mould, Ωis represents the insulating guarding element and Ωc represents the rubber part. T+ represents the mould temperature that is to be prescribed for the optimized curing cycle. During the phase (1) in Figure 2, heat transfer in the rubber part is described by equations (1),(2) and (3) with a source term related to the enthalpy of the vulcanization reaction. c c c c c c T Cp T T H t t (1) The boundary conditions of phase II are described by equations (8) and (9). T t t T t t (2)
橡胶工业在橡胶加工过程中面临着热控制不足的问题。在弹性体注射成型过程中,提高模具的能源效率是当前工业在能源消耗、生产率和产品质量方面面临的挑战。实验测量使我们能够了解工具的热,并显示模具表面和各种腔内的热非均质性。进行了橡胶的注射成型试验和模具能耗的热平衡试验。在橡胶工业中,资本货物消耗的能源中有20%来自加热过程;超过50%的热损失与模具的控制和隔热不足有关。模具的设计特别朝着减少加热质量和模具隔热的方向发展。图2:实验装置中使用的橡胶部件和流道。橡胶化合物是基于乙烯丙烯-二烯单体基体。该化合物的密度为1070 kg/ m3,导热系数为0.298 W/m /K,恒热质量为1490 J/kg/K。用橡胶过程分析仪(Rubber Process Analyzer, RPA)测量了胶料硫化的动力学曲线。2.3模具和热仪表模具配有热和压力传感器(参见图3)。图3:装有传感器的模具型腔视图。热装置能够测量橡胶在通道和各种空腔中的温度演变(Fekiri, et al., 2017)。用于数值固化模拟的模型几何如图4所示。图4:模型几何示意图。在边界Γ1和Γ5上施加模具温度调节。Ωm表示模具的金属边界,Ωis表示绝缘保护元件,Ωc表示橡胶部分。T+表示为优化的固化周期规定的模具温度。在图2中的阶段(1)中,橡胶部分的传热由式(1)、式(2)、式(3)描述,其中的源项与硫化反应的焓有关。c c c c c T Cp T T H T T(1)第II阶段的边界条件由式(8)和式(9)描述。T T T T T T T(2)
{"title":"Thermal control and energy balance in polymer processing","authors":"R. Deterre, P. Mousseau, A. Sarda, J. Launay","doi":"10.1201/9780429324710-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429324710-89","url":null,"abstract":"The rubber industry is facing a lack of thermal control during rubber processing. In the process of injection molding of elastomers, improving the energy efficiency of the tools is a current challenge for industry in terms of energy consumption, productivity and product quality. Experimental measurements allow us to understand the thermal of the tool and to show the thermal heterogeneities on the surface of the mold and in the various cavities. Tests of injection molding of the rubber and a thermal balance on the energy consumption of the tool are carried out. In the rubber industry, 20% of the energy consumed by capital goods comes from heating processes; more than 50% of heat losses are linked to insufficient control and thermal insulation of Molds. The design of the tooling evolves in particular towards the reduction of the heated mass and the thermal insulation of the molds. Figure 2: rubber parts and runners used in the experimental setup. The rubber compound is based on EthylenePropylene-Diene Monomer matrix. The compound has a density of 1070 kg /m3, a thermal conductivity of 0.298 W/m /K and a constant heat mass of 1490 J/kg/K. we used a RPA (Rubber Process Analyzer) in order to measure the kinetics curves of the rubber compound vulcanization. 2.3 Mold and thermal instrumentation The mold is equipped with thermal and pressure sensors (cf. Figure 3). Figure 3: view of the mold cavities equipped with sensors. The thermal device is able to measure the rubber temperature evolution in the channels and in the various cavities (Fekiri, et al., 2017). 3 THERMO-KINETIC MODEL OF MOLDING The model geometry used for the numerical curing simulation is represented in Figure 4. Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the model geometry. Mould temperature regulation is imposed on the boundaries Γ1 and Γ5. Ωm represents the metal boundaries of the mould, Ωis represents the insulating guarding element and Ωc represents the rubber part. T+ represents the mould temperature that is to be prescribed for the optimized curing cycle. During the phase (1) in Figure 2, heat transfer in the rubber part is described by equations (1),(2) and (3) with a source term related to the enthalpy of the vulcanization reaction. c c c c c c T Cp T T H t t (1) The boundary conditions of phase II are described by equations (8) and (9). T t t T t t (2)","PeriodicalId":10574,"journal":{"name":"Constitutive Models for Rubber XI","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72826824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}