Community dentistry and oral epidemiology最新文献

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the performance of deep learning (DL) models in detecting dental plaque and gingivitis from red, green, and blue (RGB) intraoral photographs.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to January 31, 2025. The methodological characteristics and performance metrics of studies developing and validating DL models for classification, detection, or segmentation tasks were analysed. The risk of bias was assessed using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool, and the certainty of the evidence was evaluated with the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) framework.

Results

From 3307 identified records, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 focused on dental plaque, 11 on gingivitis, and two addressed both outcomes. The risk of bias was low in all QUADAS-2 domains for 11 studies, with low applicability concerns in nine. For dental plaque, DL models showed robust performance in the segmentation task, with intersection over union (IoU) values ranging from 0.64 to 0.86 (median 0.74). Three studies indicated that DL models outperformed dentists in identifying dental plaque when disclosing agents were not used. For gingivitis, the models demonstrated potential but underperformed compared to dental plaque, with IoU values ranging from 0.43 to 0.72 (median 0.63). The certainty of the evidence was moderate for dental plaque and low for gingivitis.

Conclusions

DL models demonstrate promising potential for detecting dental plaque and gingivitis from intraoral photographs, with superior performance in plaque detection. Leveraging accessible imaging devices such as smartphones, these models can enhance teledentistry and may facilitate early screening for periodontal disease. However, the lack of external testing, multicenter studies, and reporting consistency highlights the need for further research to ensure real-world applicability.

Objective

The study aimed to test the efficacy of an online cognitive-behavioural therapy dental anxiety intervention (o-CBT) that could be easily implemented in dental healthcare settings.

Methods

An online cognitive-behavioural protocol based on psychoeducation, exposure to feared dental procedures and cognitive restructuring was developed. A randomised controlled trial was conducted (N = 499) to test its efficacy. Consenting adult dental patients (18–75 years old) who met inclusion criteria (e.g., high dental anxiety) were randomised to one of three arms, (a) intervention assisted by psychology staff (PI) (n = 162), (b) intervention assisted by dental staff (DI) (n = 167), or (c) a control condition (C) (n = 170). Primary outcome measures were the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule DSM-V (ADIS) rating of fear. Generalised linear models for repeated measures based on intention to treat analyses were used to compare the three groups on dental anxiety, fear, avoidance and overall severity of dental phobia.

Results

Dental anxiety was significantly lower in both PI and DI groups when compared to the control condition. Interestingly, reductions in dental anxiety favoured the DI group at 6 (p = 0.008) and 12 months only (p = 0.009). Overall, equivalency was observed between the two intervention groups (PI and DI), as there were no significant differences in dental anxiety when the dental arm was compared to the psychology arm across all time points (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The online cognitive-behavioural intervention was efficacious in reducing dental anxiety when compared to a control condition in an urban sample of patients receiving treatment in a dental school setting. Examination of its effectiveness when administered in dental offices under less controlled conditions is warranted.

Trial Registration: NCT03680755

Objective

The objective of this research was to determine if the ratio of family income to poverty index is a modifier in the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and dental caries in U.S. children.

Methods

A cross-sectional study design of NHANES 2015–2020 for ages 1 to < 18 years (n = 6212) was conducted. The What We Eat in America interview was used for classification and categorization (0, 1, and ≥ 2) of SSB in the NHANES daily dietary file. Untreated dental caries were determined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention dental examiners and categorised as yes (untreated) or no. The poverty index was categorised as < 200% of the poverty line (low income, < 2), ≥ 200% to less than 400% (moderate ≥ 2 to < 4), and ≥ 400% (high ≥ 4). Chi Square and Logistic regression analyses were conducted.

Results

There were 11.6% of children with dental caries; 46.7% with a low income; and 43.0% who consumed no SSB. In subgroup analysis by income, among the children whose family had a moderate income (n = 1541), the unadjusted odds ratio for ≥ 2 SSB on dental caries was 2.70 (95% CI: 1.57, 4.67) and the adjusted odds ratio was 2.61 (95% CI: 1.48, 4.60) as compared with no SSB consumption. The relationship failed to reach significance among children whose family had a low or high income.

Conclusion

Family income was a modifier in this research comparing SSB consumption and dental caries. This study highlights the complicated relationship of SSB consumption and family income on dental caries among children in the U.S.

Objectives

Poor oral health is a considerable burden for older adults in care homes. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) issued guideline NG48 on “Improving oral health in care homes”. However, empirical evidence for oral health interventions among care home residents is weak, and the feasibility of the NG48 recommended interventions is not established. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of delivering a co-designed oral health intervention, based on NG48 recommendations, in care homes in two sites in the UK.

Methods

This was a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled feasibility study with a 12-month follow-up, undertaken in 22 care homes across two sites (11 each in London and Northern Ireland). Care homes were randomised to an intervention arm (n = 11), and a control arm (n = 11) that continued with usual routine practice. The complex intervention contained materials were co-designed with care home staff and consisted of: care home staff training package; Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) administered by trained care home staff; and a support worker assisted twice daily tooth-brushing regimen with 1500 ppm fluoride toothpaste. Rates of recruitment and retention, data completion, and intervention fidelity were recorded to determine feasibility.

Results

One-hundred-and-nineteen residents from 22 care homes were recruited and 82 residents from 19 care homes completed the study (retention: 86% for care homes and 69% for residents). Twenty residents were lost to follow-up and another 17 withdrew throughout the study. Data completion rates ranged between 88% and 97% at baseline and between 91% and 96% at the 12-month follow-up. Intervention fidelity records showed high completion rates for oral care plans (90%), and lower rates for weekly oral hygiene records (73%) and the OHAT (61%).

Conclusions

This study documented the feasibility of an oral health intervention in care homes, while also highlighting issues to consider for a definitive trial to assess the effectiveness of the co-designed intervention.

Trial Registration

Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN10276613

Objective

This study aimed to explore the longitudinal impact of changes in household income poverty and area-based socioeconomic deprivation on dental caries prevalence in early childhood.

Methods

Data from the Growing Up in Scotland (GUS) longitudinal study (2005/6-2009/10) were linked to dental caries experience data at age 5 from Scotland's National Dental Inspection Programme. Latent Class Analysis identified trajectories of household poverty (income below 60% of the national median) and area-based deprivation across multiple time points between birth and age 5. Cumulative exposure scores were also calculated, and modified Poisson regression assessed associations between socioeconomic pathways and caries experience in 2893 children.

Results

Children living in persistent household poverty or in socioeconomically deprived areas had the highest caries experience risk compared to children never in poverty or deprivation. Elevated caries risk was also observed in children falling into poverty (aRR = 1.4; 95% CI = [1.1–1.8]) and escaping poverty (aRR = 1.6; 95% CI = [1.3–2.1]). Children moving into more deprived areas had higher caries risk (aRR = 1.6; 95% CI = [1.2–2.2]), while moving out of deprived areas did not increase risk (aRR = 1.1; 95% CI = [0.8–1.7]). Caries risk increased with years spent in household poverty and in deprived areas.

Conclusions

Unstable poverty and downward socioeconomic deprivation mobility were associated with greater caries risk in early childhood, underscoring the importance of considering the duration and persistence of socioeconomic disadvantage in relation to oral health outcomes and should inform early-years focused policies to address these. Longitudinal data linkage combining representative surveys and routine data is a powerful way to uncover these issues.

Background

Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are disproportionally affected by oral diseases, contributing to already poor physical health outcomes. Young adults are particularly vulnerable, with high psychological distress and greater health service engagement barriers. Early adulthood is a key opportunity to change the trajectory of poor oral health among youth with SMI (YSMI) by supporting oral hygiene self-care routines and timely access to oral healthcare.

Objective

To explore factors that promote or inhibit Healthy Smiles: engagement in oral healthcare among Australian YSMI.

Methods

Exploratory interviews and a focus group were conducted. Purposeful sampling recruited 11 YSMI, a carer, peer support workers (n = 2) and oral and mental health practitioners (n = 3) providing health for YSMI (total = 17).

Results

Key strategies to improve oral health and access to services for YSMI were outlined: ensuring oral health practitioners had the mental health literacy, confidence and skills to work with this population and mental health practitioners had the oral health literacy and skills to support YSMI to practice oral hygiene self-care and access services; developing a range of youth-friendly promotional resources and communication channels to improve prevention awareness and reduce dental fear. A crucial element was the need for trusted relationships.

Conclusion

To prevent negative and life-impacting consequences of untimely oral healthcare access in early adulthood, systematic and targeted strategies for YSMI that focus on co-designed innovative models of care are urgently required.

Objective

The FACE-Q Craniofacial Module is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) developed for children and young adults with craniofacial conditions. We hypothesised that some of its scales may be applicable to other populations. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of FACE-Q scales for patients with dental malocclusions.

Methods

The FACE-Q Dental Module includes 5 scales from the Craniofacial Module that measure appearance (Face, Jaws, Smile and Teeth) and function (Eating/Drinking). Data were collected from patients aged 8–29 years who presented with a dental malocclusion (pre-treatment) or 1–2 years after orthodontic treatment (post-treatment) at a large university-based orthodontic specialty clinic in Canada between September 2018 and March 2020. Patients completed a paper questionnaire booklet, and data were entered into a Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey. The psychometric analysis was performed using Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT) analysis.

Results

The sample of 434 patients was aged 9 to 29 years, with 249 female and 185 male participants. The sample included 252 pre-treatment and 182 post-treatment patients. The 4 appearance scales evidenced strong psychometric performance; all 37 items had ordered thresholds with good item fit to the Rasch model. Reliability was high, with person separation index and Cronbach alpha values, with and without extremes ≥ 0.86. As hypothesised, those participants who had a major difference in appearance, and those who reported liking their appearance less, scored lower on the appearance scales (p < 0.001). In the RMT analysis, the Eating/Drinking scale evidenced low reliability and poor targeting with close to 40% of particpants scoring at the ceiling.

Conclusion

The FACE-Q Dental Module provides a means to collect evidence-based outcomes data from children and young adults who undergo orthodontic care for dental malocclusions.

Objectives

The aim was to investigate practice-level variation in common dental diagnostic, preventive, and care services provided for Danish adults who underwent a dental examination.

Methods

This was a nationwide register-based study. Subsidised dental services delivered during the 13-week period subsequent to the provision of one of three eligible dental examinations (extended, basic, or recall examination) during the first 9 months of 2019 were investigated. Bayesian multilevel regression models were used to estimate the practice-level average predicted probability of supragingival care, subgingival care, individual prevention, bitewing radiographs, and endodontic treatment, and the average predicted count of extractions and direct restorations while adjusting for individual sociodemographics and dental treatments received during the previous 10 years.

Results

The final sample included 445 516 examinations conducted in 1593 dental practices. Supragingival care after basic or recall examinations showed the lowest practice-level variation, with around two-fold difference between top and bottom 2.5%. Individual preventive services after recall examinations showed the highest variation with over 30-fold difference between top and bottom 2.5%. All other outcomes showed around 3- to 8-fold differences between practices at top and bottom 2.5% across all examination types. The differences across practices were smaller—1.2- to 3.0-fold—when the top 25% and bottom 25% were compared instead.

Conclusions

This study found considerable variation in diagnostic, preventive, and treatment services provided for Danish adults who underwent a dental examination. The findings highlight the need for research that can inform evidence-based practice through the development of quality clinical practice guidelines, continuing education programmes, and closer surveillance of care delivery.

Objectives

This scoping review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators, from both dental clinic staff and caregivers, to effectively providing and implementing dietary assessment and advice (for both oral and/or systemic health) in dental clinics managing paediatric patients.

Methods

A protocol was developed a priori (Open Science Framework- https://osf.io/bp4ts.) and followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Studies published in English from 1990 to December 2024 in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase and CINAHL databases were searched. Additional journal searches targeted articles on dietary assessment or advice in dental clinics treating paediatric patients (aged ≤ 18 years), exploring barriers and facilitators for caregivers and dental clinic staff.

Results

Of 4736 studies identified, 32 were included, with 5 additional studies included from manual searching. Sixteen studies were quantitative, 13 were qualitative, and 8 mixed methods. Across studies, 77 barriers and 45 facilitators were identified in providing and implementing dietary assessment and advice in the paediatric population attending dental clinics. Results were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework. Common barriers for dental staff included time constraints and financial compensation, while caregivers cited controlling children's dietary habits as a major barrier.

Conclusions

Understanding the main barriers and facilitators in providing and implementing dietary assessment and advice in dental clinics treating paediatric patients is crucial to improving preventive healthcare.