Frontiers in Communications and Networks最新文献

{"title":"Outage probability analysis of maritime FSO links","authors":"Y. Ata, Mohamed-Slim Alouini","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1184911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1184911","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the outage performance of the maritime free-space optical (FSO) communication system is analyzed, and a new maritime FSO link configuration is presented. The channel model for maritime FSO link includes the combined effect of turbulence, pointing error, angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations, and attenuation. While the maritime turbulence channel is modeled by lognormal distribution, pointing error and AOA fluctuations are assumed to be Beckmann and Rayleigh distributed, respectively. The turbulence power spectrum is considered to present the Kolmogorov characteristics, and the Rytov variance of a propagating Gaussian beam in maritime environment is obtained. The probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and outage probability of the maritime communication channel are obtained analytically. The outage performance of a maritime communication link is given depending on various parameters of the maritime environment, the Gaussian beam, and the (FSO) communication system.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128266408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A varactor-based 1024-element RIS design for mm-waves","authors":"L. G. da Silva, Z. Chu, P. Xiao, A. Cerqueira S.","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1086011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1086011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) for beamforming and beam steering applications operating in the millimeter wave (mm-waves) frequency band. The proposed 2-bit RIS design is implemented using a radar cross-section (RCS) approach in ANSYS HFSS for performance evaluation and system-level analysis. It is based on split-ring resonator (SRR) unit cells, tuned by varactor diodes, comprising 1,024 elements arranged in a 32 × 32 matrix with linear gradient phase configuration operating at 24.5 GHz over the fifth generation of mobile communications New Radio (5G NR) frequency range 2 (FR2). A beam steering from −60° to 60° in the azimuth plane is demonstrated for mm-waves coverage extension. Numerical simulations of RCS patterns from −10° to −60° and from 10° to 60° with approximately 3 dB scan loss manifest the applicability of the proposed RIS towards the sixth generation of mobile communications (6G). Furthermore, simulated results of angular reciprocity prove the RIS response up to 110° under an oblique incident wave at 60°. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest RIS angular reciprocity reported in the literature, validating its application to coverage extension from −60° to 60°. In addition, the RCS level and reflected angle relationship are modeled for system-level analysis purposes.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133421873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"O-RAN architecture, interfaces, and standardization: Study and application to user intelligent admission control","authors":"Mohammad Alavirad, U. Hashmi, Marwan Mansour, Ali A. Esswie, R. Atawia, G. Poitau, Morris Repeta","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1127039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1127039","url":null,"abstract":"Open radio access network (O-RAN), driven by O-RAN Alliance is based on the disaggregation of the traditional RAN systems into radio unit (RU), distributed unit (DU) and central unit (CU) components. It provides a unique opportunity to reduce the cost of wireless network deployment by using open-source software, serving as a foundation for O-RAN compliant functions, and by utilizing low-cost, generic white-box hardware for radio components. Relying on the two core pillars of openness and intelligence, there has been a coordinated global effort from operators and equipment providers to enhance the RAN architecture and improve its performance through virtualized network elements and open interfaces that incorporate intelligence in RAN. With the increased complexity of 5G networks and the demand to fulfill requirements, intelligence is becoming a key factor for automated deployment, operation, and optimization of open wireless networks. The first thrust of this paper surveys the AI/ML architecture in O-RAN specifications, key discussion points and future standardization directions, respectively. In the second part, we introduce a proof-of-concept use case on AI-driven network optimization within the near real-time RAN intelligent controller (near-RT RIC) and non-real time RIC (non-RT RIC). In particular, we investigate the user admission control problem, led by a deep learning-based algorithm, implemented as an xApp for network performance enhancement. Extensive system-level simulations are performed with NS-3 LTE to assess the proposed admission control algorithm. Accordingly, the proposed dynamic algorithm shows a significant admission control performance improvement and flexibility, compared to existing admission control static techniques, while satisfying the stringent quality of service targets of admitted devices. Finally, the paper offers insightful conclusions and findings on the AI-based modeling, model inference performance, key performance challenges and future research directions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131811832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile near-field terahertz communications for 6G and 7G networks: Research challenges","authors":"Vitaly Petrov, Duschia M. Bodet, Arjun Singh","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1151324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1151324","url":null,"abstract":"Following the current development of the wireless technology landscape, and with respect to the constant growth in user demands, it is inevitable that next-generation mobile wireless networks will use new frequency bands located in the sub-terahertz and terahertz (THz) spectrum to complement the existing microwave and millimeter wave (mmWave) channels. The feasibility of point-to-point stationary THz communication links has already been experimentally demonstrated. To build upon this breakthrough, one of the pressing research targets is making THz communication systems truly mobile. Achieving this target is especially complicated because mobile THz wireless systems (including WLANs and even cellular access) will often operate in the near-field due to the very large (even though physically small) electrical size of the high-gain antenna systems required for making high-rate communication links feasible at such frequencies. This perspective article presents several key prospective research challenges envisioned on the way to designing efficient mobile near-field THz wireless access as a part of 6G and 7G wireless landscapes.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126859647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective method for reconfigurable intelligent surface design for NOMA transmission: Theoretical study","authors":"V. Kontorovich","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1125924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1125924","url":null,"abstract":"The method (paradigm) presented here was inspired by two basic ideas: the assumption of the MIMO-RIS-NOMA communication channel as a dispersive channel with fading, and the representation of the latter by means of the generalized Kronecker channel model (GKCM), applying the “orthogonalization approach” based on utilization of the “universal” eigen basis in the form of prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs). In other words, the essence of the approach is representing the MIMO-RIS-NOMA channel by means of a finite set of artificially created orthogonal trajectories for wave propagation, which are connected by the coupling matrix (CM) of the RIS. The goal for RIS (through the selection of specific CM elements) is to provide a decoding system for the NOMA users with the required SNR values for each user to guarantee successful decoding processing. A theoretical analysis of this paradigm is presented.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131805358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on principles, performance and complexity of linear estimation and detection techniques for MIMO systems","authors":"Danilo Gaspar, L. Mendes, T. Pimenta","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.968370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.968370","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks has introduced several new use cases that are pushing mobile networks in environments that are typically supported by wired technologies. The initial discussions around the sixth generation (6G) of mobile networks signalizes that different approaches are needed to address all contrasting requirements, where multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique stands as a key technology for most future wireless systems. In this review, we present an introduction on classical linear estimators and coherent detectors along with an innovative and accurate complexity formulation within a common framework, allowing a fair comparison and providing an initial guideline for researchers that are looking for a general view of the main techniques available for spatial multiplexing (SM)-MIMO detection and estimation.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123329730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latency-aware blockage prediction in vision-aided federated wireless networks","authors":"A. Khan, Iftikhar Ahmad, L. Mohjazi, S. Hussain, R. N. B. Rais, M. Imran, A. Zoha","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1130844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1130844","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The future wireless landscape is evolving rapidly to meet ever-increasing data requirements, which can be enabled using higher-frequency spectrums like millimetre waves (mmWaves) and terahertz (THz). However, mmWave and THztechnologies rely on line-of-sight (LOS) communication, making them sensitive to sudden environmental changes and higher mobility of users, especially in urban areas. Methods: Therefore, beam blockage prediction is a critical challenge for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. One possible solution is to anticipate the potential change in the wireless network surroundings using multi-sensor data (wireless, vision, lidar, and GPS) with advanced deep learning (DL) and computer vision (CV) techniques. Despite numerous advantages, the fusion of deep learning,computer vision, and multi-modal data in centralised training introduces many challenges, including higher communication costs for raw data transfer, inefficient bandwidth usage and unacceptable latency. This work proposes latency-aware vision-aided federated wireless networks (VFWN) for beam blockage prediction using bimodal vision and wireless sensing data. The proposed framework usesdistributed learning on the edge nodes (EN) for data processing and model training. Results and Discussion: This involves federated learning for global model aggregation that minimizes latency and data communication cost as compared to centralised learning while achieving comparable predictive accuracy. For instance, the VFWN achieves a predictive accuracy of 98.5%, which is comparable to centralised learning with overall predictive accuracy 99%, considering that no data sharing is done. Furthermore, the proposed framework significantly reduces the communication cost by 81.31% and latency by 6.77% using real-time on device processing and inference.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121886057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Applications of photonic sensors in smart cities","authors":"M. Saadi, Sushank Chaudhary, Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2023.1114442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1114442","url":null,"abstract":"This Research Topic on “Applications of Photonic Sensors in Smart Cities” belongs to the journals, Frontiers in Communications and Networks and Frontiers in Physics. For this Research Topic serves as lead guest editor and other guest editors include Saadi et al. Demostenes Z. Rodriguez, Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij, and Tien Khee Ng. The aim of this Research Topic is to highlight recent advancements in the field of Quantum Optics and Information, Photonic sensors, and optical wireless communication and how they can contribute tomaking smart cities.We received an overwhelming response to our call for papers and, after a rigorous peer review process, eight papers were selected for this Research Topic. The managing editor, Saadi et al. and the guest editors would like to thank all authors who submitted their papers to this Research Topic. Thanks are also due to all anonymous reviewers, whose timely feedback ensured the high quality of the journal, and the Frontiers publication team for helping this issue to be a success. All the Guest Editors hope that this Research Topic can provide an in-depth insight into the field of optical wireless communication, photonic sensors, and optoelectronics that help realize the vision of smart cities. The first paper title is “Calculation of the Coupling Coefficient in Step-Index Multimode Polymer Optical Fibers Based on the Far-Field Measurements”, in which the authors use the power flow equation (PFE) to investigate mode coupling in step-index multimode polymer optical fiber. The second accepted paper title is “Porous Silicon–Based Microring Resonator for Temperature and Cancer Cell Detection”, in which a microring resonator sensor based on porous silicon is proposed for temperature and cancer cell detection, simultaneously. The results presented in this paper are promising, suggesting that the microring resonator sensor can be used in the fields of environment sensing, temperature sensing, chemical sensing, and biosensing. The third accepted paper title is “Broadband Coherent Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in All-Chalcogenide Microstructured Fiber with All-Normal Dispersion”, in which a numerical demonstration of the generation of broadband coherent supercontinuum (SC) spectra in the mid-infrared region using dispersion-engineered all-chalcogenide microstructured fibers (MOFs) is presented. Such sources can be applied in frequency metrology, optical coherence tomography, biomedical imaging, and few-cycle pulse compression. OPEN ACCESS","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126968649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the age of information for non-preemptive queues in tandem","authors":"C. Kam, S. Kompella","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2022.932111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2022.932111","url":null,"abstract":"A monitoring system operates over a network of first-come, first-served queues in tandem, in which a source is transmitting its status to a monitor at the end of the tandem. To characterize the freshness performance of this monitoring system, we analyze the average Age of Information for this system, in which the status update arrivals are Poisson distributed and each queue is served by a non-preemptive, memoryless server. We first study the case of single-capacity queues that are modeled as a stochastic hybrid system, and we derive the average age for two queues with different service rates and three queues with equal service rate. We then study the infinite capacity queue case and use the graphical approach to derive the average age for two queues in tandem with equal service rates. Finally, we simulate the average age for intermediate cases of k capacity queues, which fall in between the two extreme cases of k = 1 and k = ∞.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120946525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-intrinsic security primitives with redox-based resistive memory","authors":"Jeeson Kim","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2022.884874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2022.884874","url":null,"abstract":"Physical unclonable function (PUF) exploits advantages of otherwise undesirable non-idealities to create physical systems that are difficult to copy even with the same manufacturing process. Nano-intrinsic PUFs use the variability of nanotechnology per hardware instance as a source of cryptographic randomness. Among various emerging memories, redox-based resistive memory (ReRAM) is a promising candidate for providing next-generation low-cost, low-power, ultra-small PUF-based security solutions. This review shows various ReRAM-based PUF implementations and their key features. We compare their performance and discuss which properties of ReRAM to focus on for effective PUF implementation.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133874467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}