Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.700912
Hui Yang, Q. Yao, B. Bao, Chao Li, Danshi Wang, Jie Zhang, M. Cheriet
With the rapid development of optical network and edge computing, the operation efficiency of the edge optical network has become more and more important, requiring an intelligent approach to enhance the network performance. To enhance the intelligence of the edge optical network, this article firstly provides the demand for the development of edge optical networks. Then, a cross-scene, cross-spectrum, and cross-service (3-CS) architecture for edge optical networks is presented. Finally, a federated transfer learning (FTL) framework, realizing a distributed intelligence edge optical network, is proposed. The usability of the proposed framework is verified by simulation.
{"title":"A 3-CS Distributed Federated Transfer Learning Framework for Intelligent Edge Optical Networks","authors":"Hui Yang, Q. Yao, B. Bao, Chao Li, Danshi Wang, Jie Zhang, M. Cheriet","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.700912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.700912","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of optical network and edge computing, the operation efficiency of the edge optical network has become more and more important, requiring an intelligent approach to enhance the network performance. To enhance the intelligence of the edge optical network, this article firstly provides the demand for the development of edge optical networks. Then, a cross-scene, cross-spectrum, and cross-service (3-CS) architecture for edge optical networks is presented. Finally, a federated transfer learning (FTL) framework, realizing a distributed intelligence edge optical network, is proposed. The usability of the proposed framework is verified by simulation.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129610959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.702968
Kazuki Yamada, Yuto Samura, O. Minin, A. Kanno, N. Sekine, Junichi Nakajima, I. Minin, S. Hisatake
A short-range terahertz (THz) wireless transmission in the 300 GHz band is demonstrated using low-profile wavelength-scaled dielectric transmitting and receiving cuboid antennas (DCAs). These dielectric cuboid antennas are made of polytetrafluoroethylene with dimensions of approximately 1.2 mm × 1.2 mm × 1.3 mm. The near-field pattern of a DCA at 300 GHz was measured using an electro-optic sensing technique, and its far-field pattern characterization was based on the near-field to far-field transformation. The measured antenna gain was 15.06 ± 0.06 dBi. By employing DCAs as transmitting and receiving antennas, a 17.5 Gbps data transmission rate at distances of approximately 200 and 50 mm with bit error rates of 3.31 × 10–3 and 7.51 × 10–7 respectively, is demonstrated. The proposed mesoscopic scale DCA is a promising antenna type in intra-device communications and Kiosk download applications for future mobile devices operating in the 300 GHz band.
使用低轮廓波长尺度介质发射和接收长方体天线(DCAs)演示了300 GHz频段的短距离太赫兹(THz)无线传输。这些电介质长方体天线由聚四氟乙烯制成，尺寸约为1.2 mm × 1.2 mm × 1.3 mm。采用电光传感技术测量了300 GHz DCA的近场方向图，并基于近场到远场变换对其远场方向图进行了表征。测得天线增益为15.06±0.06 dBi。采用dca作为发射天线和接收天线，在约200和50 mm距离上的数据传输速率为17.5 Gbps，误码率分别为3.31 × 10-3和7.51 × 10-7。提议的介观尺度DCA是一种很有前途的天线类型，适用于300ghz频段的未来移动设备的设备内通信和Kiosk下载应用。
{"title":"Short-Range Wireless Transmission in the 300 GHz Band Using Low-Profile Wavelength-Scaled Dielectric Cuboid Antennas","authors":"Kazuki Yamada, Yuto Samura, O. Minin, A. Kanno, N. Sekine, Junichi Nakajima, I. Minin, S. Hisatake","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.702968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.702968","url":null,"abstract":"A short-range terahertz (THz) wireless transmission in the 300 GHz band is demonstrated using low-profile wavelength-scaled dielectric transmitting and receiving cuboid antennas (DCAs). These dielectric cuboid antennas are made of polytetrafluoroethylene with dimensions of approximately 1.2 mm × 1.2 mm × 1.3 mm. The near-field pattern of a DCA at 300 GHz was measured using an electro-optic sensing technique, and its far-field pattern characterization was based on the near-field to far-field transformation. The measured antenna gain was 15.06 ± 0.06 dBi. By employing DCAs as transmitting and receiving antennas, a 17.5 Gbps data transmission rate at distances of approximately 200 and 50 mm with bit error rates of 3.31 × 10–3 and 7.51 × 10–7 respectively, is demonstrated. The proposed mesoscopic scale DCA is a promising antenna type in intra-device communications and Kiosk download applications for future mobile devices operating in the 300 GHz band.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124615811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.679502
S. Liaqat, K. Dashtipour, A. Zahid, K. Arshad, Sana Ullah Jan, K. Assaleh, N. Ramzan
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common types of cardiac arrhythmia, with a prevalence of 1–2% in the community, increasing the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. Early detection of AF, typically causing an irregular and abnormally fast heart rate, can help reduce the risk of strokes that are more common among older people. Intelligent models capable of automatic detection of AF in its earliest possible stages can improve the early diagnosis and treatment. Luckily, this can be made possible with the information about the heart's rhythm and electrical activity provided through electrocardiogram (ECG) and the decision-making machine learning-based autonomous models. In addition, AF has a direct impact on the skin hydration level and, hence, can be used as a measure for detection. In this paper, we present an independent review along with a comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art techniques proposed for AF detection using ECG and skin hydration levels. This paper also highlights the effects of AF on skin hydration level that is missing in most of the previous studies.
{"title":"A Review and Comparison of the State-of-the-Art Techniques for Atrial Fibrillation Detection and Skin Hydration","authors":"S. Liaqat, K. Dashtipour, A. Zahid, K. Arshad, Sana Ullah Jan, K. Assaleh, N. Ramzan","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.679502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.679502","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common types of cardiac arrhythmia, with a prevalence of 1–2% in the community, increasing the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. Early detection of AF, typically causing an irregular and abnormally fast heart rate, can help reduce the risk of strokes that are more common among older people. Intelligent models capable of automatic detection of AF in its earliest possible stages can improve the early diagnosis and treatment. Luckily, this can be made possible with the information about the heart's rhythm and electrical activity provided through electrocardiogram (ECG) and the decision-making machine learning-based autonomous models. In addition, AF has a direct impact on the skin hydration level and, hence, can be used as a measure for detection. In this paper, we present an independent review along with a comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art techniques proposed for AF detection using ECG and skin hydration levels. This paper also highlights the effects of AF on skin hydration level that is missing in most of the previous studies.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120980099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.709946
I. Donevski, J. Nielsen, P. Popovski
In this paper we envision a federated learning (FL) scenario in service of amending the performance of autonomous road vehicles, through a drone traffic monitor (DTM), that also acts as an orchestrator. Expecting non-IID data distribution, we focus on the issue of accelerating the learning of a particular class of critical object (CO), that may harm the nominal operation of an autonomous vehicle. This can be done through proper allocation of the wireless resources for addressing learner and data heterogeneity. Thus, we propose a reactive method for the allocation of wireless resources, that happens dynamically each FL round, and is based on each learner’s contribution to the general model. In addition to this, we explore the use of static methods that remain constant across all rounds. Since we expect partial work from each learner, we use the FedProx FL algorithm, in the task of computer vision. For testing, we construct a non-IID data distribution of the MNIST and FMNIST datasets among four types of learners, in scenarios that represent the quickly changing environment. The results show that proactive measures are effective and versatile at improving system accuracy, and quickly learning the CO class when underrepresented in the network. Furthermore, the experiments show a tradeoff between FedProx intensity and resource allocation efforts. Nonetheless, a well adjusted FedProx local optimizer allows for an even better overall accuracy, particularly when using deeper neural network (NN) implementations.
{"title":"On Addressing Heterogeneity in Federated Learning for Autonomous Vehicles Connected to a Drone Orchestrator","authors":"I. Donevski, J. Nielsen, P. Popovski","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.709946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.709946","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we envision a federated learning (FL) scenario in service of amending the performance of autonomous road vehicles, through a drone traffic monitor (DTM), that also acts as an orchestrator. Expecting non-IID data distribution, we focus on the issue of accelerating the learning of a particular class of critical object (CO), that may harm the nominal operation of an autonomous vehicle. This can be done through proper allocation of the wireless resources for addressing learner and data heterogeneity. Thus, we propose a reactive method for the allocation of wireless resources, that happens dynamically each FL round, and is based on each learner’s contribution to the general model. In addition to this, we explore the use of static methods that remain constant across all rounds. Since we expect partial work from each learner, we use the FedProx FL algorithm, in the task of computer vision. For testing, we construct a non-IID data distribution of the MNIST and FMNIST datasets among four types of learners, in scenarios that represent the quickly changing environment. The results show that proactive measures are effective and versatile at improving system accuracy, and quickly learning the CO class when underrepresented in the network. Furthermore, the experiments show a tradeoff between FedProx intensity and resource allocation efforts. Nonetheless, a well adjusted FedProx local optimizer allows for an even better overall accuracy, particularly when using deeper neural network (NN) implementations.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121420765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.647528
A. Isah, A. S. Tchakoutio Nguetcho, S. Binczak, J. Bilbault
As the memristor device is asymmetrical in nature, it is not a bilateral element like the resistor in terms of circuit functionality. Thus, it causes hindrance in some memristor-based applications such as in cellular nonlinear network neighborhood connections and in some application areas where its orientation is essentially expected to act as a bilateral circuit element reliable for bidirectional communication, for example, in signal and image processing or in electrical synapse devices. We introduce a memristor-based network for each purpose where we replace the conventional series resistances by memristors. The memristor asymmetry is described from the circuit point of view allowing us to observe its interaction within the network. Moreover, a memristor fuse is proposed in order to achieve the memristive effect with symmetry, which is formed basically by connecting two memristors antiserially. We, therefore, analyze the memristor fuse from its basic principle along with the theoretical analysis and then observe the response from the circuit point of view.
{"title":"Polarity Reversal Effect of a Memristor From the Circuit Point of View and Insights Into the Memristor Fuse","authors":"A. Isah, A. S. Tchakoutio Nguetcho, S. Binczak, J. Bilbault","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.647528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.647528","url":null,"abstract":"As the memristor device is asymmetrical in nature, it is not a bilateral element like the resistor in terms of circuit functionality. Thus, it causes hindrance in some memristor-based applications such as in cellular nonlinear network neighborhood connections and in some application areas where its orientation is essentially expected to act as a bilateral circuit element reliable for bidirectional communication, for example, in signal and image processing or in electrical synapse devices. We introduce a memristor-based network for each purpose where we replace the conventional series resistances by memristors. The memristor asymmetry is described from the circuit point of view allowing us to observe its interaction within the network. Moreover, a memristor fuse is proposed in order to achieve the memristive effect with symmetry, which is formed basically by connecting two memristors antiserially. We, therefore, analyze the memristor fuse from its basic principle along with the theoretical analysis and then observe the response from the circuit point of view.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128446657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.733891
V. Popov, M. Odit, J. Gros, V. Lenets, A. Kumagai, M. Fink, Kotaro Enomoto, G. Lerosey
As data rates demands are exploding, 5G will soon rely on mmWaves that offer much higher bandwidths. Yet at these frequencies, attenuation and diffraction of waves require point to point communications with beamforming base stations that are complex and power greedy. Furthermore, since any obstacle at these frequencies completely blocks the waves, the networks must be extremely dense, resulting in dramatic increase of its cost. One way to avoid this problem is to redirect beams coming from base stations at many locations with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces, in order to increase their coverage even in cluttered environments. Here we describe and experimentally demonstrate a binary tunable metasurface operating at 28 GHz, based on standard PCB and off the shelves PIN diodes. We show that it can be used as a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface that beamforms an incoming plane wave at a given angle to one or several outgoing plane waves at angles reconfigurable in real time. Most importantly we use this 20 cm × 20 cm reconfigurable Intelligent Surface alongside software defined radio and up/down converters at 28 GHz, and demonstrate a wireless link between an emitter and a receiver 10 m away, in a non-line-of-sight configuration, hence proving the validity of the approach.
{"title":"Experimental Demonstration of a mmWave Passive Access Point Extender Based on a Binary Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface","authors":"V. Popov, M. Odit, J. Gros, V. Lenets, A. Kumagai, M. Fink, Kotaro Enomoto, G. Lerosey","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.733891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.733891","url":null,"abstract":"As data rates demands are exploding, 5G will soon rely on mmWaves that offer much higher bandwidths. Yet at these frequencies, attenuation and diffraction of waves require point to point communications with beamforming base stations that are complex and power greedy. Furthermore, since any obstacle at these frequencies completely blocks the waves, the networks must be extremely dense, resulting in dramatic increase of its cost. One way to avoid this problem is to redirect beams coming from base stations at many locations with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces, in order to increase their coverage even in cluttered environments. Here we describe and experimentally demonstrate a binary tunable metasurface operating at 28 GHz, based on standard PCB and off the shelves PIN diodes. We show that it can be used as a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface that beamforms an incoming plane wave at a given angle to one or several outgoing plane waves at angles reconfigurable in real time. Most importantly we use this 20 cm × 20 cm reconfigurable Intelligent Surface alongside software defined radio and up/down converters at 28 GHz, and demonstrate a wireless link between an emitter and a receiver 10 m away, in a non-line-of-sight configuration, hence proving the validity of the approach.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116631616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.691625
Luca Feltrin, N. Jalden, E. Trojer, Gustav Wikström
Since the first generation of cellular networks was rolled out, the priority has been to improve the connectivity and capacity of densely populated areas, such as urban centers, whereas rural areas received less attention. The lower subscriber density of such areas makes it difficult to get a positive business case with current wireless technologies and current cost structures. Base stations are deployed more sparsely in rural areas and are typically shared by several operators and are thus not able to provide high-performance connectivity, compared to urban areas, resulting in a connectivity gap. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is currently introducing Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) in 5G NR scope with Release 17 for broadband services, and this development will likely continue in 6G networks. In parallel, Sparse Terrestrial Networks (STN) using high towers and large antenna arrays, are being developed to deliver very long transmission ranges. In this paper we discuss the characteristics and the expected performance of networks based on satellites or terrestrial large cell networks, in relation to the traffic density and required infrastructure, with a focus on remote and sparsely populated areas. The two solutions are found to deliver in complementary traffic and partly different use case scenarios.
{"title":"Potential for Deep Rural Broadband Coverage With Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Radio Networks","authors":"Luca Feltrin, N. Jalden, E. Trojer, Gustav Wikström","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.691625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.691625","url":null,"abstract":"Since the first generation of cellular networks was rolled out, the priority has been to improve the connectivity and capacity of densely populated areas, such as urban centers, whereas rural areas received less attention. The lower subscriber density of such areas makes it difficult to get a positive business case with current wireless technologies and current cost structures. Base stations are deployed more sparsely in rural areas and are typically shared by several operators and are thus not able to provide high-performance connectivity, compared to urban areas, resulting in a connectivity gap. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is currently introducing Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) in 5G NR scope with Release 17 for broadband services, and this development will likely continue in 6G networks. In parallel, Sparse Terrestrial Networks (STN) using high towers and large antenna arrays, are being developed to deliver very long transmission ranges. In this paper we discuss the characteristics and the expected performance of networks based on satellites or terrestrial large cell networks, in relation to the traffic density and required infrastructure, with a focus on remote and sparsely populated areas. The two solutions are found to deliver in complementary traffic and partly different use case scenarios.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121693273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.733664
Meltem Civas, Oktay Cetinkaya, M. Kuscu, Ö. Akan
The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a recently introduced information and communication technology (ICT) framework promising for extending the human connectivity to the entire universe, which itself can be regarded as a natural IoE, an interconnected network of everything we perceive. The countless number of opportunities that can be enabled by IoE through a blend of heterogeneous ICT technologies across different scales and environments and a seamless interface with the natural IoE impose several fundamental challenges, such as interoperability, ubiquitous connectivity, energy efficiency, and miniaturization. The key to address these challenges is to advance our communication technology to match the multi-scale, multi-modal, and dynamic features of the natural IoE. To this end, we introduce a new communication device concept, namely the universal IoE transceiver, that encompasses transceiver architectures that are characterized by multi-modality in communication (with modalities such as molecular, RF/THz, optical and acoustic) and in energy harvesting (with modalities such as mechanical, solar, biochemical), modularity, tunability, and scalability. Focusing on these fundamental traits, we provide an overview of the opportunities that can be opened up by micro/nanoscale universal transceiver architectures towards realizing the IoE applications. We also discuss the most pressing challenges in implementing such transceivers and briefly review the open research directions. Our discussion is particularly focused on the opportunities and challenges pertaining to the IoE physical layer, which can enable the efficient and effective design of higher-level techniques. We believe that such universal transceivers can pave the way for seamless connection and communication with the universe at a deeper level and pioneer the construction of the forthcoming IoE landscape. Index Terms – Internet of Everything, Universal IoE Transceiver, Interoperability, Multi-modality, Hybrid Energy Harvesting, Molecular Communications, THz Communications, Graphene and related nanomaterials.
{"title":"Universal Transceivers: Opportunities and Future Directions for the Internet of Everything (IoE)","authors":"Meltem Civas, Oktay Cetinkaya, M. Kuscu, Ö. Akan","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.733664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.733664","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a recently introduced information and communication technology (ICT) framework promising for extending the human connectivity to the entire universe, which itself can be regarded as a natural IoE, an interconnected network of everything we perceive. The countless number of opportunities that can be enabled by IoE through a blend of heterogeneous ICT technologies across different scales and environments and a seamless interface with the natural IoE impose several fundamental challenges, such as interoperability, ubiquitous connectivity, energy efficiency, and miniaturization. The key to address these challenges is to advance our communication technology to match the multi-scale, multi-modal, and dynamic features of the natural IoE. To this end, we introduce a new communication device concept, namely the universal IoE transceiver, that encompasses transceiver architectures that are characterized by multi-modality in communication (with modalities such as molecular, RF/THz, optical and acoustic) and in energy harvesting (with modalities such as mechanical, solar, biochemical), modularity, tunability, and scalability. Focusing on these fundamental traits, we provide an overview of the opportunities that can be opened up by micro/nanoscale universal transceiver architectures towards realizing the IoE applications. We also discuss the most pressing challenges in implementing such transceivers and briefly review the open research directions. Our discussion is particularly focused on the opportunities and challenges pertaining to the IoE physical layer, which can enable the efficient and effective design of higher-level techniques. We believe that such universal transceivers can pave the way for seamless connection and communication with the universe at a deeper level and pioneer the construction of the forthcoming IoE landscape. Index Terms – Internet of Everything, Universal IoE Transceiver, Interoperability, Multi-modality, Hybrid Energy Harvesting, Molecular Communications, THz Communications, Graphene and related nanomaterials.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124503446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the energy infrastructure of smart cities, smart grid upgrades traditional power grid systems with state-of-the-art information and communication technologies. In particular, as the full deployment of the Internet of Things in the power grid (a.k.a. power Internet of Things or PIoT), the newly introduced information flow together with inherent energy flow makes it more efficient for power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. To further exploit the precious energy and the latest 5G technologies, this article boosts to add a value flow in the smart grid, mainly including the value created by innovative services and market mechanisms and the value added by the information flow. Specifically, by integrating PIoT with cyber-physical systems, this article sketches a conceptual framework of the cyber-physical power system (CPPS). The CPPS carries out holistic perception and ubiquitous connection of distributed energy sources and electrical facilities and builds up a smarter power grid with global information interaction, intelligent decision-making, and real-time agile control. Finally, for illustration purposes, we conduct a case study regarding an intelligent home management system.
{"title":"Smarter Grid in the 5G Era: A Framework Integrating Power Internet of Things With a Cyber Physical System","authors":"Yuanjie Liu, Xiongping Yang, Wenkun Wen, Minghua Xia","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.689590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.689590","url":null,"abstract":"As the energy infrastructure of smart cities, smart grid upgrades traditional power grid systems with state-of-the-art information and communication technologies. In particular, as the full deployment of the Internet of Things in the power grid (a.k.a. power Internet of Things or PIoT), the newly introduced information flow together with inherent energy flow makes it more efficient for power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. To further exploit the precious energy and the latest 5G technologies, this article boosts to add a value flow in the smart grid, mainly including the value created by innovative services and market mechanisms and the value added by the information flow. Specifically, by integrating PIoT with cyber-physical systems, this article sketches a conceptual framework of the cyber-physical power system (CPPS). The CPPS carries out holistic perception and ubiquitous connection of distributed energy sources and electrical facilities and builds up a smarter power grid with global information interaction, intelligent decision-making, and real-time agile control. Finally, for illustration purposes, we conduct a case study regarding an intelligent home management system.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128422911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.687233
Shuaishuai Guo, Jia Ye, Peng Zhang
Metasurface-based terahertz (THz) modulators, which carry information by changing the spatial pattern of the metasurface at every symbol time, are an important component to establish low-cost low-energy–consuming THz communication systems. This paper proposes a differential spatial THz modulation (DSTM) scheme for metasurface-assisted THz communications. In DSTM, the metasurface pattern activation orders are employed to carry information, instead of the metasurface patterns themselves. In this way, the DSTM receiver can perform differential detection without knowing the metasurface response to incident THz signals and the channel state information. The proposed DSTM scheme is applicable to all kinds of metasurfaces enabling THz communications, including transmissive metasurfaces and reflective metasurfaces. For high-rate DSTM systems, we propose an efficient bits-to-activation-order mapping method and a low-complexity detection method. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme. It is shown that the proposed scheme pays acceptable penalty compared to the non-differential modulation scheme with coherent detection, which needs to know the metasurface response to the incident signals as well as all the channel state information.
{"title":"A Differential Modulation Scheme for Metasurface-Based Terahertz Communications","authors":"Shuaishuai Guo, Jia Ye, Peng Zhang","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.687233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.687233","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurface-based terahertz (THz) modulators, which carry information by changing the spatial pattern of the metasurface at every symbol time, are an important component to establish low-cost low-energy–consuming THz communication systems. This paper proposes a differential spatial THz modulation (DSTM) scheme for metasurface-assisted THz communications. In DSTM, the metasurface pattern activation orders are employed to carry information, instead of the metasurface patterns themselves. In this way, the DSTM receiver can perform differential detection without knowing the metasurface response to incident THz signals and the channel state information. The proposed DSTM scheme is applicable to all kinds of metasurfaces enabling THz communications, including transmissive metasurfaces and reflective metasurfaces. For high-rate DSTM systems, we propose an efficient bits-to-activation-order mapping method and a low-complexity detection method. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme. It is shown that the proposed scheme pays acceptable penalty compared to the non-differential modulation scheme with coherent detection, which needs to know the metasurface response to the incident signals as well as all the channel state information.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132708520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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