Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2022.744528
D. Colombi, Bo Xu, David Anguiano Sanjurjo, Paramananda Joshi, Fatemeh Ghasemifard, Carla Di Paola, C. Törnevik
In March 2020, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) released its new guidelines (ICNIRP 2020) on the limitation of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure in the frequency range 100 kHz–300 GHz. These have taken several years to develop and include the review of the latest scientific literature. Most countries worldwide currently apply the RF-EMF exposure limits provided in the ICNIRP 1998 guidelines and are expected to align their regulations according to the recently revised limits. In this paper, the implications of the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines on the RF-EMF compliance of base stations (BSs) for mobile communications are analyzed in detail. The study covers different types of BS products, from low-power small cells to macro cell equipment, operating within different frequency bands and of relevance for 2G to 5G mobile technologies. A direct comparison of the BS RF-EMF exclusion zones (or compliance boundaries), when the ICNIRP 2020 and the ICNIRP 1998 limits are applied, is provided. Since existing and future mobile equipment infrastructure is likely to be required to comply with the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines, the paper provides useful information to mobile equipment manufacturers, mobile operators, standardization bodies and regulators.
{"title":"Implications of ICNIRP 2020 Exposure Guidelines on the RF EMF Compliance Boundary of Base Stations","authors":"D. Colombi, Bo Xu, David Anguiano Sanjurjo, Paramananda Joshi, Fatemeh Ghasemifard, Carla Di Paola, C. Törnevik","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2022.744528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2022.744528","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2020, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) released its new guidelines (ICNIRP 2020) on the limitation of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure in the frequency range 100 kHz–300 GHz. These have taken several years to develop and include the review of the latest scientific literature. Most countries worldwide currently apply the RF-EMF exposure limits provided in the ICNIRP 1998 guidelines and are expected to align their regulations according to the recently revised limits. In this paper, the implications of the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines on the RF-EMF compliance of base stations (BSs) for mobile communications are analyzed in detail. The study covers different types of BS products, from low-power small cells to macro cell equipment, operating within different frequency bands and of relevance for 2G to 5G mobile technologies. A direct comparison of the BS RF-EMF exclusion zones (or compliance boundaries), when the ICNIRP 2020 and the ICNIRP 1998 limits are applied, is provided. Since existing and future mobile equipment infrastructure is likely to be required to comply with the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines, the paper provides useful information to mobile equipment manufacturers, mobile operators, standardization bodies and regulators.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124559276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2022.885749
N. Miyoshi
Theory of point processes, in particular Palm calculus within the stationary framework, plays a fundamental role in the analysis of spatial stochastic models of wireless communication networks. Neveu’s exchange formula, which connects the respective Palm distributions for two jointly stationary point processes, is known as one of the most important results in the Palm calculus. However, its use in the analysis of wireless networks seems to be limited so far and one reason for this may be that the formula in a well-known form is based upon the Voronoi tessellation. In this paper, we present an alternative form of Neveu’s exchange formula, which does not rely on the Voronoi tessellation but includes the one as a special case. We then demonstrate that our new form of the exchange formula is useful for the analysis of wireless networks with hotspot clusters modeled using cluster point processes.
{"title":"Neveu’s Exchange Formula for Analysis of Wireless Networks With Hotspot Clusters","authors":"N. Miyoshi","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2022.885749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2022.885749","url":null,"abstract":"Theory of point processes, in particular Palm calculus within the stationary framework, plays a fundamental role in the analysis of spatial stochastic models of wireless communication networks. Neveu’s exchange formula, which connects the respective Palm distributions for two jointly stationary point processes, is known as one of the most important results in the Palm calculus. However, its use in the analysis of wireless networks seems to be limited so far and one reason for this may be that the formula in a well-known form is based upon the Voronoi tessellation. In this paper, we present an alternative form of Neveu’s exchange formula, which does not rely on the Voronoi tessellation but includes the one as a special case. We then demonstrate that our new form of the exchange formula is useful for the analysis of wireless networks with hotspot clusters modeled using cluster point processes.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126605237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.803007
Mahmoud Raeisi, Asil Koç, E. Başar, T. Le-Ngoc
In this study, a novel cluster index modulation (CIM) scheme, which is based on indexing the available clusters in the environment, is proposed for future mmWave communication systems. Exploiting the fact that the available clusters in the system are well separated in terms of their angular distribution, we selected the best path for each of them and then performed IM in an algorithmic manner to convey information bits. It is shown that by means of large antenna arrays and analog RF beamforming with the indexed clusters, the destructive effect of inter-beam/cluster interference can be remarkably mitigated. Also, we designed a hybrid beamforming architecture at the transmitter to further reduce the effect of residual inter-beam/cluster interference, where the analog RF beamformer is followed by a digital baseband precoder using the zero-forcing technique. Computer simulations reveal that the proposed scheme can provide better error performance than traditional mmWave communication, and the proposed hybrid architecture outperforms beam index modulation (BIM) for a point-to-point scenario. Semi-analytical derivations and closed-form unconditional pairwise error probability (UPEP) expressions are derived for both analog and hybrid architectures, which confirm the validity and superiority of our proposed scheme.
{"title":"Cluster Index Modulation for mmWave Communication Systems","authors":"Mahmoud Raeisi, Asil Koç, E. Başar, T. Le-Ngoc","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.803007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.803007","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel cluster index modulation (CIM) scheme, which is based on indexing the available clusters in the environment, is proposed for future mmWave communication systems. Exploiting the fact that the available clusters in the system are well separated in terms of their angular distribution, we selected the best path for each of them and then performed IM in an algorithmic manner to convey information bits. It is shown that by means of large antenna arrays and analog RF beamforming with the indexed clusters, the destructive effect of inter-beam/cluster interference can be remarkably mitigated. Also, we designed a hybrid beamforming architecture at the transmitter to further reduce the effect of residual inter-beam/cluster interference, where the analog RF beamformer is followed by a digital baseband precoder using the zero-forcing technique. Computer simulations reveal that the proposed scheme can provide better error performance than traditional mmWave communication, and the proposed hybrid architecture outperforms beam index modulation (BIM) for a point-to-point scenario. Semi-analytical derivations and closed-form unconditional pairwise error probability (UPEP) expressions are derived for both analog and hybrid architectures, which confirm the validity and superiority of our proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122936879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-03DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2022.841742
Minghua Xia, E. Lai, Jie Hu, Xuan Liu, N. Thomos, Zilong Liu, Tao Han, V. Bohara, A. Sali
School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
{"title":"Editorial: 5G-and-Beyond Communications for Smart Cities: Networks, Systems and Applications","authors":"Minghua Xia, E. Lai, Jie Hu, Xuan Liu, N. Thomos, Zilong Liu, Tao Han, V. Bohara, A. Sali","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2022.841742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2022.841742","url":null,"abstract":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130344488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.821090
T. Malik, Ahsen Tahir, Ahsan Bilal, K. Dashtipour, M. Imran, Q. Abbasi
High-tech services in smart cities, ubiquity of smart phones, and proliferation of social media platforms have enabled social sensing, either through direct human observers or through humans as sensor carriers and operators, such as through the use of smart phones, cameras, etc. We performed a sentiment analysis (SA) and mined public opinion on the civil services and policing authority in a smart city. The establishment of high-tech policing in Lahore, Pakistan, known as the Punjab Safe Cities Authority (PSCA), Lahore, along with integrated command and control centers and various equipments, such as 8,000 cameras, monitoring sensors, etc., has resulted in a requirement for its performance evaluation and social media–enabled opinion mining to determine the broader impact on communities. Social sensing of civil services has been enabled through the presence of the PSCA on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Web TV. The SA of the local civil services is not possible without taking into account the local language. In this article, we utilize machine learning techniques to perform multi-class SA of public opinion on policing authority and the provided civil services in both the local languages Urdu and English. The support vector machine provides the highest performance multi-classification accuracy of 86.87% for positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. The temporal sentiments are determined over time from January 2020 to July 2021, with an overall positive sentiment of 62.40% and a negative sentiment of 13.51%, which shows high satisfaction of policing authority and the provided civil services.
{"title":"Social Sensing for Sentiment Analysis of Policing Authority Performance in Smart Cities","authors":"T. Malik, Ahsen Tahir, Ahsan Bilal, K. Dashtipour, M. Imran, Q. Abbasi","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.821090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.821090","url":null,"abstract":"High-tech services in smart cities, ubiquity of smart phones, and proliferation of social media platforms have enabled social sensing, either through direct human observers or through humans as sensor carriers and operators, such as through the use of smart phones, cameras, etc. We performed a sentiment analysis (SA) and mined public opinion on the civil services and policing authority in a smart city. The establishment of high-tech policing in Lahore, Pakistan, known as the Punjab Safe Cities Authority (PSCA), Lahore, along with integrated command and control centers and various equipments, such as 8,000 cameras, monitoring sensors, etc., has resulted in a requirement for its performance evaluation and social media–enabled opinion mining to determine the broader impact on communities. Social sensing of civil services has been enabled through the presence of the PSCA on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Web TV. The SA of the local civil services is not possible without taking into account the local language. In this article, we utilize machine learning techniques to perform multi-class SA of public opinion on policing authority and the provided civil services in both the local languages Urdu and English. The support vector machine provides the highest performance multi-classification accuracy of 86.87% for positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. The temporal sentiments are determined over time from January 2020 to July 2021, with an overall positive sentiment of 62.40% and a negative sentiment of 13.51%, which shows high satisfaction of policing authority and the provided civil services.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130301236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.768794
Haoran Zhang, Yiming Yang, Jiahao Zhou, A. Shamim
This paper presents a compact and wearable frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar on a semi-flexible printed circuit board (PCB) for an anti-collision system. This can enable visually impaired people to perceive their environment better and more safely in their everyday lives. In the proposed design, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array with four receivers (RXs) and three transmitters (TXs) has been designed to achieve obstacle-detection ability in both horizontal and vertical planes through a specific geometrical configuration. Operating at 76–81 GHz, an aperture coupled wide-beam patch antenna with two parasitic patches is proposed for each channel of RXs and TXs. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm has been implemented in the radar chip AWR1843 for intermediate frequency (IF) signals to generate a range-Doppler map and search precise target angles in high sensitivity. The complete system, which includes both the MIMO antenna array and the radar chip circuit, is utilized on a six-layer semi-flexible PCB to ensure compactness and ease in wearability. Field testing of the complete system has been performed, and an obstacle-detection range of 7 m (for humans) and 19 m (for larger objects) has been obtained. A wide angular detection range of 64-degree broadside view (±32°) has also been achieved. A voice module has also been integrated to deliver the obstacle’s range and angle information to visually impaired persons.
{"title":"Wearable Radar System Design on Semi-Flexible PCB for Visually Impaired People","authors":"Haoran Zhang, Yiming Yang, Jiahao Zhou, A. Shamim","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.768794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.768794","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a compact and wearable frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar on a semi-flexible printed circuit board (PCB) for an anti-collision system. This can enable visually impaired people to perceive their environment better and more safely in their everyday lives. In the proposed design, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array with four receivers (RXs) and three transmitters (TXs) has been designed to achieve obstacle-detection ability in both horizontal and vertical planes through a specific geometrical configuration. Operating at 76–81 GHz, an aperture coupled wide-beam patch antenna with two parasitic patches is proposed for each channel of RXs and TXs. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm has been implemented in the radar chip AWR1843 for intermediate frequency (IF) signals to generate a range-Doppler map and search precise target angles in high sensitivity. The complete system, which includes both the MIMO antenna array and the radar chip circuit, is utilized on a six-layer semi-flexible PCB to ensure compactness and ease in wearability. Field testing of the complete system has been performed, and an obstacle-detection range of 7 m (for humans) and 19 m (for larger objects) has been obtained. A wide angular detection range of 64-degree broadside view (±32°) has also been achieved. A voice module has also been integrated to deliver the obstacle’s range and angle information to visually impaired persons.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116217060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.757842
Letícia Carneiro de Souza, Celso Henrique De Souza Lopes, Rita de Cassia Carlleti dos Santos, Arismar Cerqueira Sodré Junior, L. Mendes
The millimeter-waves band will enable multi-gigabit data transmission due to the large available bandwidth and it is a promising solution for the spectrum scarcity below 6 GHz in future generations of mobile networks. In particular, the 60 GHz band will play a crucial role in providing high-capacity data links for indoor applications. In this context, this tutorial presents a comprehensive review of indoor propagation models operating in the 60 GHz band, considering the main scenarios of interest. Propagation mechanisms such as reflection, diffraction, scattering, blockage, and material penetration, as well as large-scale path loss, are discussed in order to obtain a channel model for 60 GHz signals in indoor environments. Finally, comparisons were made using data obtained from a measurement campaign available in the literature in order to emphasize the importance of developing accurate channel models for future wireless communication systems operating in millimeter-waves bands.
{"title":"A Study on Propagation Models for 60 GHz Signals in Indoor Environments","authors":"Letícia Carneiro de Souza, Celso Henrique De Souza Lopes, Rita de Cassia Carlleti dos Santos, Arismar Cerqueira Sodré Junior, L. Mendes","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.757842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.757842","url":null,"abstract":"The millimeter-waves band will enable multi-gigabit data transmission due to the large available bandwidth and it is a promising solution for the spectrum scarcity below 6 GHz in future generations of mobile networks. In particular, the 60 GHz band will play a crucial role in providing high-capacity data links for indoor applications. In this context, this tutorial presents a comprehensive review of indoor propagation models operating in the 60 GHz band, considering the main scenarios of interest. Propagation mechanisms such as reflection, diffraction, scattering, blockage, and material penetration, as well as large-scale path loss, are discussed in order to obtain a channel model for 60 GHz signals in indoor environments. Finally, comparisons were made using data obtained from a measurement campaign available in the literature in order to emphasize the importance of developing accurate channel models for future wireless communication systems operating in millimeter-waves bands.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121931879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-07DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.820248
Zheqi Yu, A. Zahid, Shuja Ansari, H. Abbas, H. Heidari, M. Imran, Q. Abbasi
Aiming at the self-association feature of the Hopfield neural network, we can reduce the need for extensive sensor training samples during human behavior recognition. For a training algorithm to obtain a general activity feature template with only one time data preprocessing, this work proposes a data preprocessing framework that is suitable for neuromorphic computing. Based on the preprocessing method of the construction matrix and feature extraction, we achieved simplification and improvement in the classification of output of the Hopfield neuromorphic algorithm. We assigned different samples to neurons by constructing a feature matrix, which changed the weights of different categories to classify sensor data. Meanwhile, the preprocessing realizes the sensor data fusion process, which helps improve the classification accuracy and avoids falling into the local optimal value caused by single sensor data. Experimental results show that the framework has high classification accuracy with necessary robustness. Using the proposed method, the classification and recognition accuracy of the Hopfield neuromorphic algorithm on the three classes of human activities is 96.3%. Compared with traditional machine learning algorithms, the proposed framework only requires learning samples once to get the feature matrix for human activities, complementing the limited sample databases while improving the classification accuracy.
{"title":"IMU Sensing–Based Hopfield Neuromorphic Computing for Human Activity Recognition","authors":"Zheqi Yu, A. Zahid, Shuja Ansari, H. Abbas, H. Heidari, M. Imran, Q. Abbasi","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.820248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.820248","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the self-association feature of the Hopfield neural network, we can reduce the need for extensive sensor training samples during human behavior recognition. For a training algorithm to obtain a general activity feature template with only one time data preprocessing, this work proposes a data preprocessing framework that is suitable for neuromorphic computing. Based on the preprocessing method of the construction matrix and feature extraction, we achieved simplification and improvement in the classification of output of the Hopfield neuromorphic algorithm. We assigned different samples to neurons by constructing a feature matrix, which changed the weights of different categories to classify sensor data. Meanwhile, the preprocessing realizes the sensor data fusion process, which helps improve the classification accuracy and avoids falling into the local optimal value caused by single sensor data. Experimental results show that the framework has high classification accuracy with necessary robustness. Using the proposed method, the classification and recognition accuracy of the Hopfield neuromorphic algorithm on the three classes of human activities is 96.3%. Compared with traditional machine learning algorithms, the proposed framework only requires learning samples once to get the feature matrix for human activities, complementing the limited sample databases while improving the classification accuracy.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125033366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-03DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.756513
D. K. Tizikara, J. Serugunda, A. Katumba
Future communication systems are faced with increased demand for high capacity, dynamic bandwidth, reliability and heterogeneous traffic. To meet these requirements, networks have become more complex and thus require new design methods and monitoring techniques, as they evolve towards becoming autonomous. Machine learning has come to the forefront in recent years as a promising technology to aid in this evolution. Optical fiber communications can already provide the high capacity required for most applications, however, there is a need for increased scalability and adaptability to changing user demands and link conditions. Accurate performance monitoring is an integral part of this transformation. In this paper, we review optical performance monitoring techniques where machine learning algorithms have been applied. Moreover, since many performance monitoring approaches in the optical domain depend on knowledge of the signal type, we also review work for modulation format recognition and bitrate identification. We additionally briefly introduce a neuromorphic approach as an emerging technique that has only recently been applied to this domain.
{"title":"Machine Learning-Aided Optical Performance Monitoring Techniques: A Review","authors":"D. K. Tizikara, J. Serugunda, A. Katumba","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.756513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.756513","url":null,"abstract":"Future communication systems are faced with increased demand for high capacity, dynamic bandwidth, reliability and heterogeneous traffic. To meet these requirements, networks have become more complex and thus require new design methods and monitoring techniques, as they evolve towards becoming autonomous. Machine learning has come to the forefront in recent years as a promising technology to aid in this evolution. Optical fiber communications can already provide the high capacity required for most applications, however, there is a need for increased scalability and adaptability to changing user demands and link conditions. Accurate performance monitoring is an integral part of this transformation. In this paper, we review optical performance monitoring techniques where machine learning algorithms have been applied. Moreover, since many performance monitoring approaches in the optical domain depend on knowledge of the signal type, we also review work for modulation format recognition and bitrate identification. We additionally briefly introduce a neuromorphic approach as an emerging technique that has only recently been applied to this domain.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125573711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-03DOI: 10.3389/frcmn.2021.798880
Shuping Dang, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, B. Shihada
As sixth-generation (6G) communications have been widely discussed in the past 2 years, it is now the right time to investigate the potential impacts of 6G communications on the current graduate education system of communications engineering. In this article, we articulate a set of existing problems with the graduation education of communications engineering and analyze the trends and challenges of pre-6G graduate education of communications engineering. By this article, we not only aim to diagnose the existing problems with corresponding trends and challenges but also to call for proactive measures coping with them. Besides, we would also like to use this article to encourage more and more brave undergraduates to participate in communications engineering, a fast-changing and far-reaching discipline.
{"title":"Pre-6G Graduate Education of Communications Engineering","authors":"Shuping Dang, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, B. Shihada","doi":"10.3389/frcmn.2021.798880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.798880","url":null,"abstract":"As sixth-generation (6G) communications have been widely discussed in the past 2 years, it is now the right time to investigate the potential impacts of 6G communications on the current graduate education system of communications engineering. In this article, we articulate a set of existing problems with the graduation education of communications engineering and analyze the trends and challenges of pre-6G graduate education of communications engineering. By this article, we not only aim to diagnose the existing problems with corresponding trends and challenges but also to call for proactive measures coping with them. Besides, we would also like to use this article to encourage more and more brave undergraduates to participate in communications engineering, a fast-changing and far-reaching discipline.","PeriodicalId":106247,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132970584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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