Pub Date : 2011-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783663
J. Charles, D. Hoppe, A. Sehic
Future deep space communications are likely to employ not only the existing RF uplink and downlink, but also a high capacity optical downlink. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is currently investigating the benefits of a ground based hybrid RF and deep space optical terminal based on limited modification of existing 34 meter antenna designs. The ideal design would include as large an optical aperture as technically practical and cost effective, cause minimal impact to RF performance, and remain cost effective even when compared to a separate optical terminal of comparable size. Numerous trades and architectures have been considered, including shared RF and optical apertures having aspheric optics and means to separate RF and optical signals, plus, partitioned apertures in which various zones of the primary are dedicated to optical reception. A design based on the latter is emphasized in this paper, employing spherical primary optics and a new version of a “clamshell” corrector that is optimized to fit within the limited space between the antenna sub-reflector and the existing apex structure that supports the sub-reflector. The mechanical design of the hybrid accommodates multiple spherical primary mirror panels in the central 11 meters of the antenna, and integrates the clamshell corrector and optical receiver modules with antenna hardware using existing attach points to the maximum extent practical. When an optical collection area is implemented on a new antenna, it is possible to design the antenna structure to accommodate the additional weight of optical mirrors providing an equivalent aperture of several meters diameter. The focus of our near term effort is to use optics with the 34 meter DSS-13 antenna at Goldstone to demonstrate spatial optical acquisition and tracking capability using an optical system that is temporarily integrated into the antenna.
{"title":"Hybrid RF / optical communication terminal with spherical primary optics for optical reception","authors":"J. Charles, D. Hoppe, A. Sehic","doi":"10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783663","url":null,"abstract":"Future deep space communications are likely to employ not only the existing RF uplink and downlink, but also a high capacity optical downlink. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is currently investigating the benefits of a ground based hybrid RF and deep space optical terminal based on limited modification of existing 34 meter antenna designs. The ideal design would include as large an optical aperture as technically practical and cost effective, cause minimal impact to RF performance, and remain cost effective even when compared to a separate optical terminal of comparable size. Numerous trades and architectures have been considered, including shared RF and optical apertures having aspheric optics and means to separate RF and optical signals, plus, partitioned apertures in which various zones of the primary are dedicated to optical reception. A design based on the latter is emphasized in this paper, employing spherical primary optics and a new version of a “clamshell” corrector that is optimized to fit within the limited space between the antenna sub-reflector and the existing apex structure that supports the sub-reflector. The mechanical design of the hybrid accommodates multiple spherical primary mirror panels in the central 11 meters of the antenna, and integrates the clamshell corrector and optical receiver modules with antenna hardware using existing attach points to the maximum extent practical. When an optical collection area is implemented on a new antenna, it is possible to design the antenna structure to accommodate the additional weight of optical mirrors providing an equivalent aperture of several meters diameter. The focus of our near term effort is to use optics with the 34 meter DSS-13 antenna at Goldstone to demonstrate spatial optical acquisition and tracking capability using an optical system that is temporarily integrated into the antenna.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129008462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large aperture optical system is required for high resolution and high signal to nose ratio remote sensing observations. In this case, adaptive optics is used to compensate the wavefront aberration generated by the misalignment or the thermal deformation of the optical elements. We use a liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM) for the optical wavefront control, and image-based wavefront sensing which realize simple hardware architecture. For image-based sensing, a priori information is required in addition to the acquired images. We use phase diversity (PD) wavefront sensing method which applies a priori information called PD to the optics. By using PDs and acquired images, we can estimate arbitrary wavefront aberration. In this case, the sensitivity of the acquired image to the aberration mode depends on the applied PD. We use LCOS-SLM to apply the optimal set of PDs. We constructed adaptive optics system testbed using LCOS-SLM and USB camera. In this system, we used a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) to compare the estimated wavefront aberration with the actual wavefront measured by the SHWS. The laboratory test results show that the proposed system improves the optical performance of the remote sensing sensors.
{"title":"Laboratory test results for adaptive optics using image-based wavefront sensing for remote sensing","authors":"N. Miyamura","doi":"10.2322/TASTJ.10.PN_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2322/TASTJ.10.PN_1","url":null,"abstract":"Large aperture optical system is required for high resolution and high signal to nose ratio remote sensing observations. In this case, adaptive optics is used to compensate the wavefront aberration generated by the misalignment or the thermal deformation of the optical elements. We use a liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM) for the optical wavefront control, and image-based wavefront sensing which realize simple hardware architecture. For image-based sensing, a priori information is required in addition to the acquired images. We use phase diversity (PD) wavefront sensing method which applies a priori information called PD to the optics. By using PDs and acquired images, we can estimate arbitrary wavefront aberration. In this case, the sensitivity of the acquired image to the aberration mode depends on the applied PD. We use LCOS-SLM to apply the optimal set of PDs. We constructed adaptive optics system testbed using LCOS-SLM and USB camera. In this system, we used a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) to compare the estimated wavefront aberration with the actual wavefront measured by the SHWS. The laboratory test results show that the proposed system improves the optical performance of the remote sensing sensors.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128758465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783716
M. M. Willis, B. Robinson, M. Stevens, B. Romkey, J. A. Matthews, J. Greco, M. Grein, E. Dauler, A. Kerman, D. Rosenberg, D. V. Murphy, D. Boroson
The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) is an ongoing project to demonstrate a high-rate, bidirectional optical communications link between a lunar satellite and an Earth-based ground terminal. The optical downlink operates at data rates up to 622 Mbps and employs photon counting array receiver technology. While the use of a 16-PPM modulation format with narrow (200 ps) slots gives rise to challenging time-alignment requirements between the transmit and receive oscillators that are in constant orbital motion with respect to one another, the additional signaling bandwidth also offers the unique opportunity to provide high-resolution, centimeter-class ranging data between the satellite and the ground terminal. We discuss some of the link challenges that necessitated the creation of novel clock recovery techniques, outline the design and analysis of the header detection algorithms used to perform synchronization on the LLCD high-speed optical downlink, and present the hardware implementation and photon-counting communication testbed used to validate the design.
{"title":"Downlink synchronization for the lunar laser communications demonstration","authors":"M. M. Willis, B. Robinson, M. Stevens, B. Romkey, J. A. Matthews, J. Greco, M. Grein, E. Dauler, A. Kerman, D. Rosenberg, D. V. Murphy, D. Boroson","doi":"10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783716","url":null,"abstract":"The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) is an ongoing project to demonstrate a high-rate, bidirectional optical communications link between a lunar satellite and an Earth-based ground terminal. The optical downlink operates at data rates up to 622 Mbps and employs photon counting array receiver technology. While the use of a 16-PPM modulation format with narrow (200 ps) slots gives rise to challenging time-alignment requirements between the transmit and receive oscillators that are in constant orbital motion with respect to one another, the additional signaling bandwidth also offers the unique opportunity to provide high-resolution, centimeter-class ranging data between the satellite and the ground terminal. We discuss some of the link challenges that necessitated the creation of novel clock recovery techniques, outline the design and analysis of the header detection algorithms used to perform synchronization on the LLCD high-speed optical downlink, and present the hardware implementation and photon-counting communication testbed used to validate the design.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130204686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783651
F. Mendieta, A. Arvizu, R. Muraoka, E. Pacheco, Juan C. Murrieta, J. Sánchez, J. Gutierrez
In this work we first present the SATEX 1 microsatellite project, as our initial experience in space optical communications; we then describe the current activities on the design and development of the SENSAT 1 nanosatellite and especially its optical communications payload, consisting of an 830 nm downlink optical transmitter for data communications, with a 532 nm uplink as a beacon for pointing, including both on board and optical ground station segments. We also mention the associated activities on technology demonstration for human resources development with modern web resources. Finally we discuss our activities on collaboration links with Mexican and international partners for capacity building in optical space communications, aiming to more complex joint projects in the future.
{"title":"Optical communications payload for the Mexican nanosatellite project SENSAT","authors":"F. Mendieta, A. Arvizu, R. Muraoka, E. Pacheco, Juan C. Murrieta, J. Sánchez, J. Gutierrez","doi":"10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783651","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we first present the SATEX 1 microsatellite project, as our initial experience in space optical communications; we then describe the current activities on the design and development of the SENSAT 1 nanosatellite and especially its optical communications payload, consisting of an 830 nm downlink optical transmitter for data communications, with a 532 nm uplink as a beacon for pointing, including both on board and optical ground station segments. We also mention the associated activities on technology demonstration for human resources development with modern web resources. Finally we discuss our activities on collaboration links with Mexican and international partners for capacity building in optical space communications, aiming to more complex joint projects in the future.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120866457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783666
E. Kozachenko, Matthew E. Anderson
This effort investigates the development of a point-to-point, asynchronous pulse-mode communication system via a unidirectional, terrestrial free space optics link, utilizing a tunable, mid-IR Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL), courtesy of Daylight Solutions, Inc. In the current demonstration and simulations, this pulse communication scheme harnesses the availability of 24 unique pulse widths to achieve a variable bit rate, limited from 9.4 to 50 Mbps throughput. In comparison, continuous-wave (CW) communication systems can achieve relatively faster data rates, yet come at a price of high power consumption, not favorable for general power efficiency or mobile applications. The respective digital-to-digital encoding, multiple pulse-width modulation has the potential to provide a substantial transmit power savings conducive for longer battery lifetimes of a mobile system, while maintaining data throughput on the order of Mbps, and can render excellent BER performance.
{"title":"A free space optical communications system: An M-ary multi-pulse width Modulation scheme with emphasis on optimizing transmit power","authors":"E. Kozachenko, Matthew E. Anderson","doi":"10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783666","url":null,"abstract":"This effort investigates the development of a point-to-point, asynchronous pulse-mode communication system via a unidirectional, terrestrial free space optics link, utilizing a tunable, mid-IR Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL), courtesy of Daylight Solutions, Inc. In the current demonstration and simulations, this pulse communication scheme harnesses the availability of 24 unique pulse widths to achieve a variable bit rate, limited from 9.4 to 50 Mbps throughput. In comparison, continuous-wave (CW) communication systems can achieve relatively faster data rates, yet come at a price of high power consumption, not favorable for general power efficiency or mobile applications. The respective digital-to-digital encoding, multiple pulse-width modulation has the potential to provide a substantial transmit power savings conducive for longer battery lifetimes of a mobile system, while maintaining data throughput on the order of Mbps, and can render excellent BER performance.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121409293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Fields, D. Kozlowski, H. Yura, R. Wong, J. Wicker, C. Lunde, M. Gregory, B. Wandernoth, F. Heine
5.625 Gbps bidirectional laser communication at 1064 nm has been demonstrated on a repeatable basis between a Tesat coherent laser communication terminal with a 6.5 cm diameter ground aperture mounted inside the European Space Agency Optical Ground Station dome at Izana, Tenerife and a similar space based terminal (12.4 cm diameter aperture) on the Near Field Infrared Experiment low earth orbiting spacecraft. Both night and day bidirectional links were demonstrated with the longest being 177 seconds in duration. Correlation with atmospheric models and preliminary atmospheric r0 and scintillation measurements have been made for the conditions tested, suggesting that such coherent systems can be deployed successfully at still lower altitudes without resorting to the use of adaptive optics for compensation.
{"title":"5.625 Gbps bidirectional laser communications measurements between the NFIRE satellite and an Optical Ground Station","authors":"R. Fields, D. Kozlowski, H. Yura, R. Wong, J. Wicker, C. Lunde, M. Gregory, B. Wandernoth, F. Heine","doi":"10.1117/12.894662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894662","url":null,"abstract":"5.625 Gbps bidirectional laser communication at 1064 nm has been demonstrated on a repeatable basis between a Tesat coherent laser communication terminal with a 6.5 cm diameter ground aperture mounted inside the European Space Agency Optical Ground Station dome at Izana, Tenerife and a similar space based terminal (12.4 cm diameter aperture) on the Near Field Infrared Experiment low earth orbiting spacecraft. Both night and day bidirectional links were demonstrated with the longest being 177 seconds in duration. Correlation with atmospheric models and preliminary atmospheric r0 and scintillation measurements have been made for the conditions tested, suggesting that such coherent systems can be deployed successfully at still lower altitudes without resorting to the use of adaptive optics for compensation.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116814595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-13DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783682
S. Dolinar, K. Birnbaum, B. Erkmen, B. Moision
It is well known that ideal free-space optical communication at the quantum limit can have unbounded photon information efficiency (PIE), measured in bits per photon. High PIE comes at a price of low dimensional information efficiency (DIE), measured in bits per spatio-temporal-polarization mode. If only temporal modes are used, then DIE translates directly to bandwidth efficiency. In this paper, the DIE vs. PIE tradeoffs for known modulations and receiver structures are compared to the ultimate quantum limit, and analytic approximations are found in the limit of high PIE. This analysis shows that known structures fall short of the maximum attainable DIE by a factor that increases linearly with PIE for high PIE.
{"title":"On approaching the ultimate limits of photon-efficient and bandwidth-efficient optical communication","authors":"S. Dolinar, K. Birnbaum, B. Erkmen, B. Moision","doi":"10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783682","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that ideal free-space optical communication at the quantum limit can have unbounded photon information efficiency (PIE), measured in bits per photon. High PIE comes at a price of low dimensional information efficiency (DIE), measured in bits per spatio-temporal-polarization mode. If only temporal modes are used, then DIE translates directly to bandwidth efficiency. In this paper, the DIE vs. PIE tradeoffs for known modulations and receiver structures are compared to the ultimate quantum limit, and analytic approximations are found in the limit of high PIE. This analysis shows that known structures fall short of the maximum attainable DIE by a factor that increases linearly with PIE for high PIE.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123668704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-20DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783706
K. Mudge, K. Silva, B. Clare, K. Grant, B. Nener
Scintillation index (SI) is a key metric for free space optical communications (FSOC), and measures the normalised intensity variance caused by atmospheric turbulence. It is a function of the refractive index structure parameter Cn2, range, and receiver aperture. There is a need for an atmospheric simulation model of the effects of scintillation because testing of FSOC performance in the environment is difficult and time consuming. In this paper we compare experimental results with numerical simulations using phase screens for channels involving three receivers of different size apertures. There is good agreement in the results of experiment and model.
{"title":"Scintillation index of the free space optical channel: Phase screen modelling and experimental results","authors":"K. Mudge, K. Silva, B. Clare, K. Grant, B. Nener","doi":"10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783706","url":null,"abstract":"Scintillation index (SI) is a key metric for free space optical communications (FSOC), and measures the normalised intensity variance caused by atmospheric turbulence. It is a function of the refractive index structure parameter Cn2, range, and receiver aperture. There is a need for an atmospheric simulation model of the effects of scintillation because testing of FSOC performance in the environment is difficult and time consuming. In this paper we compare experimental results with numerical simulations using phase screens for channels involving three receivers of different size apertures. There is good agreement in the results of experiment and model.","PeriodicalId":107082,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125362913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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