Summary As the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continues to increase, there is a need to evaluate their impact on indoor air quality. This study evaluated the differences in concentrations of volatile and particulate compounds (including formaldehyde, benzene, glycerol, propylene glycol, nicotine, and particulate matter) in secondhand vapor (SHV) after ad libitum subject vaping of cig-a-like ENDS, after-subject smoking of combustible cigarettes (CC), and after-subject non-smoking/non-vaping (blank) in an environmental test chamber. A single-center, open-label, parallel-group study was conducted. Seventy-one generally healthy smokers and vapers were randomized to one of six cohorts: Marlboro Gold Pack, Newport Box, Vuse non-menthol (14 mg nicotine/cartridge and 29 mg nicotine/cartridge), Vuse menthol (29 mg nicotine/cartridge), and market-sample ENDS. Concentrations of most secondhand constituents were similar after e-cigarette vaping and blank sessions. Constituent concentrations in SHV after ENDS use were significantly lower than in secondhand smoke (SHS) from CC, with the exception of glycerol and propylene glycol. Secondhand nicotine concentrations after ENDS use were 88–99% lower than after cigarette smoking. Emission factors between the three Vuse products were also similar with the exception of propylene glycol. Concentrations of some secondhand constituents after ENDS use were compared to existing indoor and occupational air quality guidelines and did not show potential to contribute appreciably to indoor air quality. These findings indicate that SHV from ENDS differs qualitatively and quantitatively from the SHS from CC.
{"title":"A Single-Center Evaluation of Environmental Emissions from ENDS and Combustible Cigarettes","authors":"J. Caraway, Tao Jin, Eckhardt Schmidt, P. Nelson","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Summary As the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continues to increase, there is a need to evaluate their impact on indoor air quality. This study evaluated the differences in concentrations of volatile and particulate compounds (including formaldehyde, benzene, glycerol, propylene glycol, nicotine, and particulate matter) in secondhand vapor (SHV) after ad libitum subject vaping of cig-a-like ENDS, after-subject smoking of combustible cigarettes (CC), and after-subject non-smoking/non-vaping (blank) in an environmental test chamber. A single-center, open-label, parallel-group study was conducted. Seventy-one generally healthy smokers and vapers were randomized to one of six cohorts: Marlboro Gold Pack, Newport Box, Vuse non-menthol (14 mg nicotine/cartridge and 29 mg nicotine/cartridge), Vuse menthol (29 mg nicotine/cartridge), and market-sample ENDS. Concentrations of most secondhand constituents were similar after e-cigarette vaping and blank sessions. Constituent concentrations in SHV after ENDS use were significantly lower than in secondhand smoke (SHS) from CC, with the exception of glycerol and propylene glycol. Secondhand nicotine concentrations after ENDS use were 88–99% lower than after cigarette smoking. Emission factors between the three Vuse products were also similar with the exception of propylene glycol. Concentrations of some secondhand constituents after ENDS use were compared to existing indoor and occupational air quality guidelines and did not show potential to contribute appreciably to indoor air quality. These findings indicate that SHV from ENDS differs qualitatively and quantitatively from the SHS from CC.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"736 1","pages":"3 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84823879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Insect screens are often used in tobacco facilities to exclude insect pests. Previous studies using laboratory cultures indicated that screens with openings smaller than 1.0 mm are adequate to prevent the passage of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. The beetles from natural populations are rather heterogeneous, and their body sizes may vary. Studies were conducted to confirm the relationship between mesh sizes and the body sizes of the cigarette beetles that can pass through the screens and to elucidate the size distribution of wild beetles. The results revealed that meshes can protect against beetles whose thorax width is larger than the openings in the mesh. Additionally, the widths of the prothoraxes of wild beetles captured in pheromone traps, which were generally considered to be male, ranged from 727–1070 μm (N = 169), and approximately 90% of the beetles had thoraxes that were narrower than 1000 μm. These data led to the conclusion that a 1.0 mm opening mesh is insufficient to protect against the cigarette beetle. Thus, Tyler standard #24 mesh (= US standard #25 mesh: 0.71 mm opening/sieve size) is recommended as an insect screen for tobacco facilities.
{"title":"Appropriate Mesh Size of Insect Screen for the Exclusion of the Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.)","authors":"T. Imai","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Insect screens are often used in tobacco facilities to exclude insect pests. Previous studies using laboratory cultures indicated that screens with openings smaller than 1.0 mm are adequate to prevent the passage of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. The beetles from natural populations are rather heterogeneous, and their body sizes may vary. Studies were conducted to confirm the relationship between mesh sizes and the body sizes of the cigarette beetles that can pass through the screens and to elucidate the size distribution of wild beetles. The results revealed that meshes can protect against beetles whose thorax width is larger than the openings in the mesh. Additionally, the widths of the prothoraxes of wild beetles captured in pheromone traps, which were generally considered to be male, ranged from 727–1070 μm (N = 169), and approximately 90% of the beetles had thoraxes that were narrower than 1000 μm. These data led to the conclusion that a 1.0 mm opening mesh is insufficient to protect against the cigarette beetle. Thus, Tyler standard #24 mesh (= US standard #25 mesh: 0.71 mm opening/sieve size) is recommended as an insect screen for tobacco facilities.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"25 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86353002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An-liang Wang, B. Cai, Lili Fu, Miao Liang, X. Shi, Bing Wang, Nan Deng, Bin Li
Summary Investigation of the detailed pyrolysis characteristics of tobacco raw materials is important for the understanding of product design and consumption. In this work, pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic models of cigar filler tobacco (CFT), cigar wrapper tobacco (CWT), and flue-cured tobacco (FCT) were investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The pyrolysis of different tobacco samples could be divided into four stages based on the derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) curves. Flue-cured tobacco underwent a marked decomposition process at lower temperatures (about 200 °C), while the thermal decomposition of cigar tobacco occurs at higher temperatures. During the pyrolysis process, evolved gases including H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, carbonyls, alcohols, phenols and aromatic compounds were detected by FTIR. CWT released more CO2 than CFT, while the amount of CO2, CH4, CO and aromatic compounds released by flue-cured tobacco was lower than that of cigar tobacco. The pyrolysis kinetics of tobacco leaves were further analyzed and compared through the isoconversional FWO (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) and KAS (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) methods. The activation energy of FCT (from 100.1 kJ mol−1 to 192.1 kJ mol−1) was lower than that of CFT (from 207.36 kJ mol−1 to 319.28 kJ mol−1) and CWT (from 160.40 kJ mol−1 to 260.45 kJ mol−1). The thermal decomposition kinetics of different tobaccos were analyzed by Málek and Coats-Redfern methods.
{"title":"Analysis of Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Cigar Tobacco and Flue-Cured Tobacco by TG-FTIR","authors":"An-liang Wang, B. Cai, Lili Fu, Miao Liang, X. Shi, Bing Wang, Nan Deng, Bin Li","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Investigation of the detailed pyrolysis characteristics of tobacco raw materials is important for the understanding of product design and consumption. In this work, pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic models of cigar filler tobacco (CFT), cigar wrapper tobacco (CWT), and flue-cured tobacco (FCT) were investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The pyrolysis of different tobacco samples could be divided into four stages based on the derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) curves. Flue-cured tobacco underwent a marked decomposition process at lower temperatures (about 200 °C), while the thermal decomposition of cigar tobacco occurs at higher temperatures. During the pyrolysis process, evolved gases including H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, carbonyls, alcohols, phenols and aromatic compounds were detected by FTIR. CWT released more CO2 than CFT, while the amount of CO2, CH4, CO and aromatic compounds released by flue-cured tobacco was lower than that of cigar tobacco. The pyrolysis kinetics of tobacco leaves were further analyzed and compared through the isoconversional FWO (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) and KAS (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) methods. The activation energy of FCT (from 100.1 kJ mol−1 to 192.1 kJ mol−1) was lower than that of CFT (from 207.36 kJ mol−1 to 319.28 kJ mol−1) and CWT (from 160.40 kJ mol−1 to 260.45 kJ mol−1). The thermal decomposition kinetics of different tobaccos were analyzed by Málek and Coats-Redfern methods.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"118 1","pages":"29 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79881113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feng Huang, Nan Deng, Qiaoling Li, Bin Li, Ruilin Hu, Miao Liang, D. Luo, Le Wang
Summary To simulate the drying process of cut tobacco in a batch rotary dryer, six different models of equilibrium moisture content were selected to calculate the driving force of mass transfer, and a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer was numerically solved. The multi-objective nonlinear problem of heat and mass transfer coefficients was optimized by employing a weight factor. The simulation results showed that the weight factor r was an important parameter for fitting results of moisture content and temperature. The model evaluation indices almost reached their minimal values with r at 0.1. For all the six equilibrium/classic models the fit was better for moisture content than for temperature. One model (M-Hen/C) was superior to other equilibrium/classic models and the REA (reaction engineering approach) model. This study aims for an understanding of heat and mass transfer in the tobacco drying process, and provides a theoretical framework to support the prediction of temperature and moisture in various drying situations.
{"title":"Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer of Cut Tobacco in a Batch Rotary Dryer by Multi-Objective Optimization","authors":"Feng Huang, Nan Deng, Qiaoling Li, Bin Li, Ruilin Hu, Miao Liang, D. Luo, Le Wang","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Summary To simulate the drying process of cut tobacco in a batch rotary dryer, six different models of equilibrium moisture content were selected to calculate the driving force of mass transfer, and a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer was numerically solved. The multi-objective nonlinear problem of heat and mass transfer coefficients was optimized by employing a weight factor. The simulation results showed that the weight factor r was an important parameter for fitting results of moisture content and temperature. The model evaluation indices almost reached their minimal values with r at 0.1. For all the six equilibrium/classic models the fit was better for moisture content than for temperature. One model (M-Hen/C) was superior to other equilibrium/classic models and the REA (reaction engineering approach) model. This study aims for an understanding of heat and mass transfer in the tobacco drying process, and provides a theoretical framework to support the prediction of temperature and moisture in various drying situations.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"145 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84841739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Sakai, Sakura Mori, Miyuki Yanagimachi, Tomohiro Takahashi, K. Shibuya, Asami Kumagai, S. Ishikawa, S. Ito, Toshiro Fukushima
Summary A new reference cigarette, 1R6F, produced by the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, has been manufactured as a substitute for the 3R4F reference cigarette because of a depletion of 3R4F stock. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the interchangeability of 1R6F and 3R4F by comparing the chemical and biological characteristics of the mainstream smoke and to assess the inter-laboratory reproducibility by comparing the results obtained in the current study with a previous report. We analyzed 45 priority chemicals required by Health Canada for regulatory reporting and assessed the toxicological effects of cigarette smoke using in vitro standard toxicological assays recommended by the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard and intense smoking regimens. The results of the chemical analysis and standard toxicological assays showed a good inter-laboratory reproducibility for 1R6F as a reference cigarette, while there were some slight reproducible differences between 1R6F and 3R4F. In addition, we investigated the interchangeability of 1R6F with 3R4F in some additional toxicological assays that detect oxidative stress because oxidative stress is a principle endpoint used in tobacco research with next generation tobacco and nicotine delivery products (NGPs). Both 1R6F and 3R4F elicited comparable responses in the oxidative stress assays. Overall, our results showed inter-laboratory reproducibility in chemical and standard toxicological assessments of 1R6F; thus, suggesting the suitability of 1R6F as a reference cigarette. In addition, the results obtained in the oxidative stress assays provide insight into the interchangeability of 1R6F with 3R4F when used as a comparator for NGPs.
{"title":"Inter-Laboratory Reproducibility and Interchangeability of 3R4F and 1R6F Reference Cigarettes in Mainstream Smoke Chemical Analysis and In Vitro Toxicity Assays","authors":"Y. Sakai, Sakura Mori, Miyuki Yanagimachi, Tomohiro Takahashi, K. Shibuya, Asami Kumagai, S. Ishikawa, S. Ito, Toshiro Fukushima","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Summary A new reference cigarette, 1R6F, produced by the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, has been manufactured as a substitute for the 3R4F reference cigarette because of a depletion of 3R4F stock. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the interchangeability of 1R6F and 3R4F by comparing the chemical and biological characteristics of the mainstream smoke and to assess the inter-laboratory reproducibility by comparing the results obtained in the current study with a previous report. We analyzed 45 priority chemicals required by Health Canada for regulatory reporting and assessed the toxicological effects of cigarette smoke using in vitro standard toxicological assays recommended by the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard and intense smoking regimens. The results of the chemical analysis and standard toxicological assays showed a good inter-laboratory reproducibility for 1R6F as a reference cigarette, while there were some slight reproducible differences between 1R6F and 3R4F. In addition, we investigated the interchangeability of 1R6F with 3R4F in some additional toxicological assays that detect oxidative stress because oxidative stress is a principle endpoint used in tobacco research with next generation tobacco and nicotine delivery products (NGPs). Both 1R6F and 3R4F elicited comparable responses in the oxidative stress assays. Overall, our results showed inter-laboratory reproducibility in chemical and standard toxicological assessments of 1R6F; thus, suggesting the suitability of 1R6F as a reference cigarette. In addition, the results obtained in the oxidative stress assays provide insight into the interchangeability of 1R6F with 3R4F when used as a comparator for NGPs.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"358 1","pages":"119 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77458237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiaoling Li, Quanxing Zheng, X. Deng, Zhiqiang Yu, Nan Deng, F. Xing, Xin Chen, Guohua Cai, Chenlu Wang, R. Yang, Pengfei Ma, Bin Li, Xiao Dong Chen, Hongxiang Zhong
Summary A comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model has been proposed to simulate the burning process of a king-size cigarette. The characteristics of this model are including: 1) the use of kinetic models for the evaporation of water, the pyrolysis of tobacco and the oxidation of char, 2) the application of mathematical relationships between the release amounts of certain products (i.e., “tar” and CO) and different reaction variables (i.e., temperatures and oxygen concentrations), 3) the introduction of mass, heat and momentum transports, 4) the consideration of filtration effects of the cigarette filter on “tar”. These characteristics were expressed in a set of coupled equations that can be solved numerically by FLUENT. The information about the char density field, temperature field, flow velocity field, “tar” and CO density fields and the filtration efficiency could be obtained from the model. This model was validated by comparing the predictions with experimental data on puff number, the temperatures at specific locations, the filtration efficiency and the yields of “tar” and CO under different puff intensities. The calculated results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The predicted puff number was 7.3, and the experimental puff number was 6.8. The standard root mean square error (NRMSE) between the experimental and the predicted temperatures at specific locations is < 18%. The predicted filtration efficiency for “tar” was 46.1%, and the experimentally determined filtration efficiency for nicotine was 44.5%. The maximum relative deviations of the yields of “tar” and CO under different puff intensities were 8.9% and 10.6%, respectively.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of the Burning Process in a King-Size Cigarette Based on Experimentally Derived Reaction Kinetics","authors":"Qiaoling Li, Quanxing Zheng, X. Deng, Zhiqiang Yu, Nan Deng, F. Xing, Xin Chen, Guohua Cai, Chenlu Wang, R. Yang, Pengfei Ma, Bin Li, Xiao Dong Chen, Hongxiang Zhong","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Summary A comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model has been proposed to simulate the burning process of a king-size cigarette. The characteristics of this model are including: 1) the use of kinetic models for the evaporation of water, the pyrolysis of tobacco and the oxidation of char, 2) the application of mathematical relationships between the release amounts of certain products (i.e., “tar” and CO) and different reaction variables (i.e., temperatures and oxygen concentrations), 3) the introduction of mass, heat and momentum transports, 4) the consideration of filtration effects of the cigarette filter on “tar”. These characteristics were expressed in a set of coupled equations that can be solved numerically by FLUENT. The information about the char density field, temperature field, flow velocity field, “tar” and CO density fields and the filtration efficiency could be obtained from the model. This model was validated by comparing the predictions with experimental data on puff number, the temperatures at specific locations, the filtration efficiency and the yields of “tar” and CO under different puff intensities. The calculated results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The predicted puff number was 7.3, and the experimental puff number was 6.8. The standard root mean square error (NRMSE) between the experimental and the predicted temperatures at specific locations is < 18%. The predicted filtration efficiency for “tar” was 46.1%, and the experimentally determined filtration efficiency for nicotine was 44.5%. The maximum relative deviations of the yields of “tar” and CO under different puff intensities were 8.9% and 10.6%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"156 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80764598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun-wei Zhao, Ge Zhao, Chenfeng Hua, Xiang Li, Pingping Shang, Sheng Wang, Kejian Liu, G. Hu, Yipeng Wang, Yunzhen Jia, Huimin Liu, F. Xie
Summary Smoking is mainly sustained by nicotine dependence (ND), which varies across ethnic groups principally due to genetic as well as environmental factors. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and biomarkers of tobacco exposure are two important approaches to assess ND. However, the relationship between ND and FTND of Chinese smokers has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between FTND scores and nicotine, cotinine, 3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC) and nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, the concentration ratio of 3HC to cotinine) in Chinese smokers. FTND was carried out and general characteristics were collected using a self-administered smoking questionnaire with 289 smokers. Nicotine, cotinine and 3HC in urine were simultaneously determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and 3HC in the urine of smokers with a high FTND score were higher than in the urine of those with a low FTND score. There were significant correlations between urinary biomarker and FTND scores. Except for FTND item 2 (difficulty to refrain), the other items showed significant associations with the urinary biomarkers. No relationship was found between the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, 3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) and FTND scores or general characteristics of the participants. In conclusion, biomarkers of tobacco exposure levels are significantly associated with FTND scores. However, FTND Item 2 and NMR were not found to be associated with nicotine dependence in Chinese smokers.
{"title":"Relationship Between Nicotine Dependence Scores and Nicotine, Cotinine, 3′-Hydroxycotinine and Nicotine Metabolite Ratio in Chinese Male Smokers","authors":"Jun-wei Zhao, Ge Zhao, Chenfeng Hua, Xiang Li, Pingping Shang, Sheng Wang, Kejian Liu, G. Hu, Yipeng Wang, Yunzhen Jia, Huimin Liu, F. Xie","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Smoking is mainly sustained by nicotine dependence (ND), which varies across ethnic groups principally due to genetic as well as environmental factors. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and biomarkers of tobacco exposure are two important approaches to assess ND. However, the relationship between ND and FTND of Chinese smokers has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between FTND scores and nicotine, cotinine, 3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC) and nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, the concentration ratio of 3HC to cotinine) in Chinese smokers. FTND was carried out and general characteristics were collected using a self-administered smoking questionnaire with 289 smokers. Nicotine, cotinine and 3HC in urine were simultaneously determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and 3HC in the urine of smokers with a high FTND score were higher than in the urine of those with a low FTND score. There were significant correlations between urinary biomarker and FTND scores. Except for FTND item 2 (difficulty to refrain), the other items showed significant associations with the urinary biomarkers. No relationship was found between the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, 3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) and FTND scores or general characteristics of the participants. In conclusion, biomarkers of tobacco exposure levels are significantly associated with FTND scores. However, FTND Item 2 and NMR were not found to be associated with nicotine dependence in Chinese smokers.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"136 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87179105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Goujon, S. Kleinhans, S. Maeder, L. Poget, J. Schaller
Summary In the absence of standards specific for testing the reduction robustness of the levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs), the aerosol from the THS 2.2, a heated tobacco product, was compared with the mainstream smoke of the 3R4F reference cigarette over a broad range of machine-smoking regimes. The average reduction and the introduced concept of threshold limits of robust reduction were derived from HPHC concentrations, in mass per tobacco-stick normalized per total puff volume, to propose an alternative for the assessment of products where nicotine-adjusted yields would be inappropriate. In addition, this study explores the influence of 3R4F reference cigarette filter ventilation, and discusses the roles of temperature and precursors in the present context of robustness of HPHC reduction. Fifty-four HPHCs were analyzed under multiple regimes in THS 2.2 aerosol and 3R4F cigarette smoke. The average reduction of HPHC concentrations compared across all regimes characterized the robustness. Threshold limits of reduction of individual HPHCs were statistically determined across all regimes. The results observed under Health Canada Intense (HCI) and more intense regimes indicated that on average the reductions in HPHCs levels investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol were more than 90% and that the majority of the 54 HPHCs investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol showed more than 90% reduction. The robustness of THS 2.2 in maintaining the levels of reduction of representative HPHCs, whatever the puffing regime, can be quantified. The mass of HPHC per tobacco-stick normalized per total puff volume is a valuable approach to compare the robustness of the performance of a product over a large range of puffing conditions. Our findings will greatly complement the assessment for robustness of current and future similar products where classical approaches would present limitations.
{"title":"Robustness of HPHC Reduction for THS 2.2 Aerosol Compared with 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke Under High Intensity Puffing Conditions","authors":"C. Goujon, S. Kleinhans, S. Maeder, L. Poget, J. Schaller","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In the absence of standards specific for testing the reduction robustness of the levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs), the aerosol from the THS 2.2, a heated tobacco product, was compared with the mainstream smoke of the 3R4F reference cigarette over a broad range of machine-smoking regimes. The average reduction and the introduced concept of threshold limits of robust reduction were derived from HPHC concentrations, in mass per tobacco-stick normalized per total puff volume, to propose an alternative for the assessment of products where nicotine-adjusted yields would be inappropriate. In addition, this study explores the influence of 3R4F reference cigarette filter ventilation, and discusses the roles of temperature and precursors in the present context of robustness of HPHC reduction. Fifty-four HPHCs were analyzed under multiple regimes in THS 2.2 aerosol and 3R4F cigarette smoke. The average reduction of HPHC concentrations compared across all regimes characterized the robustness. Threshold limits of reduction of individual HPHCs were statistically determined across all regimes. The results observed under Health Canada Intense (HCI) and more intense regimes indicated that on average the reductions in HPHCs levels investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol were more than 90% and that the majority of the 54 HPHCs investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol showed more than 90% reduction. The robustness of THS 2.2 in maintaining the levels of reduction of representative HPHCs, whatever the puffing regime, can be quantified. The mass of HPHC per tobacco-stick normalized per total puff volume is a valuable approach to compare the robustness of the performance of a product over a large range of puffing conditions. Our findings will greatly complement the assessment for robustness of current and future similar products where classical approaches would present limitations.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"66 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75094945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary α-Tocopherol, a type of vitamin E, has been known to be present in tobacco for many years. The compound is an antioxidant protecting cell membranes from oxidants. α-Tocopherol is transferred from tobacco into cigarette smoke, where it is also present. Analysis of α-tocopherol has been reported in a number of studies and in various matrices including tobacco and tobacco smoke. However, no recent publication describes a method for quantitative analysis of tocopherol in tobacco and in cigarette smoke, and many methods reported from previous studies were not published and only presented at conferences or communicated in internal company publications. The goal of this study was to quantitate α-tocopherol and, if present, α-tocopheryl acetate in tobacco and in tobacco smoke. For this analysis, an original HPLC technique was developed and is described in this report. Both UV and MS/MS (MRM mode) were used as detection procedure for the analysis. The results obtained using UV detection were in very good agreement with the results obtained using MS/MS detection. The method has been applied for the analysis of a number of tobaccos, as well as the total particulate matter (TPM) from cigarettes made with the same tobaccos. Depending on tobacco type, the levels of α-tocopherol vary in tobacco between about 200 μg/g up to about 900 μg/g (“dry weight basis”). For ISO type smoking, the levels of α-tocopherol vary in TPM between about 2 μg/mg up to slightly above 4 μg/mg of TPM. For a cigarette generating TPM of about 10 mg/cig, the α-tocopherol is between about 20 μg/cig up to about 40 μg/cig. A relatively good correlation was obtained between the level of α-tocopherol in smoke (ISO type smoking) and the level of the compound in tobacco. α-Tocopheryl acetate was absent in tobacco.
{"title":"Analysis of α-Tocopherol in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke","authors":"S. Moldoveanu","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Summary α-Tocopherol, a type of vitamin E, has been known to be present in tobacco for many years. The compound is an antioxidant protecting cell membranes from oxidants. α-Tocopherol is transferred from tobacco into cigarette smoke, where it is also present. Analysis of α-tocopherol has been reported in a number of studies and in various matrices including tobacco and tobacco smoke. However, no recent publication describes a method for quantitative analysis of tocopherol in tobacco and in cigarette smoke, and many methods reported from previous studies were not published and only presented at conferences or communicated in internal company publications. The goal of this study was to quantitate α-tocopherol and, if present, α-tocopheryl acetate in tobacco and in tobacco smoke. For this analysis, an original HPLC technique was developed and is described in this report. Both UV and MS/MS (MRM mode) were used as detection procedure for the analysis. The results obtained using UV detection were in very good agreement with the results obtained using MS/MS detection. The method has been applied for the analysis of a number of tobaccos, as well as the total particulate matter (TPM) from cigarettes made with the same tobaccos. Depending on tobacco type, the levels of α-tocopherol vary in tobacco between about 200 μg/g up to about 900 μg/g (“dry weight basis”). For ISO type smoking, the levels of α-tocopherol vary in TPM between about 2 μg/mg up to slightly above 4 μg/mg of TPM. For a cigarette generating TPM of about 10 mg/cig, the α-tocopherol is between about 20 μg/cig up to about 40 μg/cig. A relatively good correlation was obtained between the level of α-tocopherol in smoke (ISO type smoking) and the level of the compound in tobacco. α-Tocopheryl acetate was absent in tobacco.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"57 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84774840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Recently, capillary columns have been widely used in the methodology for the determination of water yields in smoke condensate, even though ISO 10362-1:1999, “Cigarettes - Determination of water in smoke condensates – Part 1: Gas chromatographic method” specifies a packed gas chromatographic column. As a result of a systematic review in 2015, ISO/TC126 decided to revise the standard to include the use of capillary columns. The goal of this study was to confirm the comparability of water yields obtained from capillary column methodology to those yields from packed columns by the statistical analysis of yield data from the 24th Asia Collaborative Study which included 86 datasets submitted by 64 laboratories. After the exclusion of outliers by Cochran’s and Grubbs’ tests, the datasets were classified by GC column type and then mean water yields, and their repeatability and reproducibility were calculated for each type of column. No significant differences were observed in water yields between capillary and packed columns. Repeatability and reproducibility of water yields using capillary column were comparable to those using packed columns as described in ISO 10362-1:1999. From these results, it was confirmed that the capillary columns are an appropriate alternative to packed columns for the gas chromatographic procedure described in ISO 10362-1:1999.
{"title":"Statistical Analysis for Comparison of the Results Obtained by Capillary Columns and Packed Columns in the Determination of Water Yield in Smoke Condensates Analyzed in Cigarettes for the 24th Asia Collaborative Study","authors":"Hisayuki Takahashi, Masayasu Tanaka","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2020-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Recently, capillary columns have been widely used in the methodology for the determination of water yields in smoke condensate, even though ISO 10362-1:1999, “Cigarettes - Determination of water in smoke condensates – Part 1: Gas chromatographic method” specifies a packed gas chromatographic column. As a result of a systematic review in 2015, ISO/TC126 decided to revise the standard to include the use of capillary columns. The goal of this study was to confirm the comparability of water yields obtained from capillary column methodology to those yields from packed columns by the statistical analysis of yield data from the 24th Asia Collaborative Study which included 86 datasets submitted by 64 laboratories. After the exclusion of outliers by Cochran’s and Grubbs’ tests, the datasets were classified by GC column type and then mean water yields, and their repeatability and reproducibility were calculated for each type of column. No significant differences were observed in water yields between capillary and packed columns. Repeatability and reproducibility of water yields using capillary column were comparable to those using packed columns as described in ISO 10362-1:1999. From these results, it was confirmed that the capillary columns are an appropriate alternative to packed columns for the gas chromatographic procedure described in ISO 10362-1:1999.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"97 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77054413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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