Zhenyu Niu, Qi Zhang, Meng Nie, Lili Fu, Junjun Luo, Xinduo Li, Jie Zhou, Jiakai Liu, Zheng Song, Chuan Liu, Ke Zhang, Jingjing Liang, Xingtao Jiang, Zehong Wu, Bin Li, Te Xu
SUMMARY Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a recent category of tobacco products, with their relative safety compared to cigarette smoking and potential to help smokers to quit being two reasons why regulators may consider their market approval. Designed to heat tobacco rather than to burn in order to produce aerosol, different heating techniques are applied to commercial HTPs, which may result in differing aerosol formation. Therefore, each product requires separate assessment. This work focuses on a closed-end HTP (coded as HTP-A), which is electrically heated and designed to allow puffing air flow to bypass its tobacco section, resulting in reduced oxygen concentration within the tobacco section during heating and aerosol forming. To provide a preliminary aerosol chemistry and in vitro toxicological screening, this study assessed HTP-A against a commercial electrically heated HTP (IQOSTM, coded as HTP-B) and a 3R4F reference cigarette. Under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, the levels of 9 regulatory priority toxicants in the aerosol of HTP-A were either reduced or comparable to those in HTP-B on a per-stick basis. Additionally, both HTPs showed significant reduction (greater than 90%) in comparison to those measured in mainstream smoke of 3R4F cigarette for these toxicants. Using a set of standard in vitro toxicological assays (Ames, Micronucleus and Neutral Red Uptake), the two HTPs showed no observable responses while significant toxicity responses were recorded for 3R4F’s total particulate matter. Based on these preliminary results, the novel closed-end HTP-A design may provide similar toxicological profiles to the comparator HTP-B. Further toxicological and clinical assessments are warranted to evaluate HTP-A’s potential for exposure or disease risk reduction. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 146–156]
{"title":"A Comparative In Vitro Toxicological Screening of a Closed-End Heated Tobacco Product *","authors":"Zhenyu Niu, Qi Zhang, Meng Nie, Lili Fu, Junjun Luo, Xinduo Li, Jie Zhou, Jiakai Liu, Zheng Song, Chuan Liu, Ke Zhang, Jingjing Liang, Xingtao Jiang, Zehong Wu, Bin Li, Te Xu","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a recent category of tobacco products, with their relative safety compared to cigarette smoking and potential to help smokers to quit being two reasons why regulators may consider their market approval. Designed to heat tobacco rather than to burn in order to produce aerosol, different heating techniques are applied to commercial HTPs, which may result in differing aerosol formation. Therefore, each product requires separate assessment. This work focuses on a closed-end HTP (coded as HTP-A), which is electrically heated and designed to allow puffing air flow to bypass its tobacco section, resulting in reduced oxygen concentration within the tobacco section during heating and aerosol forming. To provide a preliminary aerosol chemistry and in vitro toxicological screening, this study assessed HTP-A against a commercial electrically heated HTP (IQOSTM, coded as HTP-B) and a 3R4F reference cigarette. Under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, the levels of 9 regulatory priority toxicants in the aerosol of HTP-A were either reduced or comparable to those in HTP-B on a per-stick basis. Additionally, both HTPs showed significant reduction (greater than 90%) in comparison to those measured in mainstream smoke of 3R4F cigarette for these toxicants. Using a set of standard in vitro toxicological assays (Ames, Micronucleus and Neutral Red Uptake), the two HTPs showed no observable responses while significant toxicity responses were recorded for 3R4F’s total particulate matter. Based on these preliminary results, the novel closed-end HTP-A design may provide similar toxicological profiles to the comparator HTP-B. Further toxicological and clinical assessments are warranted to evaluate HTP-A’s potential for exposure or disease risk reduction. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 146–156]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"165 1","pages":"146 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138991745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihao Chen, Zhandong Shi, Pengfei Zhang, Li Ding, Qing Zhang, Zhigang Li, Miao Sun, Chao Ye, Hao Wang, Xiaosong Wu, Dong Li
SUMMARY The airtightness of heated tobacco product (HTP) packs is a very important indicator for the product quality and is also of great importance during the conditioning process. A method for evaluation of the airtightness was developed based on the air pressure difference in a constant pumping configuration. The essential feature of this method is that the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the HTP packs during the deflation process is used to characterize the sealing quality of HTP packs. The detailed setup, the principle as well as the determination procedure are described. The accuracy and the repeatability of the method were assessed, and the effect of airtightness on the conditioning process was also investigated. The developed method is proven to be reliable with a standard deviation less than 0.09 kPa and repeatability less than 0.30 kPa. In addition, it was found that, although the transmission of moisture between HTPs and atmosphere could not be entirely prevented by the packs, airtightness still plays a significant role during the conditioning process, especially if the airtightness was at a relatively low level (e.g., lower than 1.5 kPa under a pumping flow rate of 200 mL/min). The method provides a promising way to assess and monitor the sealing quality of HTP packs, and it is suggested that the airtightness of the pack should not be lower than 2 kPa under a pumping flow rate of 200 mL/min. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 140–145]
{"title":"A Pumping Method for Assessing Airtightness of Packs - Application to Heated Tobacco Products *","authors":"Zhihao Chen, Zhandong Shi, Pengfei Zhang, Li Ding, Qing Zhang, Zhigang Li, Miao Sun, Chao Ye, Hao Wang, Xiaosong Wu, Dong Li","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The airtightness of heated tobacco product (HTP) packs is a very important indicator for the product quality and is also of great importance during the conditioning process. A method for evaluation of the airtightness was developed based on the air pressure difference in a constant pumping configuration. The essential feature of this method is that the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the HTP packs during the deflation process is used to characterize the sealing quality of HTP packs. The detailed setup, the principle as well as the determination procedure are described. The accuracy and the repeatability of the method were assessed, and the effect of airtightness on the conditioning process was also investigated. The developed method is proven to be reliable with a standard deviation less than 0.09 kPa and repeatability less than 0.30 kPa. In addition, it was found that, although the transmission of moisture between HTPs and atmosphere could not be entirely prevented by the packs, airtightness still plays a significant role during the conditioning process, especially if the airtightness was at a relatively low level (e.g., lower than 1.5 kPa under a pumping flow rate of 200 mL/min). The method provides a promising way to assess and monitor the sealing quality of HTP packs, and it is suggested that the airtightness of the pack should not be lower than 2 kPa under a pumping flow rate of 200 mL/min. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 140–145]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"139 2","pages":"140 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. McEwan, L. Haswell, Sarah Baxter-Wright, Filimon Meichanetzidis, Tao Jin, George Hardie
SUMMARY Background In recent years several nicotine products have been introduced that aim to offer smokers an alternative to cigarettes. As well as having fewer toxicants than combustible cigarettes, such nicotine products must be able to deliver nicotine efficiently. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the pharmacokinetics of nicotine absorption from nine oral tobacco-free smokeless nicotine pouches with varying nicotine content and flavours. Methods In a randomised, open-labelled, controlled, crossover clinical study, nicotine pharmacokinetics and product-liking were compared between nine nicotine pouches (Velo, BAT; 4- or 7-mg nicotine per pouch and in eight flavours). During a 10-day confinement period, 42 healthy adult participants, who were current smokers of combustible cigarettes, used a single study product once each day during a 45-min use period following overnight nicotine abstinence. Results Maximum plasma nicotine concentration and area under curve for nicotine concentration versus time 180 min after the start of study product use were significantly greater for the 7-mg than for the 4-mg Velo pouches (p < 0.0001). These values did not differ between flavours among the 7-mg Velo nicotine pouches after adjustment for multiple comparisons (both p > 0.003). The median time to maximum plasma nicotine concentrations and mean product-liking scores were similar regardless of nicotine content and flavour. Conclusions Regardless of flavour, nicotine pouches with the same nicotine content and formulation produce similar pharmacokinetic parameters and can deliver nicotine efficiently. Nicotine pouches could be a satisfying alternative for smokers switching from conventional cigarettes. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 130–139]
{"title":"Plasma Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nicotine Pouches Across Varying Flavours and Nicotine Content *","authors":"M. McEwan, L. Haswell, Sarah Baxter-Wright, Filimon Meichanetzidis, Tao Jin, George Hardie","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Background In recent years several nicotine products have been introduced that aim to offer smokers an alternative to cigarettes. As well as having fewer toxicants than combustible cigarettes, such nicotine products must be able to deliver nicotine efficiently. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the pharmacokinetics of nicotine absorption from nine oral tobacco-free smokeless nicotine pouches with varying nicotine content and flavours. Methods In a randomised, open-labelled, controlled, crossover clinical study, nicotine pharmacokinetics and product-liking were compared between nine nicotine pouches (Velo, BAT; 4- or 7-mg nicotine per pouch and in eight flavours). During a 10-day confinement period, 42 healthy adult participants, who were current smokers of combustible cigarettes, used a single study product once each day during a 45-min use period following overnight nicotine abstinence. Results Maximum plasma nicotine concentration and area under curve for nicotine concentration versus time 180 min after the start of study product use were significantly greater for the 7-mg than for the 4-mg Velo pouches (p < 0.0001). These values did not differ between flavours among the 7-mg Velo nicotine pouches after adjustment for multiple comparisons (both p > 0.003). The median time to maximum plasma nicotine concentrations and mean product-liking scores were similar regardless of nicotine content and flavour. Conclusions Regardless of flavour, nicotine pouches with the same nicotine content and formulation produce similar pharmacokinetic parameters and can deliver nicotine efficiently. Nicotine pouches could be a satisfying alternative for smokers switching from conventional cigarettes. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 130–139]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"358 ","pages":"130 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139014471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Freeland, Deena R. Battista, Michael Polster, Robyn Chae, Nicole Dianno, Kimberly Frost-Pineda
Summary Background and objectives Oral nicotine pouches is a rapidly growing product category that potentially offers less risk than combustible tobacco products. Nicotine pouches may provide harm reduction for smokers because they contain no tobacco and have reduced harmful constituents compared to traditional tobacco product categories. Any potential public health benefit must weigh the likelihood that current tobacco users will switch to the lower-risk product against the likelihood that nonusers will start using tobacco products. To our knowledge, no existing studies provide population-level estimates of purchase intent or product appeal across tobacco user groups or how product characteristics might affect those variables. Methods This paper presents population-level estimates of purchase intent and product appeal for multiple Velo nicotine pouch products (including different flavors, nicotine strengths, format, and packaging) among five adult tobacco user groups (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, current tobacco experimenters, former tobacco users, and never ever tobacco users). Over 49,000 respondents were surveyed across twelve analytic samples. Results Results for the pooled sample as well as for each individual sample were remarkably consistent for every product. Ratings of purchase intent and appeal are higher for current tobacco users (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, and current tobacco experimenters) than for former and never ever tobacco users. Conclusions and scientific significance Variation in product characteristics had little or no effect on purchase intent or appeal ratings across tobacco user groups, suggesting that product characteristics do not materially affect public health.
{"title":"Purchase Intent and Product Appeal of Velo Nicotine Pouches Among Current Tobacco Users and Nonusers of Tobacco","authors":"R. Freeland, Deena R. Battista, Michael Polster, Robyn Chae, Nicole Dianno, Kimberly Frost-Pineda","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Background and objectives Oral nicotine pouches is a rapidly growing product category that potentially offers less risk than combustible tobacco products. Nicotine pouches may provide harm reduction for smokers because they contain no tobacco and have reduced harmful constituents compared to traditional tobacco product categories. Any potential public health benefit must weigh the likelihood that current tobacco users will switch to the lower-risk product against the likelihood that nonusers will start using tobacco products. To our knowledge, no existing studies provide population-level estimates of purchase intent or product appeal across tobacco user groups or how product characteristics might affect those variables. Methods This paper presents population-level estimates of purchase intent and product appeal for multiple Velo nicotine pouch products (including different flavors, nicotine strengths, format, and packaging) among five adult tobacco user groups (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, current tobacco experimenters, former tobacco users, and never ever tobacco users). Over 49,000 respondents were surveyed across twelve analytic samples. Results Results for the pooled sample as well as for each individual sample were remarkably consistent for every product. Ratings of purchase intent and appeal are higher for current tobacco users (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, and current tobacco experimenters) than for former and never ever tobacco users. Conclusions and scientific significance Variation in product characteristics had little or no effect on purchase intent or appeal ratings across tobacco user groups, suggesting that product characteristics do not materially affect public health.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"66 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82571832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Nicotine polacrilex (CAS-No. 96055-45-7) can be used as the source of nicotine in nicotine pouches and other oral nicotine delivery products such as lozenges, tablets, and gums. The compound is the salt of nicotine with Amberlite IRP64, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene. Present study describes a unique procedure to identify the presence of the compound nicotine polacrilex in oral nicotine delivery products and to evaluate its level. In oral nicotine delivery products, nicotine polacrilex is used in a mixture with other ingredients such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), maltitol, sweeteners, flavors, salts (such as Na2CO3, NaHCO3), water, etc. These ingredients make the analysis of the compound nicotine polacrilex by spectroscopic techniques such as IR or Raman difficult. Also, since nicotine polacrilex is insoluble in common solvents, the analysis using solutions is not possible. The study is also attempting to detect if the product contains only nicotine polacrilex or if it has additional nicotine in a different form (e.g., nicotine or nicotine tartrate). The analysis uses pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) and the detection and quantitation of nicotine polacrilex is based on measuring the pyrolysis products of divinylbenzene (DVB) moiety from the Amberlite IRP64. The detection was proven very reliable by this procedure, while the quantitation showed some variability caused by the typical variability in the pyrolysis process. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 43–49]
{"title":"Identification and Quantitation of Nicotine Polacrilex in Nicotine Pouches and Other Oral Nicotine Delivery Products","authors":"S. Moldoveanu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4244656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4244656","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Nicotine polacrilex (CAS-No. 96055-45-7) can be used as the source of nicotine in nicotine pouches and other oral nicotine delivery products such as lozenges, tablets, and gums. The compound is the salt of nicotine with Amberlite IRP64, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene. Present study describes a unique procedure to identify the presence of the compound nicotine polacrilex in oral nicotine delivery products and to evaluate its level. In oral nicotine delivery products, nicotine polacrilex is used in a mixture with other ingredients such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), maltitol, sweeteners, flavors, salts (such as Na2CO3, NaHCO3), water, etc. These ingredients make the analysis of the compound nicotine polacrilex by spectroscopic techniques such as IR or Raman difficult. Also, since nicotine polacrilex is insoluble in common solvents, the analysis using solutions is not possible. The study is also attempting to detect if the product contains only nicotine polacrilex or if it has additional nicotine in a different form (e.g., nicotine or nicotine tartrate). The analysis uses pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) and the detection and quantitation of nicotine polacrilex is based on measuring the pyrolysis products of divinylbenzene (DVB) moiety from the Amberlite IRP64. The detection was proven very reliable by this procedure, while the quantitation showed some variability caused by the typical variability in the pyrolysis process. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 43–49]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"89 1","pages":"43 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83452189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kimberly Frost-Pineda, Robyn Chae, Nicole Dianno, R. Freeland, Michael Polster
SUMMARY Background and objectives The last decade has seen extensive research into electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as e-cigarettes. Although some studies assess ENDS’ potential benefits, there is a paucity of studies that provide population-level estimates of purchase intent or product appeal among various tobacco user groups, or that have examined the impact of different product characteristics on those variables. Methods Purchase intent and product appeal ratings were analyzed from six online studies for multiple sub-brands of Vuse vapor products (including different flavors, nicotine levels, and device styles). The sample in each study was weighted to represent the adult U.S. population of current established, former established, and never established cigarette smokers on five key demographics; providing population-level estimates. Results Results for purchase intent and appeal are remarkably consistent. Ratings of purchase intent and appeal are higher for current tobacco users (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, and current tobacco experimenters) than for former and never ever tobacco users. Conclusions and scientific significance These findings show that varying sub-brands of an e-cigarette has little or no impact on population level purchase intent and appeal ratings across tobacco user groups. Additionally, greater variability in ratings among current tobacco experimenters than other tobacco user groups is discussed as well as correlations between measures. This paper provides the first population estimates of both purchase intent and product appeal for various ENDS products among adult tobacco users and nonusers; information that is critical for evaluating the impact on public health. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 34–42]
{"title":"Purchase Intent and Appeal of ENDS Products among Current, Former and Never Ever Users of Tobacco Products in the U.S.","authors":"Kimberly Frost-Pineda, Robyn Chae, Nicole Dianno, R. Freeland, Michael Polster","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Background and objectives The last decade has seen extensive research into electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as e-cigarettes. Although some studies assess ENDS’ potential benefits, there is a paucity of studies that provide population-level estimates of purchase intent or product appeal among various tobacco user groups, or that have examined the impact of different product characteristics on those variables. Methods Purchase intent and product appeal ratings were analyzed from six online studies for multiple sub-brands of Vuse vapor products (including different flavors, nicotine levels, and device styles). The sample in each study was weighted to represent the adult U.S. population of current established, former established, and never established cigarette smokers on five key demographics; providing population-level estimates. Results Results for purchase intent and appeal are remarkably consistent. Ratings of purchase intent and appeal are higher for current tobacco users (current established cigarette smokers, current established non-cigarette tobacco users, and current tobacco experimenters) than for former and never ever tobacco users. Conclusions and scientific significance These findings show that varying sub-brands of an e-cigarette has little or no impact on population level purchase intent and appeal ratings across tobacco user groups. Additionally, greater variability in ratings among current tobacco experimenters than other tobacco user groups is discussed as well as correlations between measures. This paper provides the first population estimates of both purchase intent and product appeal for various ENDS products among adult tobacco users and nonusers; information that is critical for evaluating the impact on public health. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 34–42]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"34 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82440230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Fischer, Steve Roulet, A. Surducan, Mario Colombo, P. Magnani
SUMMARY Background The perceived reduced formation of harmful chemicals (RF) or perceived reduced risk of harm (RH) of a smoke-free tobacco product relative to combustible tobacco products may influence its acceptance and use patterns among adult smokers and therefore impact public health. We analyzed whether and how the RF and/or RH of the heated tobacco product (HTP) IQOS™ impacted “exclusive” (100%) IQOS™ use in Japan, Italy, Germany, and Russia. Methods Between 2016 and 2020, adult participants from longitudinal IQOS™ user cohorts in Japan (N = 6257), Italy (N = 8137), Germany (N = 8474), and Russia (N = 7231) repeatedly indicated the reasons for using IQOS™, including reasons referring to RF and RH, during their first 48 weeks in the cohort. Logistic and Cox regression were used to analyze the relationships between RF and/or RH indications for using IQOS™ and exclusive or stable exclusive IQOS™ use. Results At week 48, exclusive IQOS™ use in Japan (odds ratio [OR] = 1.89), Italy (OR = 3.35), Germany (OR = 3.48), and Russia (OR = 3.05) was more likely among participants who more frequently (highest vs. lowest category of number of RF and/or RH indications) indicated RF and/or RH as a reason for using IQOS™. In Japan, where other HTPs were also marketed, this was also true for the overall HTP category. Also, in Japan where RF and RH could be indicated separately as reasons for using IQOS™, indicating RH (OR = 2.92) compared to RF (OR = 1.81) resulted in a greater likelihood of exclusive IQOS™ use within the highest category of RF or RH indications. In Japan (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74), Italy (HR = 0.80), Germany (HR = 0.72), and Russia (HR = 0.85), IQOS™ users who indicated RF and/or RH as a reason for using IQOS™ had a lower risk of becoming a stable nonexclusive than stable exclusive IQOS™ user as well as a 10–25% lower number of weeks until reaching stable exclusive IQOS™ use. Conclusions Perceived reduced formation of harmful chemicals (RF) or perceived reduced risk of harm (RH) of IQOS™ have a significant impact on IQOS™ users’ switching to exclusive IQOS™ use and the acceleration of stable exclusive IQOS™ use. This may also be true for the overall HTP category. Moreover, perceived RH of IQOS™ seems to be a stronger driver for exclusive IQOS™ use than perceived RF. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 50–64]
{"title":"How do Risk Perceptions Drive Smokers to Completely Switch to a Smoke-Free Tobacco Product (IQOS™)? A Four-Country Cohort Study","authors":"K. Fischer, Steve Roulet, A. Surducan, Mario Colombo, P. Magnani","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Background The perceived reduced formation of harmful chemicals (RF) or perceived reduced risk of harm (RH) of a smoke-free tobacco product relative to combustible tobacco products may influence its acceptance and use patterns among adult smokers and therefore impact public health. We analyzed whether and how the RF and/or RH of the heated tobacco product (HTP) IQOS™ impacted “exclusive” (100%) IQOS™ use in Japan, Italy, Germany, and Russia. Methods Between 2016 and 2020, adult participants from longitudinal IQOS™ user cohorts in Japan (N = 6257), Italy (N = 8137), Germany (N = 8474), and Russia (N = 7231) repeatedly indicated the reasons for using IQOS™, including reasons referring to RF and RH, during their first 48 weeks in the cohort. Logistic and Cox regression were used to analyze the relationships between RF and/or RH indications for using IQOS™ and exclusive or stable exclusive IQOS™ use. Results At week 48, exclusive IQOS™ use in Japan (odds ratio [OR] = 1.89), Italy (OR = 3.35), Germany (OR = 3.48), and Russia (OR = 3.05) was more likely among participants who more frequently (highest vs. lowest category of number of RF and/or RH indications) indicated RF and/or RH as a reason for using IQOS™. In Japan, where other HTPs were also marketed, this was also true for the overall HTP category. Also, in Japan where RF and RH could be indicated separately as reasons for using IQOS™, indicating RH (OR = 2.92) compared to RF (OR = 1.81) resulted in a greater likelihood of exclusive IQOS™ use within the highest category of RF or RH indications. In Japan (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74), Italy (HR = 0.80), Germany (HR = 0.72), and Russia (HR = 0.85), IQOS™ users who indicated RF and/or RH as a reason for using IQOS™ had a lower risk of becoming a stable nonexclusive than stable exclusive IQOS™ user as well as a 10–25% lower number of weeks until reaching stable exclusive IQOS™ use. Conclusions Perceived reduced formation of harmful chemicals (RF) or perceived reduced risk of harm (RH) of IQOS™ have a significant impact on IQOS™ users’ switching to exclusive IQOS™ use and the acceleration of stable exclusive IQOS™ use. This may also be true for the overall HTP category. Moreover, perceived RH of IQOS™ seems to be a stronger driver for exclusive IQOS™ use than perceived RF. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 50–64]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"50 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78424098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY WS-3 (N-ethyl-p-menthane-3-carboxamide) is a compound used as a cooling agent for tobacco or nicotine products. Three other similar compounds WS-23 (N,2,3-trimethyl-2-propan-2-ylbutanamide), Evercool 180 (N-p-benzene-acetonitrile menthanecarboxamide), and Evercool 190 (N-(2-pyridine-2-yl)ethyl-3-p-menthancarboxamide) also have cooling properties and can be used as tobacco additives. A few previously reported methods for WS-3 analysis were rather complex, and the goal of present work was to develop a simple, rapid, and accurate procedure for simultaneous analysis of WS-3 and of the other three cooling compounds. For this purpose, a LC/MS procedure has been developed that requires 6-min runs. The method was calibrated to analyze solutions containing each analyte in the range of concentrations between 48.8 ng/mL to 12.5 µg/mL. The procedure is selective and shows excellent precision with typical RSD lower than 3%. In parallel to the LC/MS method, a GC/MS procedure was also developed mainly with the goal of having a proof of the accuracy for both methods. This GC separation requires 20-min runs. The GC/MS technique was calibrated to analyze solutions containing each analyte in the range of concentrations between 1.56 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL for WS-23 and WS-3, from 6.25 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL for Evercool 180, and from 3.13 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL for Evercool 190. The sensitivity of the LC/MS method is significantly higher than the GC/MS one, and for the analysis of traces of cooling agents the LC/MS method is recommended. The LC/MS method was applied for the analysis of WS-3 in tobacco, cigarette smoke, flavor solutions, and in nicotine pouches. No samples containing the other cooling agents were available. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 26–33]
{"title":"Two Techniques for the Analysis of WS-3 With Potential Application to the Analysis of Other Cooling Agents *","authors":"S. Moldoveanu, R. Bussey","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY WS-3 (N-ethyl-p-menthane-3-carboxamide) is a compound used as a cooling agent for tobacco or nicotine products. Three other similar compounds WS-23 (N,2,3-trimethyl-2-propan-2-ylbutanamide), Evercool 180 (N-p-benzene-acetonitrile menthanecarboxamide), and Evercool 190 (N-(2-pyridine-2-yl)ethyl-3-p-menthancarboxamide) also have cooling properties and can be used as tobacco additives. A few previously reported methods for WS-3 analysis were rather complex, and the goal of present work was to develop a simple, rapid, and accurate procedure for simultaneous analysis of WS-3 and of the other three cooling compounds. For this purpose, a LC/MS procedure has been developed that requires 6-min runs. The method was calibrated to analyze solutions containing each analyte in the range of concentrations between 48.8 ng/mL to 12.5 µg/mL. The procedure is selective and shows excellent precision with typical RSD lower than 3%. In parallel to the LC/MS method, a GC/MS procedure was also developed mainly with the goal of having a proof of the accuracy for both methods. This GC separation requires 20-min runs. The GC/MS technique was calibrated to analyze solutions containing each analyte in the range of concentrations between 1.56 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL for WS-23 and WS-3, from 6.25 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL for Evercool 180, and from 3.13 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL for Evercool 190. The sensitivity of the LC/MS method is significantly higher than the GC/MS one, and for the analysis of traces of cooling agents the LC/MS method is recommended. The LC/MS method was applied for the analysis of WS-3 in tobacco, cigarette smoke, flavor solutions, and in nicotine pouches. No samples containing the other cooling agents were available. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 26–33]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"26 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81615979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shengbao He, Anna Luo, Yingyuan Wang, Xiao-Ming Feng, Nan Liu, Wei Zhang
SUMMARY Reducing sugar in tobacco can reduce the pungent odor of cigarette smoke and is the important indicator of tobacco routine chemical analysis. In order to improve the stability of the continuous flow method for the determination of the reducing sugar content in tobacco, the current ISO method, ISO 15154:2003, was intentionally modified as follows: the 5% acetic acid solution in the blue/blue pipeline was replaced by 0.2 mol@L-1 hydrochloric acid solution in the red/red pipeline; the concentration of sodium hydroxide was reduced from 0.5 mol@L-1 to 0.4 mol@L-1; and the volume of the heating tank was increased from 7.7 mL to 10.6 mL. It was found that the repeatability and reproducibility of the revised method kept comparable to those of ISO 15154:2003, the effective sampling in one experiment of the revised method was increased to 90 cups without precipitates in the pipeline, the main reaction time was extended by 45 s, and the lifespan of the heating tank was prolonged by more than 100%. In addition, the modified method was evaluated via a general validation procedure, and the detection limit and the quantitation limit were 0.0057% and 0.0190%, respectively. Furthermore, the relative standard deviation was less than 5%, and the recovery of added standard was between 98.22% and 103.65%. These results indicate that the modified method is a promising alternative to the current ISO method. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 11–17]
{"title":"Investigation of Continuous Flow Methods for Determining the Content of Reducing Sugar in Tobacco *","authors":"Shengbao He, Anna Luo, Yingyuan Wang, Xiao-Ming Feng, Nan Liu, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Reducing sugar in tobacco can reduce the pungent odor of cigarette smoke and is the important indicator of tobacco routine chemical analysis. In order to improve the stability of the continuous flow method for the determination of the reducing sugar content in tobacco, the current ISO method, ISO 15154:2003, was intentionally modified as follows: the 5% acetic acid solution in the blue/blue pipeline was replaced by 0.2 mol@L-1 hydrochloric acid solution in the red/red pipeline; the concentration of sodium hydroxide was reduced from 0.5 mol@L-1 to 0.4 mol@L-1; and the volume of the heating tank was increased from 7.7 mL to 10.6 mL. It was found that the repeatability and reproducibility of the revised method kept comparable to those of ISO 15154:2003, the effective sampling in one experiment of the revised method was increased to 90 cups without precipitates in the pipeline, the main reaction time was extended by 45 s, and the lifespan of the heating tank was prolonged by more than 100%. In addition, the modified method was evaluated via a general validation procedure, and the detection limit and the quantitation limit were 0.0057% and 0.0190%, respectively. Furthermore, the relative standard deviation was less than 5%, and the recovery of added standard was between 98.22% and 103.65%. These results indicate that the modified method is a promising alternative to the current ISO method. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 11–17]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"11 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82267898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rana Tayyarah, Douglas Knepper, Alexander Hauleithner
SUMMARY A collaborative study among 20 participating laboratories was conducted in an effort to publish a recommended method for determination of phenols in mainstream cigarette smoke. The study was conducted using 10 test samples including reference cigarettes and commercial products from various regions (ISO 3308 total particulate matter 1–16 mg/cig) smoked under two regimes (ISO 3308 and ISO 20778). Health Canada method T-114 was chosen as a basis for the analytical methodology and therefore mainstream cigarette smoke was trapped on 44-mm glass fiber filter pads which were subsequently extracted with 1% aqueous acetic acid for analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Statistical analysis was carried out following ISO 5725 to generate repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data for results from linear and rotary smoking. For reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage of mean yield across all of the studied products and both smoking regimes, values ranged from 17–150%. The lowest “tar” yielding products had the most variable data. Results trended as expected for total particulate matter, blend type, regime, and relative analyte yields. Results supporting a robust method for hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol are reported herein and support establishment of CRM 78, ISO 23904 and ISO 23905 standardized methods. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 18–25]
{"title":"Selected Phenolic Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke, CORESTA Collaborative Study and Recommended Method *","authors":"Rana Tayyarah, Douglas Knepper, Alexander Hauleithner","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A collaborative study among 20 participating laboratories was conducted in an effort to publish a recommended method for determination of phenols in mainstream cigarette smoke. The study was conducted using 10 test samples including reference cigarettes and commercial products from various regions (ISO 3308 total particulate matter 1–16 mg/cig) smoked under two regimes (ISO 3308 and ISO 20778). Health Canada method T-114 was chosen as a basis for the analytical methodology and therefore mainstream cigarette smoke was trapped on 44-mm glass fiber filter pads which were subsequently extracted with 1% aqueous acetic acid for analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Statistical analysis was carried out following ISO 5725 to generate repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data for results from linear and rotary smoking. For reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage of mean yield across all of the studied products and both smoking regimes, values ranged from 17–150%. The lowest “tar” yielding products had the most variable data. Results trended as expected for total particulate matter, blend type, regime, and relative analyte yields. Results supporting a robust method for hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol are reported herein and support establishment of CRM 78, ISO 23904 and ISO 23905 standardized methods. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 18–25]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"18 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85159301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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