We designed Augmenta11y, a cross-platform application that aims to provide ubiquitous reading and learning companionship to children with dyslexia. This paper presents the iterative user-centered design process and implementation details of the application and offers suggestions and guidelines for designing future assisted reading applications. We foresee the opportunity for Augmenta11y to be an accessible, low-cost assistive reading solution for dyslexic children with little to no access to educational specialists or after-school practices. The Augmenta11y application is available on iOS and Android.
{"title":"Augmenta11y: A Reading Assistant Application for Children with Dyslexia","authors":"Tushar Gupta, L. Aflatoony, Lynette Leonard","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3476530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3476530","url":null,"abstract":"We designed Augmenta11y, a cross-platform application that aims to provide ubiquitous reading and learning companionship to children with dyslexia. This paper presents the iterative user-centered design process and implementation details of the application and offers suggestions and guidelines for designing future assisted reading applications. We foresee the opportunity for Augmenta11y to be an accessible, low-cost assistive reading solution for dyslexic children with little to no access to educational specialists or after-school practices. The Augmenta11y application is available on iOS and Android.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133407982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucy Lu Wang, Isabel Cachola, Jonathan Bragg, Evie (Yu-Yen) Cheng, Chelsea Hess Haupt, Matt Latzke, Bailey Kuehl, Madeleine van Zuylen, Linda M. Wagner, Daniel S. Weld
We present SciA11y, a system that renders inaccessible scientific paper PDFs into HTML. SciA11y uses machine learning models to extract and understand the content of scientific PDFs, and reorganizes the resulting paper components into a form that better supports skimming and scanning for blind and low vision (BLV) readers. SciA11y adds navigation features such as tagged headings, a table of contents, and bidirectional links between inline citations and references, which allow readers to resolve citations without losing their context. A set of 1.5 million open access papers are processed and available at https://scia11y.org/. This system is a first step in addressing scientific PDF accessibility, and may significantly improve the experience of paper reading for BLV users.
{"title":"SciA11y: Converting Scientific Papers to Accessible HTML","authors":"Lucy Lu Wang, Isabel Cachola, Jonathan Bragg, Evie (Yu-Yen) Cheng, Chelsea Hess Haupt, Matt Latzke, Bailey Kuehl, Madeleine van Zuylen, Linda M. Wagner, Daniel S. Weld","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3476545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3476545","url":null,"abstract":"We present SciA11y, a system that renders inaccessible scientific paper PDFs into HTML. SciA11y uses machine learning models to extract and understand the content of scientific PDFs, and reorganizes the resulting paper components into a form that better supports skimming and scanning for blind and low vision (BLV) readers. SciA11y adds navigation features such as tagged headings, a table of contents, and bidirectional links between inline citations and references, which allow readers to resolve citations without losing their context. A set of 1.5 million open access papers are processed and available at https://scia11y.org/. This system is a first step in addressing scientific PDF accessibility, and may significantly improve the experience of paper reading for BLV users.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133829592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Howard, K. Venkatasubramanian, Jeanine L. M. Skorinko, Pauline Bosma, J. Mullaly, Brian Kelly, Deborah Lloyd, Maria Wishart, Emiton Alves, N. Jutras, Mariah Freark, Nancy A. Alterio
In the US, the abuse of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) is at epidemic proportions; however, the reporting of such abuse has been severely lacking. It has been found that individuals with I/DD are more aware of when and how to report abuse if they have received abuse prevention training. Consequently, in this paper we present the design of a mobile-computing app called Recognize to teach individuals with I/DD about abuse. Our research team is diverse, with both individuals with I/DD and neurotypical individuals. We leveraged this diversity by utilizing a co-design process with our team members who live with I/DD. Our team developed three initial prototypes of the app and performed a qualitative, within-group user study with six separate individuals with I/DD who are themselves experienced teachers to other individuals with I/DD. We found that, overall, the app would be viable for use by individuals with I/DD. We end the paper with a brief discussion of the implications of our findings toward building a full prototype of the app.
{"title":"Designing an App to Help Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities to Recognize Abuse","authors":"Thomas Howard, K. Venkatasubramanian, Jeanine L. M. Skorinko, Pauline Bosma, J. Mullaly, Brian Kelly, Deborah Lloyd, Maria Wishart, Emiton Alves, N. Jutras, Mariah Freark, Nancy A. Alterio","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3471217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3471217","url":null,"abstract":"In the US, the abuse of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) is at epidemic proportions; however, the reporting of such abuse has been severely lacking. It has been found that individuals with I/DD are more aware of when and how to report abuse if they have received abuse prevention training. Consequently, in this paper we present the design of a mobile-computing app called Recognize to teach individuals with I/DD about abuse. Our research team is diverse, with both individuals with I/DD and neurotypical individuals. We leveraged this diversity by utilizing a co-design process with our team members who live with I/DD. Our team developed three initial prototypes of the app and performed a qualitative, within-group user study with six separate individuals with I/DD who are themselves experienced teachers to other individuals with I/DD. We found that, overall, the app would be viable for use by individuals with I/DD. We end the paper with a brief discussion of the implications of our findings toward building a full prototype of the app.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130799530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesse J Martinez, J. Fogarty, Jon E. Froehlich, Paul G. Allen
Android educational games are powerful learning tools but small, moving targets and game implementations pose accessibility challenges to people with upper-body motor impairments. In this poster, we present findings from a qualitative accessibility evaluation of 30 popular Android educational games, identify and reflect on accessibility barriers, and provide preliminary design recommendations.
{"title":"A Preliminary Analysis of Android Educational Game Accessibility","authors":"Jesse J Martinez, J. Fogarty, Jon E. Froehlich, Paul G. Allen","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3476532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3476532","url":null,"abstract":"Android educational games are powerful learning tools but small, moving targets and game implementations pose accessibility challenges to people with upper-body motor impairments. In this poster, we present findings from a qualitative accessibility evaluation of 30 popular Android educational games, identify and reflect on accessibility barriers, and provide preliminary design recommendations.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115143147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sports enhances cultural and social life by bringing individuals and communities together. While sports have a different meaning and importance depending on the culture and people, there is a long history of people watching sports. However, sports viewing can rely on visual information, and not fully accessible to People with Vision Impairments (PVI). In this paper, we present findings from interviews with 43 PVI about their experiences and attitudes toward watching sports. We report on their stories about accessibility challenges, and suggestions for future accessible technologies that could increase the accessibility of watching sports, with a focus on the information needs and modality.
{"title":"“What just happened?”: Understanding Non-visual Watching Sports Experiences","authors":"Saki Asakawa, Amy Hurst","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3476525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3476525","url":null,"abstract":"Sports enhances cultural and social life by bringing individuals and communities together. While sports have a different meaning and importance depending on the culture and people, there is a long history of people watching sports. However, sports viewing can rely on visual information, and not fully accessible to People with Vision Impairments (PVI). In this paper, we present findings from interviews with 43 PVI about their experiences and attitudes toward watching sports. We report on their stories about accessibility challenges, and suggestions for future accessible technologies that could increase the accessibility of watching sports, with a focus on the information needs and modality.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117297073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is not sufficient to simply express the goal of improved digital access for people with disabilities, without properly monitoring the progress towards those goals. This keynote speech describes the Digital Accessibility Rights Evaluation (DARE) index, which is coordinated by the Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs (G3ICT). The DARE index is a benchmarking tool, for disability advocates, governments, civil society, international organizations and policy makers to trace country progress in making Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) accessible for all, in compliance with Article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The DARE Index measures three categories of variables in each country: country commitments (legal, regulatory, policies and programs), country capacity to implement (organization, processes, resources) and actual digital accessibility outcomes for persons with disabilities in 10 areas of products and services. Data is collected in close cooperation with Disabled People's International (DPI) and persons with disabilities worldwide, considering their best position to assess and report on digital accessibility matters in their respective countries. This keynote speech for ASSETS 2021 describes the DARE index and the most recent data collected in the DARE index in 2020, and highlights how the DARE index can be used to support digital accessibility research.
{"title":"The DARE Index - Monitoring the Progress of Digital Accessibility around the World - A Research Conducted by Advocates for Advocates","authors":"Axel Leblois","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3487959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3487959","url":null,"abstract":"It is not sufficient to simply express the goal of improved digital access for people with disabilities, without properly monitoring the progress towards those goals. This keynote speech describes the Digital Accessibility Rights Evaluation (DARE) index, which is coordinated by the Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs (G3ICT). The DARE index is a benchmarking tool, for disability advocates, governments, civil society, international organizations and policy makers to trace country progress in making Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) accessible for all, in compliance with Article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The DARE Index measures three categories of variables in each country: country commitments (legal, regulatory, policies and programs), country capacity to implement (organization, processes, resources) and actual digital accessibility outcomes for persons with disabilities in 10 areas of products and services. Data is collected in close cooperation with Disabled People's International (DPI) and persons with disabilities worldwide, considering their best position to assess and report on digital accessibility matters in their respective countries. This keynote speech for ASSETS 2021 describes the DARE index and the most recent data collected in the DARE index in 2020, and highlights how the DARE index can be used to support digital accessibility research.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122403985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vinitha Gadiraju, Jérémie Garcia, Shaun K. Kane, Anke M. Brock
Drones have become fixtures in commerce, safety efforts, and in homes as a leisure activity. Researchers have started to explore how drones can support people with disabilities in piloting and serve as assistive devices. Our work focuses on people with vision impairment and investigates what motivates them to fly drones. We administered a survey to visually impaired adults that gauged general interest in drone piloting and previous experience with drones. From the 59 survey responses, we interviewed 13 participants to elaborate on how they envision using drones and how different feedback and modes of piloting can make the flying experience more accessible. We found that our participants had overarching interests in aviation, trying new technology, environment exploration, and finding collaborative activities to do with their sighted family members, which extended to an interest in piloting drones. This research helps lay groundwork for design scenarios and accessible features for future drones.
{"title":"“It is fascinating to make these beasts fly”: Understanding Visually Impaired People's Motivations and Needs for Drone Piloting","authors":"Vinitha Gadiraju, Jérémie Garcia, Shaun K. Kane, Anke M. Brock","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3471219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3471219","url":null,"abstract":"Drones have become fixtures in commerce, safety efforts, and in homes as a leisure activity. Researchers have started to explore how drones can support people with disabilities in piloting and serve as assistive devices. Our work focuses on people with vision impairment and investigates what motivates them to fly drones. We administered a survey to visually impaired adults that gauged general interest in drone piloting and previous experience with drones. From the 59 survey responses, we interviewed 13 participants to elaborate on how they envision using drones and how different feedback and modes of piloting can make the flying experience more accessible. We found that our participants had overarching interests in aviation, trying new technology, environment exploration, and finding collaborative activities to do with their sighted family members, which extended to an interest in piloting drones. This research helps lay groundwork for design scenarios and accessible features for future drones.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122319754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joy Ming, Sharon Heung, Shiri Azenkot, Aditya Vashistha
Response bias has been framed as the tendency of a participant's response to be skewed by a variety of factors, including study design and participant-researcher dynamics. Response bias is a concern for all researchers who conduct studies with people — especially those working with participants with disabilities. This is because these participants’ diverse needs require methodological adjustments and differences in disability identity between the researcher and participant influence power dynamics. Despite its relevance, there is little literature that connects response bias to accessibility. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 accessibility researchers on how response bias manifested in their research and how they mitigated it. We present unique instances of response bias and how it is handled in accessibility research; insights into how response bias interacts with other biases like researcher or sampling bias; and philosophies and tensions around response bias such as whether to accept or address it. We conclude with guidelines on thinking about response bias in accessibility research.
{"title":"Accept or Address? Researchers’ Perspectives on Response Bias in Accessibility Research","authors":"Joy Ming, Sharon Heung, Shiri Azenkot, Aditya Vashistha","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3471216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3471216","url":null,"abstract":"Response bias has been framed as the tendency of a participant's response to be skewed by a variety of factors, including study design and participant-researcher dynamics. Response bias is a concern for all researchers who conduct studies with people — especially those working with participants with disabilities. This is because these participants’ diverse needs require methodological adjustments and differences in disability identity between the researcher and participant influence power dynamics. Despite its relevance, there is little literature that connects response bias to accessibility. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 accessibility researchers on how response bias manifested in their research and how they mitigated it. We present unique instances of response bias and how it is handled in accessibility research; insights into how response bias interacts with other biases like researcher or sampling bias; and philosophies and tensions around response bias such as whether to accept or address it. We conclude with guidelines on thinking about response bias in accessibility research.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128763846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Machine learning techniques have the potential to play an important role in sign language recognition. However, sign language datasets lack the volume and variety necessary to work well. To enlarge these datasets, we introduce SynSLaG, a tool that synthetically generates sign language datasets from 3D motion capture data. SynSLaG generates realistic images of various body shapes with ground truth 2D/3D poses, depth maps, body-part segmentations, optical flows, and surface normals. The large synthetic datasets provide possibilities for advancing sign language recognition and analysis.
{"title":"SynSLaG: Synthetic Sign Language Generator","authors":"Teppei Miura, Shinji Sako","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3476519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3476519","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning techniques have the potential to play an important role in sign language recognition. However, sign language datasets lack the volume and variety necessary to work well. To enlarge these datasets, we introduce SynSLaG, a tool that synthetically generates sign language datasets from 3D motion capture data. SynSLaG generates realistic images of various body shapes with ground truth 2D/3D poses, depth maps, body-part segmentations, optical flows, and surface normals. The large synthetic datasets provide possibilities for advancing sign language recognition and analysis.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123596069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most research which investigates stigma towards with people with disabilities and the use of Assistive Technology (AT) are based in the Global North and focus on the experiences of people with disabilities and the consequences that stigma has on choices surrounding AT. However, stigma is a societal construct rooted in the attitude and beliefs that people without disabilities hold on disability and AT. Furthermore, the portrayal of people with disabilities and AT is dependent on the social context. In this paper, we examine how young Kenyans without disabilities view people with disabilities and AT users. Findings show that while the portrayal of disability is often shaped by negative emotion, participants felt that many of the barriers affecting people with disabilities were created by society. Perceptions of AT differed –devices were not only seen as a mark of disability but also as a sign of access to resources. Therefore, what we see is an emergent picture where social barriers can be reinforced by poverty, and where poverty reinforces social barriers faced by people with disabilities. We conclude that access to appropriate technology alongside societal interventions tackling incorrect beliefs about disability can help to overcome the stigma faced by people with disabilities.
{"title":"What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth: Conceptualizations of Disability and AT","authors":"G. Barbareschi, N. Kopi, B. Oldfrey, C. Holloway","doi":"10.1145/3441852.3471226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3471226","url":null,"abstract":"Most research which investigates stigma towards with people with disabilities and the use of Assistive Technology (AT) are based in the Global North and focus on the experiences of people with disabilities and the consequences that stigma has on choices surrounding AT. However, stigma is a societal construct rooted in the attitude and beliefs that people without disabilities hold on disability and AT. Furthermore, the portrayal of people with disabilities and AT is dependent on the social context. In this paper, we examine how young Kenyans without disabilities view people with disabilities and AT users. Findings show that while the portrayal of disability is often shaped by negative emotion, participants felt that many of the barriers affecting people with disabilities were created by society. Perceptions of AT differed –devices were not only seen as a mark of disability but also as a sign of access to resources. Therefore, what we see is an emergent picture where social barriers can be reinforced by poverty, and where poverty reinforces social barriers faced by people with disabilities. We conclude that access to appropriate technology alongside societal interventions tackling incorrect beliefs about disability can help to overcome the stigma faced by people with disabilities.","PeriodicalId":107277,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115846604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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