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The Ascent of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Nephropathy. 糖皮质激素受体拮抗剂在糖尿病肾病中的应用。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884713666181116100946
Luxitaa Goenka, Raghavan Padmanaban, Melvin George

Diabetic nephropathy is defined as a decline in the renal function and an increase in the amount of albuminuria (>300 mg/day). The interruption of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by well-established therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers or diuretics has been beneficial in reducing the progression of renal diseases; however, there is an increase in the levels of aldosterone due to the aldosterone escape phenomenon. Newer and novel approaches to counteract this aldosterone breakthrough while accentuating the anti-hypertensive and anti-proteinuric effects of these agents would be ideal and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists fit in this slot perfectly. This review attempted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for diabetic nephropathy. Presently mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists such as spironolactone, eplerenone and finerenone are being investigated as both monotherapies and as additional therapies. Clinical studies have shown that these drugs have been effective in the reduction of blood pressure, urinaryalbumin- excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The commonly observed adverse effects are hyperkalemia, gynaecomastia and vaginal bleeding, that are bothersome with spironolactone seems to be avoidable if these patients are switched to non-steroidal and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists such as finerenone and eplerenone. Most of the studies have only evaluated the shortterm effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on diabetic nephropathy. Hard outcomes such as cardiovascular events, creatinine doubling, progression to end-stage renal disease, mortality and the need for temporary or permanent dialysis need to be studied with these molecules.

糖尿病肾病被定义为肾功能下降和蛋白尿量增加(>300 mg/天)。通过血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂或利尿剂等成熟疗法中断肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)有利于减少肾脏疾病的进展;然而,由于醛固酮逃逸现象,醛固酮水平升高。新的和新颖的方法来抵消醛固酮的突破,同时强调这些药物的抗高血压和抗蛋白尿作用将是理想的,而矿皮质激素受体拮抗剂正好适合这一位置。本综述试图评价钙皮质激素受体拮抗剂治疗糖尿病肾病的安全性和有效性。目前,矿物皮质激素受体拮抗剂如螺内酯、依普利酮和芬尼酮正在作为单一疗法和附加疗法进行研究。临床研究表明,这些药物在降低血压、尿白蛋白排泄和估计肾小球滤过率方面是有效的。通常观察到的不良反应是高钾血症、妇科乳房发育和阴道出血,如果这些患者改用非甾体和矿物皮质激素受体拮抗剂,如芬尼酮和依普利酮,这些副作用似乎是可以避免的。大多数研究只评估了矿皮质激素受体拮抗剂对糖尿病肾病的短期作用。需要用这些分子研究诸如心血管事件、肌酐加倍、进展到终末期肾病、死亡率和需要暂时或永久透析等硬结局。
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引用次数: 13
Comparison of the Mean Minimum Dose of Bolus Oxytocin for Proper Uterine Contraction during Cesarean Section. 剖宫产术中子宫适当收缩的平均最小剂量的比较。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666190524100214
Siavash Beiranvand, Arash Karimi, Sepideh Vahabi, Arash Amin-Bidokhti

Background: Cesarean section is the most common midwifery operation. The aim of this study is to determine the mean minimum dose of bolus oxytocin for proper uterine contraction during cesarean section.

Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: elective cesarean section (n=41) and cesarean section due to difficulty in labor (n=42 patients). Patients underwent spinal anesthesia and oxytocin infusion was begun at 30 drops per minute (20 units of oxytocin per 1000 cc serum), and was also administered as a half-dose in cc to achieve effective contraction of the uterus. Meanwhile, the information of patients including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate and amount of bleeding during the operation was recorded in a questionnaire.

Results: In the elective cesarean section group, the average SBP was about 117.10mmHg, average DBP 70.50 mmHg, the amount of bleeding during surgery was 623.63mL, and heart rate was 88.88bpm. In the cesarean section group due to difficulty in labor progress, SBP was 113.5 mmHg, DBP 62.69 mmHg, and bleeding was 573.81mL. In addition, 9 patients in the elective group and 3 patients in the lack of progress group, did not require bolus oxytocin. In the lack of a progress group, 8 patients needed more than 5 doses of oxytocin. In addition, about 10 (12%) of all patients had no side effects, and hypotension.

Conclusion: Given that, the minimum effective dose of oxytocin in the elective cesarean section was 1IU, and in those in labor progress was 1-1.5IU, less oxytocin administration represents lesser side effects. It is recommended that patients who are candidates of cesarean section should be administered 1.5IU of oxytocin in the form of bolus.

背景:剖宫产是最常见的助产手术。本研究的目的是确定在剖宫产术中适当子宫收缩的平均最小剂量。方法:将患者分为择期剖宫产组(n=41)和难产剖宫产组(n=42)。患者接受脊髓麻醉,并开始以每分钟30滴的速度输注催产素(每1000毫升血清20单位催产素),同时也以半剂量的cc给药,以达到子宫的有效收缩。同时用问卷记录患者术中收缩压、舒张压(SBP、DBP)、心率、出血量等信息。结果:择期剖宫产组平均收缩压约117.10mmHg,平均舒张压70.50 mmHg,术中出血量623.63mL,心率88.88bpm。剖宫产组因产程困难,收缩压113.5 mmHg,舒张压62.69 mmHg,出血573.81mL。此外,择期组9例患者和无进展组3例患者不需要注射催产素。在无进展组中,8名患者需要5剂以上的催产素。此外,约10例(12%)患者无副作用和低血压。结论:择期剖宫产术中催产素最低有效剂量为1IU,产程中为1 ~ 1.5 iu,因此催产素用量越少,副作用越小。建议拟剖宫产的患者给予1.5IU的催产素丸剂。
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引用次数: 23
Science-based Ethnic Bridging in Drug Development; Review of Recent Precedence and Suggested Steps Forward. 基于科学的药物开发中的民族桥梁回顾最近的先例和建议的步骤。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666190408125206
Ewoud-Jan van Hoogdalem, John P Jones Iii, John Constant, Meguru Achira

Background: Exposure, safety and/or efficacy of drugs are subject to potential differences between human races or ethnicities, as acknowledged by regulatory guidance and by label texts of various, but not all approved drugs.

Objective: The objective of the present review was to assess recent regulatory precedence on drug use and race or ethnicity, with the goal of identifying opportunities for increasing the informative value of clinical ethnic or racial bridging in drug development.

Methods: Recently, (January 2014-July 2018) FDA approved drug product label texts and approval packages were reviewed for claims, comments and underlying data on use of the product in specific ethnic or racial groups.

Results: Among the 266 FDA-approved products, no product with unambiguous race- or ethnicity specific dosing instructions was retrieved. A small majority (55%) was approved with a claim or comment on race or ethnicity, and of these, a large majority (87%) was based on population pharmacokinetic data analysis. Statements were often related to incidence of a genotype for drug metabolizing enzyme or for other risk factors, or were related to body weight. Absence of clinically relevant exposure differences were often justified in terms of exposure ratios that notably exceeded the typical 0.80-1.25 no-effect boundary.

Conclusions: Recent precedence reflected a pragmatic, descriptive approach of racial or ethnic bridging, apparently meeting current regulatory expectations, whilst not resulting in strict guidance to prescribers. We recommend further work on defining the objectives of bridging studies, as well as criteria for their design and data analysis. Regarding the latter, we recommend investigating the value of prospectively defined tests for similarity with appropriate follow-up analysis in the case where the test has failed.

背景:药物的暴露、安全性和/或有效性受制于人类种族或民族之间的潜在差异,正如监管指南和各种(但不是所有)已批准药物的标签文本所承认的那样。目的:本综述的目的是评估近期药物使用和种族或民族的监管优先性,目的是确定在药物开发中增加临床种族或种族衔接的信息价值的机会。方法:近期(2014年1月- 2018年7月)对FDA批准的药品标签文本和批准包装进行了审查,以了解特定民族或种族群体使用该产品的声明、评论和基础数据。结果:在266种fda批准的产品中,没有一种产品具有明确的种族或民族特定剂量说明。一小部分(55%)批准了关于种族或民族的主张或评论,其中大部分(87%)是基于群体药代动力学数据分析。陈述通常与药物代谢酶基因型的发生率或其他危险因素有关,或与体重有关。在明显超过典型的0.80-1.25无影响界限的暴露比方面,没有临床相关的暴露差异通常是合理的。结论:最近的先例反映了一种实用的、描述性的种族或民族衔接方法,显然符合当前的监管期望,同时不会对处方者产生严格的指导。我们建议进一步确定桥接研究的目标,以及桥接研究的设计和数据分析标准。关于后者,我们建议在测试失败的情况下,调查前瞻性定义的相似性测试的价值,并进行适当的后续分析。
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引用次数: 3
Medication Management Issues in Old Age: A Call for Submissions to Current Clinical Pharmacology. 老年用药管理问题:呼吁提交当前临床药理学。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/157488471401190301120237
Arduino A Mangoni, Kimberley Bryant, Elzbieta A Jarmuzewska
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引用次数: 0
Biosimilars: An Approach to some Current Worldwide Regulation Frameworks. 生物仿制药:一些当前的全球监管框架的方法。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884713666181025142928
Efraín Esteban, Rosa-Helena Bustos, Julio-César García, Edwin Jáuregui

Developing new biologics has led to regulations and norms aimed at guaranteeing their safety, quality and effectiveness, in terms of marketing, prescription, use, interchangeability and switching. Biologics are of great importance in treating patients suffering from rheumatic, autoimmune, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. The expiry/lapse of reference biologics or originators' patents has meant that developing biosimilars involves accompanying legal requirements for their approval in countries worldwide. This paper has thus approached the situation of biosimilar regulation worldwide, the pertinent technical concepts and regulatory differences in some countries of interest.

开发新的生物制剂已经导致了旨在保证其安全性、质量和有效性的法规和规范,包括在销售、处方、使用、互换性和转换方面。生物制剂在治疗风湿性、自身免疫性、炎症性和肿瘤性疾病方面具有重要意义。参考生物制剂或发起人专利的到期/失效意味着开发生物仿制药涉及在世界各国批准其相关的法律要求。因此,本文探讨了世界范围内生物类似药的监管情况、相关的技术概念和一些感兴趣的国家的监管差异。
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引用次数: 2
Metformin as a Radiation Modifier; Implications to Normal Tissue Protection and Tumor Sensitization. 二甲双胍作为辐射调节剂的研究正常组织保护和肿瘤致敏的意义。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884713666181025141559
Keywan Mortezaee, Dheyauldeen Shabeeb, Ahmed E Musa, Masoud Najafi, Bagher Farhood

Background: Nowadays, ionizing radiation is used for several applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, and nuclear power generation. Besides the beneficial roles of ionizing radiation, there are some concerns about accidental exposure to radioactive sources. The threat posed by its use in terrorism is of global concern. Furthermore, there are several side effects to normal organs for patients who had undergone radiation treatment for cancer. Hence, the modulation of radiation response in normal tissues was one of the most important aims of radiobiology. Although, so far, several agents have been investigated for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Agents such as amifostine may lead to severe toxicity, while others may interfere with radiation therapy outcomes as a result of tumor protection. Metformin is a natural agent that is well known as an antidiabetic drug. It has shown some antioxidant effects and enhances DNA repair capacity, thereby ameliorating cell death following exposure to radiation. Moreover, through targeting endogenous ROS production within cells, it can mitigate radiation injury. This could potentially make it an effective radiation countermeasure. In contrast to other radioprotectors, metformin has shown modulatory effects through induction of several genes such as AMPK, which suppresses reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions, protects cells from accumulation of unrepaired DNA, and attenuates initiation of inflammation as well as fibrotic pathways. Interestingly, these properties of metformin can sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy.

Conclusion: In this article, we aimed to review the interesting properties of metformin such as radioprotection, radiomitigation and radiosensitization, which could make it an interesting adjuvant for clinical radiotherapy, as well as an interesting candidate for mitigation of radiation injury after a radiation disaster.

背景:目前,电离辐射在医药、工业、农业和核能发电等领域有着广泛的应用。除了电离辐射的有益作用外,还有一些关于意外暴露于放射源的担忧。将其用于恐怖主义所构成的威胁是全球关注的问题。此外,接受放射治疗的癌症患者的正常器官也有一些副作用。因此,正常组织中辐射反应的调节是放射生物学最重要的目标之一。尽管到目前为止,已经研究了几种剂来保护和减轻辐射损伤。氨磷汀等药物可能导致严重的毒性,而其他药物可能由于肿瘤保护而干扰放射治疗的结果。二甲双胍是一种天然的抗糖尿病药物。它显示出一些抗氧化作用,增强DNA修复能力,从而改善暴露于辐射后的细胞死亡。此外,通过靶向细胞内内源性ROS的产生,它可以减轻辐射损伤。这可能使它成为一种有效的辐射对抗手段。与其他放射保护剂相比,二甲双胍通过诱导几种基因(如AMPK)显示出调节作用,AMPK可以抑制还原/氧化(氧化还原)反应,保护细胞免受未修复DNA的积累,并减弱炎症和纤维化途径的启动。有趣的是,二甲双胍的这些特性可以使癌细胞对放射治疗敏感。结论:本文旨在综述二甲双胍在放射防护、放射缓解和放射致敏等方面的有趣特性,使其成为临床放疗的有趣佐剂,以及放射灾害后减轻辐射损伤的有趣候选者。
{"title":"Metformin as a Radiation Modifier; Implications to Normal Tissue Protection and Tumor Sensitization.","authors":"Keywan Mortezaee,&nbsp;Dheyauldeen Shabeeb,&nbsp;Ahmed E Musa,&nbsp;Masoud Najafi,&nbsp;Bagher Farhood","doi":"10.2174/1574884713666181025141559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884713666181025141559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nowadays, ionizing radiation is used for several applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, and nuclear power generation. Besides the beneficial roles of ionizing radiation, there are some concerns about accidental exposure to radioactive sources. The threat posed by its use in terrorism is of global concern. Furthermore, there are several side effects to normal organs for patients who had undergone radiation treatment for cancer. Hence, the modulation of radiation response in normal tissues was one of the most important aims of radiobiology. Although, so far, several agents have been investigated for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Agents such as amifostine may lead to severe toxicity, while others may interfere with radiation therapy outcomes as a result of tumor protection. Metformin is a natural agent that is well known as an antidiabetic drug. It has shown some antioxidant effects and enhances DNA repair capacity, thereby ameliorating cell death following exposure to radiation. Moreover, through targeting endogenous ROS production within cells, it can mitigate radiation injury. This could potentially make it an effective radiation countermeasure. In contrast to other radioprotectors, metformin has shown modulatory effects through induction of several genes such as AMPK, which suppresses reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions, protects cells from accumulation of unrepaired DNA, and attenuates initiation of inflammation as well as fibrotic pathways. Interestingly, these properties of metformin can sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this article, we aimed to review the interesting properties of metformin such as radioprotection, radiomitigation and radiosensitization, which could make it an interesting adjuvant for clinical radiotherapy, as well as an interesting candidate for mitigation of radiation injury after a radiation disaster.</p>","PeriodicalId":10746,"journal":{"name":"Current clinical pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"41-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1574884713666181025141559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36661086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 58
Pycnogenol Protects against Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Oxidative Stress and Seizures in Mice. 碧萝芷酚对戊四唑诱导的小鼠氧化应激和癫痫的保护作用。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666181122110317
Radha Goel, Prasoon Saxena

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common and severe brain disorders in the world, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to an imbalance between cerebral excitability and inhibition. Oxidative stress is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species are generated and associated with various diseases including epilepsy. Pycnogenol, a polyphenol obtained from the pine tree and has antioxidant & anti-inflammatory activity. So, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Pycnogenol on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice.

Methods: The mice of swiss strain each weighing 18-30g were used. Pycnogenol (50&100mg/kg) was suspended in carboxymethyl cellulose in saline and administered orally. Diazepam (1mg/kg, i.p) was used as a standard drug. The anticonvulsant effects of the drugs were measured using PTZ and cognitive behaviour was also assessed. The biochemical estimation was done by measuring Thiobarbituric acid, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and reduced glutathione followed by the histopathological study.

Result: Pycnogenol 50 & 100mg/kg showed a significant increase in latency to PTZ-induced seizures, decrease in duration and frequency of convulsions compared to control animals; however, the effects were dose-dependent and were more significant at a higher dose. No impairment in cognitive functions like memory and muscle relaxant was observed following pycnogenol 50 & 100 mg/kg. The effect of Pycnogenol on biochemical parameter was found to be significant. It significantly (p<0.01) decreases the level of TBARS and increases the levels of SOD, catalase, and GSH in the brain tissue. The histopathological evaluation showed less neuronal degeneration in the brain due to PTZ-induced seizures in comparison to control group.

Conclusion: Thus pycnogenol has a protective approach towards convulsion and can be included as an adjuvant therapy with antiepileptic drugs.

背景:癫痫是世界上最常见和最严重的脑部疾病之一,其特点是由于大脑兴奋性和抑制性之间的不平衡而反复发作。氧化应激是一种产生活性氧的生化状态,与包括癫痫在内的多种疾病有关。碧萝芷酚,一种从松树中提取的多酚,具有抗氧化和抗炎活性。因此,本研究旨在探讨碧萝酚对戊四唑(PTZ)致小鼠癫痫发作的影响。方法:选用瑞士品系小鼠,每只体重18 ~ 30g。碧萝芷酚(50&100mg/kg)悬浮在生理盐水中的羧甲基纤维素中,并口服。地西泮(1mg/kg, ig)作为标准药物。使用PTZ测量药物的抗惊厥作用,并评估认知行为。通过测定硫代巴比妥酸、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和还原性谷胱甘肽进行生化评价,然后进行组织病理学研究。结果:与对照组相比,碧萝芷酚50和100mg/kg显著增加了ptz诱发癫痫发作的潜伏期,减少了抽搐的持续时间和频率;然而,效果是剂量依赖性的,并且在高剂量时更为显著。百萝芷酚50和100 mg/kg组未见认知功能损伤,如记忆和肌肉松弛。碧萝芷酚对生化指标的影响是显著的。结论:碧萝酚对惊厥具有保护作用,可作为抗癫痫药物的辅助治疗。
{"title":"Pycnogenol Protects against Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Oxidative Stress and Seizures in Mice.","authors":"Radha Goel,&nbsp;Prasoon Saxena","doi":"10.2174/1574884714666181122110317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884714666181122110317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epilepsy is one of the most common and severe brain disorders in the world, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to an imbalance between cerebral excitability and inhibition. Oxidative stress is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species are generated and associated with various diseases including epilepsy. Pycnogenol, a polyphenol obtained from the pine tree and has antioxidant & anti-inflammatory activity. So, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Pycnogenol on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The mice of swiss strain each weighing 18-30g were used. Pycnogenol (50&100mg/kg) was suspended in carboxymethyl cellulose in saline and administered orally. Diazepam (1mg/kg, i.p) was used as a standard drug. The anticonvulsant effects of the drugs were measured using PTZ and cognitive behaviour was also assessed. The biochemical estimation was done by measuring Thiobarbituric acid, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and reduced glutathione followed by the histopathological study.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Pycnogenol 50 & 100mg/kg showed a significant increase in latency to PTZ-induced seizures, decrease in duration and frequency of convulsions compared to control animals; however, the effects were dose-dependent and were more significant at a higher dose. No impairment in cognitive functions like memory and muscle relaxant was observed following pycnogenol 50 & 100 mg/kg. The effect of Pycnogenol on biochemical parameter was found to be significant. It significantly (p<0.01) decreases the level of TBARS and increases the levels of SOD, catalase, and GSH in the brain tissue. The histopathological evaluation showed less neuronal degeneration in the brain due to PTZ-induced seizures in comparison to control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thus pycnogenol has a protective approach towards convulsion and can be included as an adjuvant therapy with antiepileptic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10746,"journal":{"name":"Current clinical pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"68-75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1574884714666181122110317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36696390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. 芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼和阿芬太尼联合异丙酚全麻的比较:随机对照试验的系统评价和meta分析。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190313160438
Kannan Sridharan, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan

Background: Opioid analgesics are commonly used along with propofol during general anesthesia. Due to the dearth of data on the quality of anesthesia achieved with this combination, the present meta-analysis was carried out.

Methods: Electronic databases were searched for appropriate studies using a suitable search strategy. Randomized clinical trials comparing the combination of remifentanil/sufentanil/alfentanil with propofol with fentanyl and propofol, were included. The outcome measures were as follows: total propofol dose to achieve the desired general anesthesia; time of onset and duration of general anesthesia; depth of general anesthesia; and recovery time (time for eye-opening and time taken for extubation). Risk of bias was assessed and Forest plots were generated for eligible outcomes. The weighted mean difference [95% confidence intervals] was used as the effect estimate.

Results: Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review and 13 were included in the metaanalysis. Statistically significant differences were observed for remifentanil in comparison to fentanyl when combined with propofol: Propofol dose (in mg) -76.18 [-94.72, -57.64]; time of onset of anesthesia (min) -0.44 [-0.74, -0.15]; time taken for eye-opening (min) -3.95 [-4.8, -3.1]; and time for extubation (min) -3.53 [-4.37, -2.7]. No significant differences were observed for either sufentanil or alfentanil about the dose of propofol required and due to scanty data, pooling of the data could not be attempted for other outcome measures for either sufentanil or alfentanil.

Conclusion: To conclude, we found that remifentanil has a statistically significant anesthetic profile than fentanyl when combined with propofol. Scanty evidence for both alfentanil and sufentanil precludes any such confirmation.

背景:阿片类镇痛药常与异丙酚一起用于全身麻醉。由于缺乏这种联合麻醉质量的数据,因此进行了本荟萃分析。方法:采用合适的检索策略在电子数据库中检索合适的研究。纳入比较瑞芬太尼/舒芬太尼/阿芬太尼联合异丙酚与芬太尼和异丙酚的随机临床试验。观察指标为:异丙酚总剂量达到预期的全麻效果;全麻起效时间及持续时间;全身麻醉深度;恢复时间(睁眼时间和拔管时间)。对偏倚风险进行了评估,并为符合条件的结果生成了森林图。采用加权均值差[95%置信区间]作为效果估计。结果:系统评价纳入14项研究,荟萃分析纳入13项研究。瑞芬太尼与芬太尼联用异丙酚时差异有统计学意义:异丙酚剂量(mg) -76.18 [-94.72, -57.64];麻醉起效时间(min) -0.44 [-0.74, -0.15];睁眼时间(min) -3.95 [-4.8, -3.1];拔管时间(min) -3.53[-4.37, -2.7]。未观察到舒芬太尼和阿芬太尼所需异丙酚的剂量有显著差异,由于数据不足,无法对舒芬太尼和阿芬太尼的其他结局指标进行数据汇总。结论:综上所述,我们发现瑞芬太尼与异丙酚联合使用时比芬太尼具有统计学上显著的麻醉效果。阿芬太尼和舒芬太尼的证据不足,因此无法作出任何确认。
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引用次数: 23
Protective Effect of Selenium-L-methionine on Radiation-induced Acute Pneumonitis and Lung Fibrosis in Rat. 硒- l -蛋氨酸对大鼠放射性急性肺炎及肺纤维化的保护作用。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666181214101917
Peyman Amini, Sedighe Kolivand, Hana Saffar, Saeed Rezapoor, Elahe Motevaseli, Masoud Najafi, Farzad Nouruzi, Dheyauldeen Shabeeb, Ahmed Eleojo Musa

Background: In this study, we aimed to detect the changes in the level of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 cytokines and their downstream genes including interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL13Ra2), interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL4Ra1), dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) and dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2). The protective effects of Selenium-L-methionine on radiation-induced histopathological damages and changes in the level of these cytokines and genes were detected.

Methods: Four groups of 20 rats (5 rats in each) namely, control; Selenium-L-methionine, radiation and radiation plus Selenium-L-methionine were used in this study. 4 mg/kg of Selenium-Lmethionine was administered 1 day before irradiation and five consecutive days after irradiation. Irradiation was done using a dose of 15 Gy 60Co gamma rays at 109 cGy/min. All rats were sacrificed 10 weeks after irradiation for detecting changes in IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines, the expressions of IL13Ra2, IL4Ra1, Duox1 and Duox2 and histopathological changes.

Results: The level of IL-4 but not IL-13 increased after irradiation. This was associated with increased expression of IL4Ra1, Duox1 and Duox2, in addition to changes in morphological properties. Selenium-L-methionine could attenuate all injury markers following lung irradiation.

Conclusion: Selenium-L-methionine can protect lung tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation. It is possible that the modulation of immune responses and redox interactions are involved in the radioprotective effect of this agent.

背景:本研究旨在检测白细胞介素(IL)-4和IL-13细胞因子及其下游基因IL-13受体亚基α -2 (IL13Ra2)、IL -4受体亚基α -1 (IL4Ra1)、双氧化酶1 (DUOX1)和双氧化酶2 (DUOX2)水平的变化。研究了硒- l -蛋氨酸对辐射诱导的组织病理损伤的保护作用以及这些细胞因子和基因水平的变化。方法:4组大鼠20只,每组5只,分别为对照组;采用硒- l -蛋氨酸、辐射法和辐射加硒- l -蛋氨酸法进行研究。照射前1天、照射后连续5天给予硒-蛋氨酸4 mg/kg。辐照剂量为15gy 60Co伽马射线,速度为109 cGy/min。照射后10周处死大鼠,检测IL-4、IL-13细胞因子的变化,IL13Ra2、IL4Ra1、Duox1、Duox2的表达及组织病理变化。结果:辐照后血清IL-4水平升高,IL-13水平未见升高。这与IL4Ra1, Duox1和Duox2的表达增加以及形态学特性的变化有关。硒- l -蛋氨酸能减弱肺辐照后的所有损伤标志物。结论:硒- l -蛋氨酸可保护肺组织免受电离辐射的毒性作用。这可能是免疫反应的调节和氧化还原相互作用参与该剂的辐射防护作用。
{"title":"Protective Effect of Selenium-L-methionine on Radiation-induced Acute Pneumonitis and Lung Fibrosis in Rat.","authors":"Peyman Amini,&nbsp;Sedighe Kolivand,&nbsp;Hana Saffar,&nbsp;Saeed Rezapoor,&nbsp;Elahe Motevaseli,&nbsp;Masoud Najafi,&nbsp;Farzad Nouruzi,&nbsp;Dheyauldeen Shabeeb,&nbsp;Ahmed Eleojo Musa","doi":"10.2174/1574884714666181214101917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884714666181214101917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this study, we aimed to detect the changes in the level of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 cytokines and their downstream genes including interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL13Ra2), interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL4Ra1), dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) and dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2). The protective effects of Selenium-L-methionine on radiation-induced histopathological damages and changes in the level of these cytokines and genes were detected.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four groups of 20 rats (5 rats in each) namely, control; Selenium-L-methionine, radiation and radiation plus Selenium-L-methionine were used in this study. 4 mg/kg of Selenium-Lmethionine was administered 1 day before irradiation and five consecutive days after irradiation. Irradiation was done using a dose of 15 Gy 60Co gamma rays at 109 cGy/min. All rats were sacrificed 10 weeks after irradiation for detecting changes in IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines, the expressions of IL13Ra2, IL4Ra1, Duox1 and Duox2 and histopathological changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The level of IL-4 but not IL-13 increased after irradiation. This was associated with increased expression of IL4Ra1, Duox1 and Duox2, in addition to changes in morphological properties. Selenium-L-methionine could attenuate all injury markers following lung irradiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Selenium-L-methionine can protect lung tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation. It is possible that the modulation of immune responses and redox interactions are involved in the radioprotective effect of this agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":10746,"journal":{"name":"Current clinical pharmacology","volume":"14 2","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1574884714666181214101917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36831666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Melatonin Modulates Regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 Following Irradiation in the Lung. 褪黑素调节肺部照射后NOX2和NOX4的调节。
IF 3.2 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666190502151733
Masoud Najafi, Alireza Shirazi, Elahe Motevaseli, Ghazale Geraily, Peyman Amini, Leila Farhadi Tooli, Dheyauldeen Shabeeb

Background: Exposure to ionizing radiation may lead to chronic upregulation of inflammatory mediators and pro-oxidant enzymes, which give rise to continuous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidases are among the most important ROS producing enzymes. Their upregulation is associated with DNA damage and genomic instability. In the present study, we sought to determine the expressions of NADPH oxidases; NOX2 and NOX4, in rat's lung following whole body or pelvis irradiation. In addition, we evaluated the protective effect of melatonin on the expressions of NOX2 and NOX4, as well as oxidative DNA injury.

Methods: 35 male rats were divided into 7 groups, G1: control; G2: melatonin (100 mg/kg) treatment; G3: whole body irradiation (2 Gy); G4: melatonin plus whole body irradiation; G5: local irradiation to pelvis area; G6: melatonin treatment plus 2 Gy gamma rays to pelvis area; G7: scatter group. All the rats were sacrificed after 24 h. afterwards, the expressions of TGFβR1, Smad2, NF- κB, NOX2 and NOX4 were detected using real-time PCR. Also, the level of 8-OHdG was detected by ELISA, and NOX2 and NOX4 protein levels were detected by western blot.

Results: Whole body irradiation led to the upregulation of all genes, while local pelvis irradiation caused upregulation of TGFβR1, NF-κB, NOX2 and NOX4, as well as protein levels of NOX2 and NOX4. Treatment with melatonin reduced the expressions of these genes and also alleviated oxidative injury in both targeted and non-targeted lung tissues. Results also showed no significant reduction for NOX2 and NOX4 in bystander tissues following melatonin treatment.

Conclusion: It is possible that upregulation of NOX2 and NOX4 is involved in radiation-induced targeted and non-targeted lung injury. Melatonin may reduce oxidative stress following upregulation of these enzymes in directly irradiated lung tissues but not for bystander.

背景:暴露于电离辐射可能导致炎症介质和促氧化酶的慢性上调,从而导致活性氧(ROS)的持续产生。NADPH氧化酶是产生ROS最重要的酶之一。它们的上调与DNA损伤和基因组不稳定有关。在本研究中,我们试图确定NADPH氧化酶的表达;全身或骨盆照射后大鼠肺中NOX2和NOX4的变化。此外,我们还评估了褪黑素对NOX2和NOX4表达以及DNA氧化损伤的保护作用。方法:35只雄性大鼠分为7组,G1:对照组;G2:褪黑素(100mg /kg)治疗;G3:全身照射(2 Gy);G4:褪黑素加全身照射;G5:骨盆局部照射;G6:褪黑素治疗加2 Gy伽马射线照射骨盆区域;G7:散点组。24 h后处死大鼠,实时荧光定量PCR检测tgf - β r1、Smad2、NF- κB、NOX2、NOX4的表达。ELISA法检测8-OHdG水平,western blot法检测NOX2、NOX4蛋白水平。结果:全身照射导致所有基因上调,骨盆局部照射导致tgf - β r1、NF-κB、NOX2、NOX4以及NOX2、NOX4蛋白水平上调。褪黑素治疗降低了这些基因的表达,也减轻了靶向和非靶向肺组织的氧化损伤。结果还显示,褪黑素治疗后,旁观者组织中的NOX2和NOX4没有显著减少。结论:NOX2和NOX4的上调可能参与了辐射诱导的靶向性和非靶向性肺损伤。褪黑素可能降低氧化应激后,这些酶的上调在直接照射的肺组织,但不是旁观者。
{"title":"Melatonin Modulates Regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 Following Irradiation in the Lung.","authors":"Masoud Najafi,&nbsp;Alireza Shirazi,&nbsp;Elahe Motevaseli,&nbsp;Ghazale Geraily,&nbsp;Peyman Amini,&nbsp;Leila Farhadi Tooli,&nbsp;Dheyauldeen Shabeeb","doi":"10.2174/1574884714666190502151733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884714666190502151733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to ionizing radiation may lead to chronic upregulation of inflammatory mediators and pro-oxidant enzymes, which give rise to continuous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidases are among the most important ROS producing enzymes. Their upregulation is associated with DNA damage and genomic instability. In the present study, we sought to determine the expressions of NADPH oxidases; NOX2 and NOX4, in rat's lung following whole body or pelvis irradiation. In addition, we evaluated the protective effect of melatonin on the expressions of NOX2 and NOX4, as well as oxidative DNA injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>35 male rats were divided into 7 groups, G1: control; G2: melatonin (100 mg/kg) treatment; G3: whole body irradiation (2 Gy); G4: melatonin plus whole body irradiation; G5: local irradiation to pelvis area; G6: melatonin treatment plus 2 Gy gamma rays to pelvis area; G7: scatter group. All the rats were sacrificed after 24 h. afterwards, the expressions of TGFβR1, Smad2, NF- κB, NOX2 and NOX4 were detected using real-time PCR. Also, the level of 8-OHdG was detected by ELISA, and NOX2 and NOX4 protein levels were detected by western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Whole body irradiation led to the upregulation of all genes, while local pelvis irradiation caused upregulation of TGFβR1, NF-κB, NOX2 and NOX4, as well as protein levels of NOX2 and NOX4. Treatment with melatonin reduced the expressions of these genes and also alleviated oxidative injury in both targeted and non-targeted lung tissues. Results also showed no significant reduction for NOX2 and NOX4 in bystander tissues following melatonin treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is possible that upregulation of NOX2 and NOX4 is involved in radiation-induced targeted and non-targeted lung injury. Melatonin may reduce oxidative stress following upregulation of these enzymes in directly irradiated lung tissues but not for bystander.</p>","PeriodicalId":10746,"journal":{"name":"Current clinical pharmacology","volume":"14 3","pages":"224-231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1574884714666190502151733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37215475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
期刊
Current clinical pharmacology
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