Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666221007091510
S. M. S., Reem Salam, Lakshmipriya Ravindran, Sabu Thomas
Due to the greater thermal stability, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin, it has a very special position in the resin field. Nowadays, natural fiber reinforced PF composite materials are widely used. The objective of this study is to discuss the property improvements of natural fiber reinforced PF biocomposites. This review paper discusses thermal, electrical, diffusion, viscoelastic, tribological, morphological, and mechanical and biodegradability properties. Biocomposites will be a substitute for plastics which provides properties of both natural and synthetic part. The greaterthe pollution magnitude, the more devastating the impacts are on people’s health, the environment, and economic well-being. The main sources of pollution contributing to it are vehicle exhaust, open waste burning, lighting, heating and the combustion of various fuels for cooking. When compared with plastic materials, PF biocomposites are partially biodegradable, hence limiting the amount of pollution rate. And it has a wide range of applications, such as packaging, construction, automobiles, and household purposes. In short, this review aims to provide detailed information regarding PF biocomposites.
{"title":"A Review On Phenol-Formaldehyde Biocomposites","authors":"S. M. S., Reem Salam, Lakshmipriya Ravindran, Sabu Thomas","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666221007091510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666221007091510","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Due to the greater thermal stability, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin, it has a very special position in the resin field. Nowadays, natural fiber reinforced PF composite materials are widely used. The objective of this study is to discuss the property improvements of natural fiber reinforced PF biocomposites. This review paper discusses thermal, electrical, diffusion, viscoelastic, tribological, morphological, and mechanical and biodegradability properties. Biocomposites will be a substitute for plastics which provides properties of both natural and synthetic part. The greaterthe pollution magnitude, the more devastating the impacts are on people’s health, the environment, and economic well-being. The main sources of pollution contributing to it are vehicle exhaust, open waste burning, lighting, heating and the combustion of various fuels for cooking. When compared with plastic materials, PF biocomposites are partially biodegradable, hence limiting the amount of pollution rate. And it has a wide range of applications, such as packaging, construction, automobiles, and household purposes. In short, this review aims to provide detailed information regarding PF biocomposites.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76515271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220929151916
Ajish K R, Sreelakshmi K Warrier, Shilpa Sarah Mathew, L. A. Pothan
Aerogels, in recent times, have become materials of extensive research due to their fascinating capabilities in different fields. High porosity, large surface area, low thermal conductivity and low density make them significant in fields such as medicine, environmental engineering, food packaging, and so on. Biodegradability, low toxicity and biocompatibility, in addition to the aforementioned properties, offered by bio-based aerogels, especially polysaccharide based aerogels, give them a huge advantage over conventional inorganic ones. Polysaccharide based aerogels synthesised from starch, cellulose, pectin, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan and agarose precursors enable sustainable developments in the biomedical, cosmetic, electronic, construction and food industries. This review focuses on the biomedical applications of polysaccharide based aerogels, with special emphasis on its implications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implantable devices, wound dressing, biosensors and bio-imaging. The future perspectives of these smart materials have also been subjected to discussion.
{"title":"Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Aerogels: A Review","authors":"Ajish K R, Sreelakshmi K Warrier, Shilpa Sarah Mathew, L. A. Pothan","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220929151916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220929151916","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Aerogels, in recent times, have become materials of extensive research due to their\u0000fascinating capabilities in different fields. High porosity, large surface area, low thermal\u0000conductivity and low density make them significant in fields such as medicine, environmental\u0000engineering, food packaging, and so on. Biodegradability, low toxicity and biocompatibility, in\u0000addition to the aforementioned properties, offered by bio-based aerogels, especially polysaccharide\u0000based aerogels, give them a huge advantage over conventional inorganic ones. Polysaccharide based\u0000aerogels synthesised from starch, cellulose, pectin, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan and agarose\u0000precursors enable sustainable developments in the biomedical, cosmetic, electronic, construction\u0000and food industries. This review focuses on the biomedical applications of polysaccharide based\u0000aerogels, with special emphasis on its implications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical\u0000implantable devices, wound dressing, biosensors and bio-imaging. The future perspectives of these\u0000smart materials have also been subjected to discussion.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84962417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220823100223
S. Ahirrao, Durgesh Kale, D. Bhambere, Dinesh Kuber
Many BCS Class II and IV drugs possess high therapeutic potential but shows less bioavailability due to poor solubility. Hence present study is focused on improvement of solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug; tinidazole. Solid dispersion of tinidazole were prepared with gelucire and poloxamer using various methods; kneading, fusion and solvent evaporation. Formulations were evaluated by saturation solubility, drug content, in vitro dissolution rate, FTIR, DSC, XRD and stability study. Optimised solid dispersions of gelucire and poloxamer provided dissolution rates faster than that of pure drug. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that formulation batch Sg14 shows 94.43 percent drug release with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.949 and batch Sp14 shows 97.69 percent drug release with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.993. DSC study revealed that there was no interaction between drug and carrier whereas the XRD study of optimised formulation batches demonstrates that there was a significant decrease in crystallinity when compared with XRD pattern of pure drug tinidazole. Significant change in solubility and in vitro dissolution rate of tinidazole would be due to amorphous state maintained in the optimised formulation batches. Hence overall formulation and evaluation studies of present research work indicate that solid dispersion by solvent evaporation method is an effective means to improve the solubility of tinidazole.
{"title":"Poloxamer and gelucire solid dispersion prepared by solvent evaporation; an effective means for solubility enhancement of tinidazole","authors":"S. Ahirrao, Durgesh Kale, D. Bhambere, Dinesh Kuber","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220823100223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220823100223","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Many BCS Class II and IV drugs possess high therapeutic potential but shows less bioavailability due to poor solubility. Hence present study is focused on improvement of solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug; tinidazole.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Solid dispersion of tinidazole were prepared with gelucire and poloxamer using various methods; kneading, fusion and solvent evaporation. Formulations were evaluated by saturation solubility, drug content, in vitro dissolution rate, FTIR, DSC, XRD and stability study. Optimised solid dispersions of gelucire and poloxamer provided dissolution rates faster than that of pure drug.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In vitro dissolution studies revealed that formulation batch Sg14 shows 94.43 percent drug release with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.949 and batch Sp14 shows 97.69 percent drug release with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.993. DSC study revealed that there was no interaction between drug and carrier whereas the XRD study of optimised formulation batches demonstrates that there was a significant decrease in crystallinity when compared with XRD pattern of pure drug tinidazole. Significant change in solubility and in vitro dissolution rate of tinidazole would be due to amorphous state maintained in the optimised formulation batches.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hence overall formulation and evaluation studies of present research work indicate that solid dispersion by solvent evaporation method is an effective means to improve the solubility of tinidazole.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79339866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220823102507
Salvador M Valencia, Maria-Ximena Ruiz-Caldas, Jing Li, A. Mathew
Bio-based nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been increasingly explored in nanotechnology owing to their chemo-physical properties, self-assembly, and low toxicity. Introduction: CNCs can be isolated from various cellulosic biomass sources. Textiles made of natural fibers, which are mostly made of cotton, are under-utilized biomass that after their lifetime is either burned or dumped into landfills. In this study, cotton-based textiles are studied as a source of CNCs. CNCs were extracted from textiles without and with bleaching before the acid hydrolysis step, and further comparing them with the properties from industrial microcrystalline cellulose-derived CNCs. Nanocrystals were synthesized from the three different sources and their morphology, thermal properties, and colloidal stability were compared. The findings show similar thermal properties and morphological characteristics for the three synthesized CNCs, and similar colloidal stability between the two textile-based CNC dispersions, suggesting that the dyes on CNCs do not impact the quality of the product. Removing the bleaching pretreatment –a water-demanding and toxically harmful step– before CNC extraction provides cost and environmental benefits without compromising on the CNC quality. This project seeks to streamline the CNC synthesis process with the long-term goal of eventually facilitating the textile recycling industry.
{"title":"Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from dyed and bleached cotton-based textile waste","authors":"Salvador M Valencia, Maria-Ximena Ruiz-Caldas, Jing Li, A. Mathew","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220823102507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220823102507","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Bio-based nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been increasingly explored in nanotechnology owing to their chemo-physical properties, self-assembly, and low toxicity. Introduction: CNCs can be isolated from various cellulosic biomass sources. Textiles made of natural fibers, which are mostly made of cotton, are under-utilized biomass that after their lifetime is either burned or dumped into landfills.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, cotton-based textiles are studied as a source of CNCs. CNCs were extracted from textiles without and with bleaching before the acid hydrolysis step, and further comparing them with the properties from industrial microcrystalline cellulose-derived CNCs. Nanocrystals were synthesized from the three different sources and their morphology, thermal properties, and colloidal stability were compared.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The findings show similar thermal properties and morphological characteristics for the three synthesized CNCs, and similar colloidal stability between the two textile-based CNC dispersions, suggesting that the dyes on CNCs do not impact the quality of the product. Removing the bleaching pretreatment –a water-demanding and toxically harmful step– before CNC extraction provides cost and environmental benefits without compromising on the CNC quality.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This project seeks to streamline the CNC synthesis process with the long-term goal of eventually facilitating the textile recycling industry.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88014930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220823101517
M. John, Martin George Thomas, Hanna Vidhu, Sabu Thomas
For the past two decades, environmentally friendly natural rubber composites and nanocomposites reinforced with renewable and biodegradable natural fillers has attracted increasing attention of polymer researchers from both industrial and environmental viewpoints. The use of bio-based fillers in rubber materials has emerged as extremely promising in the progress of green rubber technology. The dispersion of bio-based fillers within the rubber matrix is the key parameter that decides the overall performances of bio-based rubber composites. An important criterion for obtaining superior properties in rubber composites is good interfacial adhesion between natural fillers and natural rubber matrix, along with good dispersion and distribution of fillers within the matrix. Natural fillers represent materials that are environmentally friendly, easily available, comprising of valuable lignocellulosic fractions and are from a bio-based feedstock. Recent developments in this area focus on renewable fillers such as cellulose, chitin and lignin in its micro and nanoforms. Additionally, recent studies have focused on the use of different type of biomass residue wastes in rubber composites with a view to adapt to the recent circular economy principles. This review presents an overview of various studies and highlights in the area of bio-based filler reinforced natural rubber composites and also discusses the applications of such materials in industrial sectors.
{"title":"Sustainable composites based on natural rubber and biomass resources","authors":"M. John, Martin George Thomas, Hanna Vidhu, Sabu Thomas","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220823101517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220823101517","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000For the past two decades, environmentally friendly natural rubber composites and nanocomposites reinforced with renewable and biodegradable natural fillers has attracted increasing attention of polymer researchers from both industrial and environmental viewpoints. The use of bio-based fillers in rubber materials has emerged as extremely promising in the progress of green rubber technology. The dispersion of bio-based fillers within the rubber matrix is the key parameter that decides the overall performances of bio-based rubber composites. An important criterion for obtaining superior properties in rubber composites is good interfacial adhesion between natural fillers and natural rubber matrix, along with good dispersion and distribution of fillers within the matrix. Natural fillers represent materials that are environmentally friendly, easily available, comprising of valuable lignocellulosic fractions and are from a bio-based feedstock. Recent developments in this area focus on renewable fillers such as cellulose, chitin and lignin in its micro and nanoforms. Additionally, recent studies have focused on the use of different type of biomass residue wastes in rubber composites with a view to adapt to the recent circular economy principles. This review presents an overview of various studies and highlights in the area of bio-based filler reinforced natural rubber composites and also discusses the applications of such materials in industrial sectors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72964615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-20DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220820124619
M. Bedre, Vijaykumar Malashetty, V. A., Shivakumar Shivakumar, Raghunanadan Deshpande
Understanding nanocomposites' morphological characteristics is important for explaining their properties and their usefulness. In this review, we present the method for interfacial synthesis of polypyrrole and its gold nanocomposites with varying concentrations of polymer. The bonding involved in the nanocomposites is understood from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the crystalline nature of the particles. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the spherical and globular nature of the particles is mutually connected to form nanocomposites compared with virgin polymer. Catalytic behavior of gold nanoparticles in polymer composites is observed from the thermal analysis.
{"title":"Preparation, Characterization and Thermal Studies of Polypyrrole - Gold nanocomposites","authors":"M. Bedre, Vijaykumar Malashetty, V. A., Shivakumar Shivakumar, Raghunanadan Deshpande","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220820124619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220820124619","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Understanding nanocomposites' morphological characteristics is important for explaining their properties and their usefulness.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this review, we present the method for interfacial synthesis of polypyrrole and its gold nanocomposites with varying concentrations of polymer. The bonding involved in the nanocomposites is understood from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the crystalline nature of the particles.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the spherical and globular nature of the particles is mutually connected to form nanocomposites compared with virgin polymer.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Catalytic behavior of gold nanoparticles in polymer composites is observed from the thermal analysis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74684616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.2174/245227160502221207112114
Fernado Gomes de Souza Junior
{"title":"A Tribute to Prof. Sabu Thomas","authors":"Fernado Gomes de Souza Junior","doi":"10.2174/245227160502221207112114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/245227160502221207112114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79783918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220524105918
Luiz G. B. Scapolio, I. Moroz, Antonio Rodolfo Jr, I. Cesarino, A. L. Leão, C. H. Scuracchio
Brazil is the world’s largest producer of short fiber cellulose, generating large amounts of eucalyptus bark residue (EBR). Aiming to obtain composites known as wood plastic composites (WPC), the effect of ground EBR addition to a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix was studied, considering different granulometries and matrix/load proportions. The influence of fiber content addition and particle size range was analyzed in terms of mechanical and thermal properties of the PVC-EBR fiber composites obtained. Finally, by comparing these properties with those reported in the literature, the viability of EBR application as filler/reinforcement in a WPC with PVC matrix was verified. The main objective of the present study was to evaluated the influence of EBR fiber size and content in the WPC with PVC matrix, aiming to reduce the costs and improve its mechanical and physical properties. The processing method for prepared the composites were two-roll milling and subsequent hot pressing. The residue was characterized via chemical and thermogravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and aspect ratio determination. Composite evaluation involved density, tensile and flexural tests, impact resistance, heat deflection temperature (HDT), moisture absorption, and SEM of tensile fractured specimens. Tensile and flexural moduli were improved with fiber addition attaining 46% and 58% increases, respectively, with better results for smaller particle size fibers; impact resistance and elongation at break, however, were reduced, attaining 48% and 5% of the control sample’s properties. SEM images reveal fiber detachment and pull-out due to their low matrix adhesion. EBR fibers cause more void formation due to low interface adhesion, which results in poor stress transference from the matrix to the fiber, in addition to EBR acting as stress concentrators in the PVC matrix; therefore, impact fracture occurs with lower energy levels. Regions with fiber detachment and pullout from the matrix are visible, clearly demonstrating the low adhesion properties of the phases and also in accordance with the observed decrease in mechanical properties for both fibers. SEM images indicate that fibers can be considered foreign particles inside the PVC matrix, acting as stress concentrators. Also, since fibers have diameters larger than the voids caused by crazing, planar density is reduced in the direction perpendicular to chain stretching leading to low strain at break values. Composites of fiber with finer particle showed fewer voids, possibly indicating a more efficient adhesion for fibers. This could be due to a higher penetration of polymeric chains in the rugosity of finer fibers, leading to higher values of tensile strength. The addition of EBR content increased especially flexural and tensile moduli whilst elongation at break and impact resistance are reduced. The reduction in tensile strength due to poor fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, though si
{"title":"Eucalyptus bark residue application for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) composite production: Influence of fiber size and content","authors":"Luiz G. B. Scapolio, I. Moroz, Antonio Rodolfo Jr, I. Cesarino, A. L. Leão, C. H. Scuracchio","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220524105918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220524105918","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Brazil is the world’s largest producer of short fiber cellulose, generating large amounts of eucalyptus bark residue (EBR). Aiming to obtain composites known as wood plastic composites (WPC), the effect of ground EBR addition to a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix was studied, considering different granulometries and matrix/load proportions. The influence of fiber content addition and particle size range was analyzed in terms of mechanical and thermal properties of the PVC-EBR fiber composites obtained. Finally, by comparing these properties with those reported in the literature, the viability of EBR application as filler/reinforcement in a WPC with PVC matrix was verified.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The main objective of the present study was to evaluated the influence of EBR fiber size and content in the WPC with PVC matrix, aiming to reduce the costs and improve its mechanical and physical properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The processing method for prepared the composites were two-roll milling and subsequent hot pressing. The residue was characterized via chemical and thermogravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and aspect ratio determination. Composite evaluation involved density, tensile and flexural tests, impact resistance, heat deflection temperature (HDT), moisture absorption, and SEM of tensile fractured specimens.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Tensile and flexural moduli were improved with fiber addition attaining 46% and 58% increases, respectively, with better results for smaller particle size fibers; impact resistance and elongation at break, however, were reduced, attaining 48% and 5% of the control sample’s properties. SEM images reveal fiber detachment and pull-out due to their low matrix adhesion. EBR fibers cause more void formation due to low interface adhesion, which results in poor stress transference from the matrix to the fiber, in addition to EBR acting as stress concentrators in the PVC matrix; therefore, impact fracture occurs with lower energy levels.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Regions with fiber detachment and pullout from the matrix are visible, clearly demonstrating the low adhesion properties of the phases and also in accordance with the observed decrease in mechanical properties for both fibers. SEM images indicate that fibers can be considered foreign particles inside the PVC matrix, acting as stress concentrators. Also, since fibers have diameters larger than the voids caused by crazing, planar density is reduced in the direction perpendicular to chain stretching leading to low strain at break values. Composites of fiber with finer particle showed fewer voids, possibly indicating a more efficient adhesion for fibers. This could be due to a higher penetration of polymeric chains in the rugosity of finer fibers, leading to higher values of tensile strength.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The addition of EBR content increased especially flexural and tensile moduli whilst elongation at break and impact resistance are reduced. The reduction in tensile strength due to poor fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, though si","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89890954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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