Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220523161615
F. S, B. Deeraj, Gejo George, K. Joseph
This paper signifies using coir pith lignin as a cheap and reliable carbon source for preparing bio-based carbonaceous material. The coir pith is selected as it is abundantly available and has a very high lignin content of 38-59.5%. The soda extraction process does the extraction of lignin from coir pith with a yield of 45%. This extracted lignin is then subjected to a different procedure to transform it into carbon nanofibers with an ID/IG ratio of 0.35 and carbon fillers with a high surface area of 1089.1 m2/g without the presence of an activating agent. Thus prepared carbonaceous fillers are potential reinforcements for polymer matrices as these fillers may provide sufficient mechanical and thermal stability to the composites. Furthermore, due to their excellent electrical conductivity, 0.221 S/cm, the carbonaceous nanomaterials are suitable for multifunctional composite applications. This is the first work based on coir pith lignin as a carbon precursor to the best of our knowledge.
{"title":"Coir Pith Lignin as a reliable bio-source for Carbonaceous Nano-structures: Extraction and characterization","authors":"F. S, B. Deeraj, Gejo George, K. Joseph","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220523161615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220523161615","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This paper signifies using coir pith lignin as a cheap and reliable carbon source for preparing bio-based carbonaceous material.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The coir pith is selected as it is abundantly available and has a very high lignin content of 38-59.5%. The soda extraction process does the extraction of lignin from coir pith with a yield of 45%.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This extracted lignin is then subjected to a different procedure to transform it into carbon nanofibers with an ID/IG ratio of 0.35 and carbon fillers with a high surface area of 1089.1 m2/g without the presence of an activating agent.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Thus prepared carbonaceous fillers are potential reinforcements for polymer matrices as these fillers may provide sufficient mechanical and thermal stability to the composites.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Furthermore, due to their excellent electrical conductivity, 0.221 S/cm, the carbonaceous nanomaterials are suitable for multifunctional composite applications. This is the first work based on coir pith lignin as a carbon precursor to the best of our knowledge.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90388301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220428100658
H. Horacek
The published models were sophisticated and described the expansion in dependence on time only in the first stage. The object was to explain the discrepancy between foaming under pressure release XPS and foaming by heat supply EPS by model calculations. The rate of expansion of small samples comprising blowing agent and polystyrene was measured by buoyancy in a silicone bath at 110°C and that of extrusion on photographs of the volume increase after the nozzle. A viscosity model and a diffusion model were established, and experimental data were compared with calculated data. The expansion rate in the silicone bath was about 100 times slower than that in extrusion at the same nozzle temperature. The velocity of foaming in the bath by heat supply was observed to be dominated by viscosity and that of foaming under pressure release in extrusion to be stirred by diffusion. Calculations according to the viscosity model allowed the description of foaming in silicone, and the diffusion model reproduced the data of extrusion. The common feature of both models was their simplicity. According to the models, the efficiency of blowing agents was only dependent on the molecular weight and on the solubility. The time determining influence on foaming was diffusion in extrusion of XPS and viscosity for expansion of EPS in silicone bath and water vapor.
{"title":"Measured and Calculated Expansion of Polystyrene Beads Comprising Four Blowing Agents in Hot Silicone Bath and in Water Vapor as well as in Extrusion for Boards","authors":"H. Horacek","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220428100658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220428100658","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The published models were sophisticated and described the expansion in dependence on time only in the first stage. The object was to explain the discrepancy between foaming under pressure release XPS and foaming by heat supply EPS by model calculations.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The rate of expansion of small samples comprising blowing agent and polystyrene was measured by buoyancy in a silicone bath at 110°C and that of extrusion on photographs of the volume increase after the nozzle. A viscosity model and a diffusion model were established, and experimental data were compared with calculated data.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The expansion rate in the silicone bath was about 100 times slower than that in extrusion at the same nozzle temperature. The velocity of foaming in the bath by heat supply was observed to be dominated by viscosity and that of foaming under pressure release in extrusion to be stirred by diffusion. Calculations according to the viscosity model allowed the description of foaming in silicone, and the diffusion model reproduced the data of extrusion.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The common feature of both models was their simplicity. According to the models, the efficiency of blowing agents was only dependent on the molecular weight and on the solubility. The time determining influence on foaming was diffusion in extrusion of XPS and viscosity for expansion of EPS in silicone bath and water vapor.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75688674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220428101732
S. Banerjee, Satyaranjan Bairagi, M. Shahadat, S. W. Ali
Piezoelectric materials are gradually becoming the attractive materials of research as far as energy harvesting technologies are concerned. The piezoelectric effect is a pressure-driven phenomenon that is exhibited by various kinds of crystals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. However, polymers are preferred in piezoelectric applications owing to their flexibility and light weight. They can easily be incorporated into electronic wearables that cover the demand for flexibility which is one of the most important requirements to improve technology. In this regard, the piezoelectric polymers are found as suitable candidates for energy harvesting. The present review provides a conclusive outlook of polymer-based piezoelectric materials in terms of doping of different fillers in different piezoelectric polymers with a special focus on polyvinylidene fluoride [PVDF] polymer to develop flexible energy harvesters. Moreover, the electrospinning process, a composite fabrication technique has been discussed to cover all the aspects of processing and optimization. Based on significant energy storage capacity PVDF-based flexible electrospun web could be effectively used in day-to-day life.
{"title":"Poly[vinylidene difluoride] [PVDF] Nanofibrous Web Based Piezoelectric Material: A Futuristic Solution for Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvester","authors":"S. Banerjee, Satyaranjan Bairagi, M. Shahadat, S. W. Ali","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220428101732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220428101732","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Piezoelectric materials are gradually becoming the attractive materials of research as far as energy harvesting technologies are concerned. The piezoelectric effect is a pressure-driven phenomenon that is exhibited by various kinds of crystals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. However, polymers are preferred in piezoelectric applications owing to their flexibility and light weight. They can easily be incorporated into electronic wearables that cover the demand for flexibility which is one of the most important requirements to improve technology. In this regard, the piezoelectric polymers are found as suitable candidates for energy harvesting. The present review provides a conclusive outlook of polymer-based piezoelectric materials in terms of doping of different fillers in different piezoelectric polymers with a special focus on polyvinylidene fluoride [PVDF] polymer to develop flexible energy harvesters. Moreover, the electrospinning process, a composite fabrication technique has been discussed to cover all the aspects of processing and optimization. Based on significant energy storage capacity PVDF-based flexible electrospun web could be effectively used in day-to-day life.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87321368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-08DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220408101647
A. Pawar, Komal Ahire, K. Naikwade, S. Talele, Pritesh Gaikwad
Tramadol HCl (TH) is a centrally acting analgesic that is used to treat moderate to severe pain intestinal disorders. Its use is limited orally due to instability To develop e TH Pectin-coated chitosan LDH bionanocomposite beads for colon targeting LDH-TH intercalation was done by precipitation reaction and it was used to prepare bionanocomposite beads of TH. The developed beads were characterized for bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, HR, CI, particle size, SEM, swelling study, drug loading, and EE. In vitro release study in pH 1.2 HCl buffer; pH 6.8 buffer & pH 7.4 buffer was performed. The compatibility study was performed using FTIR and DSC studies. he optimised formulation (F8) was found to be spherical and smooth. All other micromeritics properties were found within the acceptable range with the particle size of 543µm to 888 µm. The amount of swelling is greatly influenced by the pectin concentration employed in the coating process. Drug loading of batches F1 to F8 was in the range from 52.37% to 90.25%. % EE of batches F1 to F8 was in the range from 71.92% to 88.78. FTIR and DSC studies showed no physical incompatibility between the drug and used excipients. Batch (F8) showed a more controlled release pattern at the highest coating concentration of pectin (1.5%). The stability study also revealed that there was no change in the drug release profile. The developed beads can be used to target the colon to prolonged-release characteristics.
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of Tramadol HCL pectin coated chitosan LDH bionanocomposite beads for colon drug delivery system","authors":"A. Pawar, Komal Ahire, K. Naikwade, S. Talele, Pritesh Gaikwad","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220408101647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220408101647","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Tramadol HCl (TH) is a centrally acting analgesic that is used to treat moderate to severe pain intestinal disorders. Its use is limited orally due to instability\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To develop e TH Pectin-coated chitosan LDH bionanocomposite beads for colon targeting\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000LDH-TH intercalation was done by precipitation reaction and it was used to prepare bionanocomposite beads of TH. The developed beads were characterized for bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, HR, CI, particle size, SEM, swelling study, drug loading, and EE. In vitro release study in pH 1.2 HCl buffer; pH 6.8 buffer & pH 7.4 buffer was performed. The compatibility study was performed using FTIR and DSC studies.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000he optimised formulation (F8) was found to be spherical and smooth. All other micromeritics properties were found within the acceptable range with the particle size of 543µm to 888 µm. The amount of swelling is greatly influenced by the pectin concentration employed in the coating process. Drug loading of batches F1 to F8 was in the range from 52.37% to 90.25%. % EE of batches F1 to F8 was in the range from 71.92% to 88.78. FTIR and DSC studies showed no physical incompatibility between the drug and used excipients. Batch (F8) showed a more controlled release pattern at the highest coating concentration of pectin (1.5%). The stability study also revealed that there was no change in the drug release profile.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The developed beads can be used to target the colon to prolonged-release characteristics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77849172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220404144604
R. Cunha, M. Nele, M. Dias, R. Cunha, M. Nele
Polyhydroxyesters prepared from epoxy and organic acids are vitrimers that can rearrange their topology from exchange reactions enhanced by catalysts, forming crosslinked networks which can be deformed and remolded. In this work, the curing kinetic and thermal properties of polyhydroxyesters vitrimers based on polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), citric acid (CA) and sebacic acid (SA) in presence and absence of tin octoate (Sn(Oct)2) were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) non-isothermal experiments and Ozawa models were used for the curing kinetic studies and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and thermomechanical analyses (TMA) employed to investigate the thermal behavior of the networks. The highest curing enthalpy of these exothermic reactions was observed in the binary system PEGDGE:CA without catalyst (326 J/g). Addition of Sn increases the reaction enthalpy for formulations with SA and decreases for formulations rich in CA. The lowest activation energy was shown for the formulation PEGDGE:CA = 3:2 containing 1 mol% of Sn (56 kJ/mol). The polyhydroxyesters presented Tg ranging from -24 to -48 °C, and the Tg decreases when the proportion of SA was increased in the formulation. The thermal stability was increased when the SA content increased and was decreased when the content of Sn increased from 1 to 5 mol%. Esterification of PEGDGE and organic acids (SA and CA) occurs even in the absence of catalyst, producing rubbery polyesters, but the use of Sn(Oct)2 decreases the curing time. Ternary networks of polyhydroxyesters containing Sn showed a discontinuity in the thermal expansion around 180°C attributed to exchange reactions, similarly to theorized for this class of vitrimer material.
{"title":"Rubbery polyhydroxyesters based on polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether: reaction and vitrimer-like behavior catalyzed by tin octoate","authors":"R. Cunha, M. Nele, M. Dias, R. Cunha, M. Nele","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220404144604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220404144604","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Polyhydroxyesters prepared from epoxy and organic acids are vitrimers that can rearrange their topology from exchange reactions enhanced by catalysts, forming crosslinked networks which can be deformed and remolded.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this work, the curing kinetic and thermal properties of polyhydroxyesters vitrimers based on polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), citric acid (CA) and sebacic acid (SA) in presence and absence of tin octoate (Sn(Oct)2) were investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) non-isothermal experiments and Ozawa models were used for the curing kinetic studies and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and thermomechanical analyses (TMA) employed to investigate the thermal behavior of the networks.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The highest curing enthalpy of these exothermic reactions was observed in the binary system PEGDGE:CA without catalyst (326 J/g). Addition of Sn increases the reaction enthalpy for formulations with SA and decreases for formulations rich in CA. The lowest activation energy was shown for the formulation PEGDGE:CA = 3:2 containing 1 mol% of Sn (56 kJ/mol). The polyhydroxyesters presented Tg ranging from -24 to -48 °C, and the Tg decreases when the proportion of SA was increased in the formulation. The thermal stability was increased when the SA content increased and was decreased when the content of Sn increased from 1 to 5 mol%.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Esterification of PEGDGE and organic acids (SA and CA) occurs even in the absence of catalyst, producing rubbery polyesters, but the use of Sn(Oct)2 decreases the curing time. Ternary networks of polyhydroxyesters containing Sn showed a discontinuity in the thermal expansion around 180°C attributed to exchange reactions, similarly to theorized for this class of vitrimer material.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89365938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220315155041
R. Vemuri, S. Pandey, G. Khanal
The goal is to understand the structural stability (i.e. H-bonding and other weak noncovalent interactions), and electronic features of new model substrates as methyl orange (MO), vanadium oxide (V), surfactant as Triton-X100 (TX-100) their allied substrate-surfactant model complexes (MO-V, MO-TX100, V-TX100, and (MO-V)-X100) with the deployment of DFT method followed by electronic structure calculations and QTAIM approaches. Significant interactions appear to play major role in reducing the energy gap between the model substrates Methyl Orange (MO)/Vanadium Oxide (V)/MO-V) and surfactant/catalyst Triton-X100 (TX-100) and enhance the catalytic behaviour of the surfactant/catalyst TX-100. The main objective of the present report is to do computational experiments on the designing, characterization, structure, stability, and electronic features analyses of substrates-surfactant model complexes constituted from Methyl Orange (MO), Vanadium Oxide (V), Triton-X100 (TX-100) units which could indeed help in synthesizing novel materials as a catalyst controlling the reaction path by tuning such interesting interactions between a catalyst/surfactant and substrate. The quantum chemical calculations have been performed using Gaussian 09 electronic structure calculations package. The density functional theory-based approach as B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) has been employed along with the incorporation of the effective core potential (ECP) based basis set for vanadium ‘V’ atom making more effective to reduce the computational time. In the present report, the computational experiments have been done in probing and understanding the structural, stability, and electronic feature analyses of four substrates-surfactant model complexes (SSMC) [MO-V, MO-TX-100, V-TX-100, and (MO-V)-TX-100] acquired from the substrates MO and V or the combination of both as MO-V and surfactant/catalyst TX-100. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of the (MO-V)-TX-100 SSMC complex (0.679 eV) is found to be the lowest among all [MO-V (3.691 eV), MO-TX-100 (3.321 eV), and V-TX-100 (3.125 eV)] SSMCs which appears mainly due to the presence of surfactant/catalyst (TX-100) showing its high reactivity/catalytic behaviour.
{"title":"Structure, Stability and Electronic Feature Analyses of Substrates (Methyl Orange and Vanadium Oxide)-Surfactant (Triton X-100) Complex: From Computational Insight.","authors":"R. Vemuri, S. Pandey, G. Khanal","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220315155041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220315155041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The goal is to understand the structural stability (i.e. H-bonding and other weak noncovalent interactions), and electronic features of new model substrates as methyl orange (MO), vanadium oxide (V), surfactant as Triton-X100 (TX-100) their allied substrate-surfactant model complexes (MO-V, MO-TX100, V-TX100, and (MO-V)-X100) with the deployment of DFT method followed by electronic structure calculations and QTAIM approaches.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Significant interactions appear to play major role in reducing the energy gap between the model substrates Methyl Orange (MO)/Vanadium Oxide (V)/MO-V) and surfactant/catalyst Triton-X100 (TX-100) and enhance the catalytic behaviour of the surfactant/catalyst TX-100.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The main objective of the present report is to do computational experiments on the designing, characterization, structure, stability, and electronic features analyses of substrates-surfactant model complexes constituted from Methyl Orange (MO), Vanadium Oxide (V), Triton-X100 (TX-100) units which could indeed help in synthesizing novel materials as a catalyst controlling the reaction path by tuning such interesting interactions between a catalyst/surfactant and substrate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The quantum chemical calculations have been performed using Gaussian 09 electronic structure calculations package. The density functional theory-based approach as B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) has been employed along with the incorporation of the effective core potential (ECP) based basis set for vanadium ‘V’ atom making more effective to reduce the computational time.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In the present report, the computational experiments have been done in probing and understanding the structural, stability, and electronic feature analyses of four substrates-surfactant model complexes (SSMC) [MO-V, MO-TX-100, V-TX-100, and (MO-V)-TX-100] acquired from the substrates MO and V or the combination of both as MO-V and surfactant/catalyst TX-100. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of the (MO-V)-TX-100 SSMC complex (0.679 eV) is found to be the lowest among all [MO-V (3.691 eV), MO-TX-100 (3.321 eV), and V-TX-100 (3.125 eV)] SSMCs which appears mainly due to the presence of surfactant/catalyst (TX-100) showing its high reactivity/catalytic behaviour.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81456998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220304090931
G. Lewis
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is widely used in orthopaedic procedures of vertebroplasty (VP) balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) and cemented total joint arthroplasty (TJA). While only very few PMMA bone cement brands are approved (by the appropriate regulatory authority) for VP and BKP, many are approved for cemented TJA. Selection of cements for these applications must be made considering a very large number of clinically relevant properties, such as injectability, setting time, maximum polymerization temperature, polymerization rate, compressive strength, fracture toughness, fatigue life, and cytocompatibility. In the literature, there is a dearth of studies on methodologies for selection of PMMA bone cements. The present work addresses the aforementioned shortcoming of the literature. Three material selection methodologies (Desirability, Utility, and Weighted Property Index Methods) were applied to two study sets. Study Set 1 comprised three experimental bone cements for VP or BKP and five in vitro values of clinically-relevant cement properties and Set 2 comprised six approved antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) brands for cemented TJA and in vitro values of four clinically-relevant cement properties. For each of the study sets, slight differences in the ranks of the materials were found depending on the selection methodology used but when all the selection methodologies were considered, there was clear differentiation in ranks. The relative attractions and challenges of the three selection methodologies used are highlighted. Decision makers in orthopaedic hospitals and clinics as well as orthopaedic surgeons should find the results of the present study useful.
{"title":"Comparison of Methodologies for Selection of Bone Cements for Orthopaedic Surgical Procedures","authors":"G. Lewis","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220304090931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220304090931","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is widely used in orthopaedic procedures of vertebroplasty (VP) balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) and cemented total joint arthroplasty (TJA). While only very few PMMA bone cement brands are approved (by the appropriate regulatory authority) for VP and BKP, many are approved for cemented TJA. Selection of cements for these applications must be made considering a very large number of clinically relevant properties, such as injectability, setting time, maximum polymerization temperature, polymerization rate, compressive strength, fracture toughness, fatigue life, and cytocompatibility. In the literature, there is a dearth of studies on methodologies for selection of PMMA bone cements.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present work addresses the aforementioned shortcoming of the literature.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Three material selection methodologies (Desirability, Utility, and Weighted Property Index Methods) were applied to two study sets. Study Set 1 comprised three experimental bone cements for VP or BKP and five in vitro values of clinically-relevant cement properties and Set 2 comprised six approved antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) brands for cemented TJA and in vitro values of four clinically-relevant cement properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000For each of the study sets, slight differences in the ranks of the materials were found depending on the selection methodology used but when all the selection methodologies were considered, there was clear differentiation in ranks. The relative attractions and challenges of the three selection methodologies used are highlighted.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Decision makers in orthopaedic hospitals and clinics as well as orthopaedic surgeons should find the results of the present study useful.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90173000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220304091807
Matheus de Souza Lima Mendes, Ayla Bastos Araujo, M. A. F. S. Neves, M. S. Pedrosa
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles such as magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) have been used to produce magnetic nanocomposites with several polymeric matrices, such as magnetic styrene-divinylbenzene nanocomposites. Through the incorporation of these nanoparticles, the nanocomposite presents the phenomena of superparamagnetism, low coercivity and high magnetic susceptibility. Due to these features, magnetic nanomaterials can be removed from the place where they are inserted through an external magnetic field, thus differentiating them from conventional systems such as those used for treating oily water that require high costs of chemical agents for removal. These properties depend directly on the size distribution of the nanoparticles and on the presence or absence of interactions between the surface of the polymeric matrix and the contaminants. These materials have many applications and for this purpose the objective of this work is to present a bibliographic review and state-of-the-art of the evolution of magnetic styrene-divinylbenzene nanocomposites over the years. According to the reports in the literature, these systems are superior to those applied conventionally in the sectors of biotechnology, agriculture, oil/gas, and nuclear chemistry, mainly for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous media
{"title":"Advances on magnetic polymeric styrene-divinylbenzene nanocomposites between magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles: An overview.","authors":"Matheus de Souza Lima Mendes, Ayla Bastos Araujo, M. A. F. S. Neves, M. S. Pedrosa","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220304091807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220304091807","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Superparamagnetic nanoparticles such as magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) have been used to produce magnetic nanocomposites with several polymeric matrices, such as magnetic styrene-divinylbenzene nanocomposites. Through the incorporation of these nanoparticles, the nanocomposite presents the phenomena of superparamagnetism, low coercivity and high magnetic susceptibility. Due to these features, magnetic nanomaterials can be removed from the place where they are inserted through an external magnetic field, thus differentiating them from conventional systems such as those used for treating oily water that require high costs of chemical agents for removal. These properties depend directly on the size distribution of the nanoparticles and on the presence or absence of interactions between the surface of the polymeric matrix and the contaminants. These materials have many applications and for this purpose the objective of this work is to present a bibliographic review and state-of-the-art of the evolution of magnetic styrene-divinylbenzene nanocomposites over the years. According to the reports in the literature, these systems are superior to those applied conventionally in the sectors of biotechnology, agriculture, oil/gas, and nuclear chemistry, mainly for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous media\u0000","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88460033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220211121446
N. Shimpi, P. Ware, Mujahid S. Khan
The world's appetite for plastics is increasing by million tons every year. Alternative raw materials are needed in the polymer industry. Vidarikand is an extensive source of starch, having vast applications. Extraction of starch involves various methods such as grinding, incubation, screening, sedimentation, washing, and drying. The application of starch in polymers shows an incredible future for industries. To find the effect of different starch sources on the synthesis and biodegradation of polymers. The content of starch extracted through vidarikand was found to be 81.51%. The films of starch: PVA blend was prepared using ultrasound cavitation technique followed by solvent casting method. Meanwhile, the biodegradable plastic films were prepared using potato and starch extracted from vidarikand tuber. The casted films were subject to various characterization techniques (TGA, SEM, FTIR, mechanical properties, soil burial, and solubility test). Starch: PVA blends shows two decomposition position one is at 381 with second at 502°C with total weight loss of 79 and 98 %, respectively. PVA film of variable composition (starch from vidarikand) shows properties significantly more (soil burial-36.25%), solubility test-68.75%, elongation at break-34.3%, and tensile strength-6.92MPa) as compared to that of PVA film prepared using starch extracted from potato starch. Conclusion: The significant difference found in the degradation property of starch: PVA films from Vidarikand and potato starch. The prepared film of starch: PVA using starch extracted from vidarikarnd has significant applications in pharmaceuticals and packaging. The significant difference found in the degradation property of starch: PVA films from Vidarikand and potato starch. The prepared film of starch: PVA using starch extracted from vidarikarnd has significant applications in pharmaceuticals and packaging.
世界对塑料的需求每年以百万吨的速度增长。聚合物工业需要替代原料。维达里兰是淀粉的广泛来源，有着广泛的应用。淀粉的提取涉及各种方法，如研磨、培养、筛选、沉淀、洗涤和干燥。淀粉在聚合物中的应用为工业展示了令人难以置信的未来。研究不同淀粉来源对聚合物合成及生物降解的影响。经维达力兰提取的淀粉含量为81.51%。采用超声空化技术和溶剂浇铸法制备淀粉-聚乙烯醇共混膜。同时，以马铃薯为原料，从马铃薯块茎中提取淀粉，制备了可生物降解的塑料薄膜。通过各种表征技术(TGA, SEM, FTIR，力学性能，土壤埋藏和溶解度测试)对铸造膜进行了表征。淀粉:聚乙烯醇共混物在381℃和502℃有两个分解位置，总失重率分别为79%和98%。与马铃薯淀粉中提取的淀粉制备的PVA膜相比，由维达利兰淀粉制备的变组分PVA膜的性能(土壤埋藏率36.25%)、溶解度68.75%、断裂伸长率34.3%、抗拉强度6.92 mpa)显著提高。结论:马铃薯淀粉与维达力兰淀粉的PVA膜降解性能有显著差异。利用维达那兰德提取的淀粉制备淀粉:聚乙烯醇薄膜，在医药和包装方面具有重要的应用价值。在淀粉的降解性能上发现了显著的差异:来自维达里兰和马铃薯淀粉的PVA膜。利用维达那兰德提取的淀粉制备淀粉:聚乙烯醇薄膜，在医药和包装方面具有重要的应用价值。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.2174/2452271605666220114113214
Wanda D. Jones, B. Sapkota, B. Simpson, Tarig A. Hassan, S. Jeelani, V. Rangari
Thermoplastic expandable microspheres (TEMs) are spherical particles that consist of polymer shell encapsulating a low boiling point liquid hydrocarbon that acts as the blowing agent. When TEMs are heated at 80-190 C, the polymer shell softens and the hydrocarbon gasifies, causing the microspheres expand leading to increase in volume and decrease in density. TEMs are used in food packaging, elastomeric cool roof coatings, shoe soles, fiber and paper board, and various applications in the automotive industry. It is noted that TEMs are known by its brand name ‘Expancel’ which is also used to refer TEMs in this paper. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize forms prepared from TEMs with/without carbon nanofibers (CNFs) coatings to study the effect of CNFs on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. Sonochemical method was used to coat TEMs with various weight percentage (1, 2, and 3 %) of CNF. Neat foam (without CNF) and composite foams (TEMs coated with various wt.% of CNF) were prepared by compression molding the TEMs and TEMs-CNF composites powders. Thermal and mechanical properties of the neat and composite foams were investigated. The mechanical properties of the composite foam were notably improved, which is exhibited by a 54% increase in flexural modulus and a 6% decrease in failure strain with the TEMs-(2 wt.% CNF) composite foam as compared to the neat foam. Improvement in thermal properties of composite foam was demonstrated by a 38% increase in thermal stability at 800 ºC with the TEMs-(1 wt.% CNF) composite foam as compared to the neat foam. However, no change in glass transition of TEMs was observed with the CNF coating. SEM-based analysis revealed that CNFs were well dispersed throughout the volume of the TEMs matrix forming a strong interface. Straightforward sonochemical method successfully triggered efficient coating of TEMs with CNFs resulting to strong adhesion interface. The mechanical properties of composite foams increased up to 2% of CNFs coating and then decreased with the higher coating presumably due to interwoven bundles and aggregation of CNFs, which might have acted as critical flaws to initiate and propagate cracking. Thermal properties of foams increased with the CNFs coating while no change in glass transition temperature was observed due to coating.
{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanofibers coated expandable thermoplastic microspheres-based polymer composites","authors":"Wanda D. Jones, B. Sapkota, B. Simpson, Tarig A. Hassan, S. Jeelani, V. Rangari","doi":"10.2174/2452271605666220114113214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2452271605666220114113214","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoplastic expandable microspheres (TEMs) are spherical particles that consist of polymer shell encapsulating a low boiling point liquid hydrocarbon that acts as the blowing agent. When TEMs are heated at 80-190 C, the polymer shell softens and the hydrocarbon gasifies, causing the microspheres expand leading to increase in volume and decrease in density. TEMs are used in food packaging, elastomeric cool roof coatings, shoe soles, fiber and paper board, and various applications in the automotive industry. It is noted that TEMs are known by its brand name ‘Expancel’ which is also used to refer TEMs in this paper. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize forms prepared from TEMs with/without carbon nanofibers (CNFs) coatings to study the effect of CNFs on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. Sonochemical method was used to coat TEMs with various weight percentage (1, 2, and 3 %) of CNF. Neat foam (without CNF) and composite foams (TEMs coated with various wt.% of CNF) were prepared by compression molding the TEMs and TEMs-CNF composites powders. Thermal and mechanical properties of the neat and composite foams were investigated. The mechanical properties of the composite foam were notably improved, which is exhibited by a 54% increase in flexural modulus and a 6% decrease in failure strain with the TEMs-(2 wt.% CNF) composite foam as compared to the neat foam. Improvement in thermal properties of composite foam was demonstrated by a 38% increase in thermal stability at 800 ºC with the TEMs-(1 wt.% CNF) composite foam as compared to the neat foam. However, no change in glass transition of TEMs was observed with the CNF coating. SEM-based analysis revealed that CNFs were well dispersed throughout the volume of the TEMs matrix forming a strong interface. Straightforward sonochemical method successfully triggered efficient coating of TEMs with CNFs resulting to strong adhesion interface. The mechanical properties of composite foams increased up to 2% of CNFs coating and then decreased with the higher coating presumably due to interwoven bundles and aggregation of CNFs, which might have acted as critical flaws to initiate and propagate cracking. Thermal properties of foams increased with the CNFs coating while no change in glass transition temperature was observed due to coating.","PeriodicalId":10768,"journal":{"name":"Current Applied Polymer Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87963791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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