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Forecasting Realised Volatility: A Markov Switching Approach with Time‐Varying Transition Probabilities 预测已实现的波动率:具有时变过渡概率的马尔可夫转换方法
Xunxiao Wang, Keshab Shrestha, Qi Sun
This paper introduces a markov‐switching heterogeneous autoregressive (MS‐HAR) model with time‐varying transition probabilities (TVTP) for the realised volatility of Shanghai securities composite index returns. Its various extensions have been obtained by including negative returns outside trading hours in addition to the leverage effects and trading volume. The findings show asymmetries in the impact of explanatory variables on the realised volatility. Moreover, the out‐of‐sample results show that the benchmark MS‐HAR with TVTP model and its extensions consistently outperform the simple HAR model, MS‐HAR model with constant transition probabilities (CTP) and their extensions. These results are robust to alternative realised measurements, and have economic implications.
本文引入了一个具有时间‐变过渡概率(TVTP)的马尔可夫切换异构自回归(MS‐HAR)模型,用于上证综合指数收益率的实现波动率。除杠杆效应和交易量外,还包括交易时间外的负收益,从而获得了其各种扩展。研究结果表明,解释变量对实现波动率的影响不对称。此外,out‐of‐样本结果表明,具有TVTP模型及其扩展的基准HAR模型始终优于简单HAR模型和具有恒定转移概率(CTP)的MS‐HAR模型及其扩展。这些结果对于其他已实现的测量是稳健的,并且具有经济意义。
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引用次数: 8
The Key Role of Inter-Event Times in Volatility Clustering 事件间时间在波动聚类中的关键作用
Jarosław Klamut, T. Gubiec
Over 50 years ago, two physicists Montroll and Weiss in the physical context of dispersive transport and diffusion introduced stochastic process, named Continuous-Time Random Walk (CTRW). The trajectory of such a process is created by elementary events ‘spatial’ jumps preceded by waiting time. Since introduction, CTRW found innumerable application in different fields including high-frequency finance, where jumps are considered as price increments and waiting times represent inter-trade times. In this manuscript we show that dependencies between inter-trade times are the key element to explain long-term memory in financial time-series, even when taking into account intraday seasonality (so-called "lunch effect�?). We introduce the new CTRW model with long-term memory in waiting times, able to successfully describe power-law decaying time autocorrelation of the absolute values of price changes. We test our model on the empirical data from Polish stock market.
50多年前,两位物理学家Montroll和Weiss在色散输运和扩散的物理背景下引入了随机过程,称为连续时间随机行走(CTRW)。这样一个过程的轨迹是由等待时间之前的基本事件“空间”跳跃所创造的。自引入以来,CTRW在包括高频金融在内的不同领域得到了无数的应用,其中跳跃被认为是价格增量,等待时间代表交易间时间。在本文中,我们表明,即使考虑到日内季节性(所谓的“午餐效应”),贸易时间之间的依赖关系也是解释金融时间序列中长期记忆的关键因素。我们引入了具有等待时间长记忆的新CTRW模型,能够成功地描述价格变化绝对值的幂律衰减时间自相关。我们用波兰股市的实证数据对模型进行了检验。
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引用次数: 0
Correlation Estimates from Asynchronously Observed Series 异步观测序列的相关估计
Michael A. Clayton
In this work the performance of a number of correlation estimators are compared on uniform but asynchronously observed timeseries. Correlation estimates for a sample of main index equity indices: H225, HSI, BSE30, FTSE100, and SPX500, will be examined, contrasting the bias and efficiency of various approaches to dealing with the fact that the final end of day index levels are observed at different times during the day. Using a standard correlation estimator without correcting for asynchronicity is well known to result in downward biased estimated of correlation, and we demonstrate that while the use of longer horizon or overlapping observations reduces the bias, the resulting estimates are inefficient (i.e., they have a large standard error). It is shown that efficient estimates are produced by including lagged observations in the covariance estimate using 1-day returns, and unless the correlation is large (∼90%) these estimates are as efficient as maximum likelihood estimates. The use of lagged observations also allows one to estimate the degree of asynchronicity, and estimators for this quantity are also introduced. Estimates of the asynchronicity factor produced by maximum likelihood analysis are shown to be the most efficient out of the methods examined.
在此工作中,比较了一些相关估计器在均匀但异步观测的时间序列上的性能。对主要指数股票指数样本的相关性估计:H225, HSI, BSE30, FTSE100和SPX500,将进行检查,对比各种方法的偏差和效率,以处理在一天中不同时间观察到的最终结束日指数水平。众所周知,使用标准相关估计器而不校正异步性会导致相关性估计向下偏倚,我们证明,虽然使用较长的视界或重叠观测减少了偏倚,但所得到的估计是低效的(即,它们有很大的标准误差)。研究表明,有效的估计是通过在使用1天回报的协方差估计中包括滞后观察结果来产生的,除非相关性很大(~ 90%),否则这些估计与最大似然估计一样有效。滞后观测的使用还允许人们估计异步程度,并且还引入了该量的估计器。通过最大似然分析产生的异步性因子的估计被证明是在所检查的方法中最有效的。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of the Exchange Rate Volatilities on Stock Markets Dynamics: Evidence from Tunisia and Turkey 汇率波动对股市动态的影响:来自突尼斯和土耳其的证据
N. Mechri, Salah Ben Hamad, C. de Peretti, Sahar Charfi
This research aims to identify the impact of exchange rate volatility on the fluctuations of stock markets prices, considering two countries from MENA zone. Several gaps in the literature have been identified, indeed, previous works used very short periods of study, many important variables were neglected, and all results were contradictory. In this study, we integrate assorted determinants of stock market indices that have not been used simultaneously before, and we spread out our research period up to 15. The GARCH model is employed. The results show that exchange rate volatility have a significant effect on stock market fluctuations.
本研究旨在确定汇率波动对股票市场价格波动的影响,考虑两个来自中东和北非地区的国家。文献中的一些空白已经被发现,事实上,以前的作品使用了非常短的研究时间,许多重要的变量被忽略了,所有的结果都是矛盾的。在本研究中,我们整合了之前未同时使用的股票市场指数的各种决定因素,并将我们的研究周期扩展到15。采用GARCH模型。结果表明,汇率波动对股票市场波动有显著影响。
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引用次数: 17
An Empirical Investigation of Linkage between Working Capital Management and Profitability: Panel Data Evidence from Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Industry 营运资金管理与盈利能力关联性的实证研究:来自孟加拉制药业的面板数据证据
M. Wadud, Aornob Chakma
The study is an endeavor to investigate the empirical and significant association between working capital and the profitability of pharmaceutical companies operating in Bangladesh. To serve the analysis mostly secondary level data have been employed. The study has been used balanced panel data of 16 selected pharmaceutical companies listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and covering seven years annual data from 2011 to 2017. To diagnosis the ties between working capital management on profitability the study have been used return on assets and gross profit margin (proxy variable of profitability) as dependent variable and days sales outstanding, days payable outstanding, days inventory outstanding, cash conversion cycle, working capital turnover, current ratio, quick ratio, debt ratio and size as independent variable. Fisher Type Unit root test has been employed to check stationary properties of panel data and found that there are no unit roots in taken panels at the 1% statistical significance level. Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test has been employed to investigate the degree of heteroscedasticity and the significant evidence suggests that the data of the study is out of heteroscedasticity problem. Cameron & Trivedi's decomposition of IM-test also suggests that the variance is homogenous. Variance inflation factor (VIF) has been investigated the degree of multicollinearity and revealed that all variable except quick ratio (QR) and current ratio (CR) has a lower degree of multicollinearity. To analyses balanced panel data, the study has been employed two multiple regression model and used fixed and random effect model for proper estimation. Hausman specification test has been used to detect the alternative panel analysis methods. Results indicate that out of 9 independent variables only day’s cash conversion cycle (CCO), current ratio (CR), quick ratio (QR) and working capital turnover (WCT) shows a significant relationship with return on assets of the taken sample of pharmaceutical companies. Results also indicate that out of 9 independent variable only days sales outstanding (DSO), quick ratio (QR) and debt ratio (DR) shows a significant relationship with gross profit margin of the taken sample.
本研究旨在探讨营运资本与孟加拉制药公司盈利能力之间的实证和显著关联。为了服务于分析,大多采用二级数据。该研究使用了16家在达卡证券交易所(DSE)上市的制药公司的平衡面板数据,涵盖了2011年至2017年的7年年度数据。为了诊断营运资金管理与盈利能力之间的关系,本研究将资产收益率和毛利率(盈利能力的代理变量)作为因变量,将未偿销售天数、应付天数、未偿库存天数、现金转换周期、营运资金周转率、流动比率、速动比率、负债率和规模作为自变量。采用Fisher型单位根检验检验面板数据的平稳性,发现在1%的统计显著性水平下,所选面板不存在单位根。采用Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg检验检验异方差的程度,有显著证据表明本研究的数据不存在异方差问题。卡梅伦和Trivedi的IM-test分解也表明方差是齐次的。对方差膨胀因子(VIF)的多重共线性程度进行了研究,发现除速动比(QR)和电流比(CR)外,所有变量都具有较低的多重共线性程度。为了分析平衡面板数据,本研究采用了两个多元回归模型,并使用固定效应和随机效应模型进行适当的估计。豪斯曼规格检验已被用来检测替代面板分析方法。结果表明,在9个自变量中,只有日现金转换周期(CCO)、流动比率(CR)、速动比率(QR)和营运资金周转率(WCT)与样本制药公司的资产收益率存在显著关系。结果还表明,在9个自变量中,只有未偿销售天数(DSO)、速动比率(QR)和负债率(DR)与所取样本的毛利率有显著关系。
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引用次数: 0
Systemic Risks and Spillovers in the Stock Market of China: A Sectoral Analysis 中国股市系统性风险及其溢出效应:一个行业分析
Fei Wu, Dayong Zhang, Zhiwei Zhang
This paper investigates how risks spread across sectors of the stock market in China. Using graph theory and a recently developed time series technique, we are able to identify the most important sector in the market and the patterns of risk spillovers across sectors over time. Unlike the standard econometric modelling, the graph theory enables us to approach this question in a more reader-friendly way. Empirical results show that the industrial sector plays the most important role and should thus be considered a systemically important sector in the stock market of China. The spillover structure is found to be time-varying. While the industrial sector dominates the system for most of the time, other sectors, such as the consumer discretionary sector, also appear occasionally as the central sector. Our empirical results also indicate that the simple correlation based approach can produce equally useful information as the more advanced econometric models can.
本文研究了中国股票市场的风险是如何在各个行业中扩散的。利用图论和最近开发的时间序列技术,我们能够确定市场中最重要的部门以及随着时间的推移,各个部门之间风险溢出的模式。与标准的计量经济学模型不同,图论使我们能够以一种更易于读者理解的方式来处理这个问题。实证结果表明,工业部门在中国股票市场中扮演着最重要的角色,因此应被视为中国股票市场的系统重要部门。发现外溢结构是时变的。虽然工业部门在大多数时间里主导着整个体系,但其他部门,如非必需消费品部门,偶尔也会作为核心部门出现。我们的实证结果还表明,简单的基于相关性的方法可以产生与更先进的计量经济模型同样有用的信息。
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引用次数: 3
The Suspension World of the China A-Shares Market 中国a股市场的停牌世界
E. Pong
This paper aims to study the suspension features of the China A-shares market and the results will be useful for market participants who carry out China A-shares investment and portfolio management. A comprehensive review is first carried out to study the properties of different types of suspension events with a focus on their occurrence frequency and duration. The empirical findings illustrate that the suspension length has been increasing in general and prolonged suspension is still an issue in the China A-shares market. Next we investigate how suspension occurrence is related to stock fundamental attributes and the results are useful for estimating the suspension probability of individual stocks. It is demonstrated that stocks with smaller size, less attractive valuation, higher volatility and past history of more frequent suspensions are more likely to experience future suspension. Another focus of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the stock trading suspension system in the China A-shares market by studying the volatility, return and trading pattern around the suspension window. The empirical results suggest that the stock suspension system is a semi-effective process.
本文旨在研究中国a股市场的停牌特征,研究结果对进行中国a股投资和组合管理的市场参与者有一定的参考价值。本文首先对不同类型悬架事件的性质进行了全面的综述,重点研究了悬架事件的发生频率和持续时间。实证结果表明,中国a股市场的停牌时间总体呈增加趋势,停牌时间过长仍是一个问题。接下来,我们研究了停牌发生与股票基本属性的关系,结果对估计个股的停牌概率是有用的。研究表明,规模较小、估值吸引力较低、波动率较高、过去停牌次数较多的股票未来更有可能停牌。本研究的另一个重点是通过研究停牌窗口周围的波动率、收益和交易模式来评估中国a股市场股票停牌制度的有效性。实证结果表明,股票悬架制度是一个半有效的过程。
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引用次数: 1
Heterogeneous Beliefs, Short Sale Constraints, Deleveraging, and Stock Market Crashes 异质信念、卖空约束、去杠杆化和股市崩盘
Liang Wu, Lei Zhang, Zhiming Fu
This paper develops a theory of market crashes resulting from an unanticipated deleveraging shock. We consider two groups of representative investors in a market holding different opinions about the public available information. The unexpected deleveraging shock forces the high confidence investors to liquidate their risky assets to pay back their margin loans. This creates a liquidity shortage in which asset prices have to fall substantially to restore trades when short sales are restricted ex ante. The deleveraging process also generates further price decline as low confidence investors absorb the liquidated assets. On top of these, the presence of multiple risky assets introduces substantial spillover effects, precipitating the crash. By comparing with the return data from the Chinese stock market during its recent crash, our models can fit quite well qualitatively its cross-sectional features. Insofar as it is difficult to regulate leverage, we argue that the ex ante relaxation of short sale constraints can moderate both the excessive rise and fall of asset prices.
本文提出了一种市场崩溃的理论,这种崩溃是由意想不到的去杠杆化冲击引起的。我们考虑市场上两组具有代表性的投资者,他们对公开信息持有不同的看法。意想不到的去杠杆冲击迫使高信心投资者变现风险资产以偿还保证金贷款。这就造成了流动性短缺,在卖空事先受到限制的情况下,资产价格必须大幅下跌,才能恢复交易。去杠杆化过程还会导致价格进一步下跌,因为信心不足的投资者会吸收被清算的资产。最重要的是,多重风险资产的存在带来了巨大的溢出效应,加速了崩盘。通过与中国股市近期崩盘期间的收益率数据进行比较,我们的模型可以很好地定性拟合其横截面特征。在杠杆难以监管的情况下,我们认为事先放松卖空限制可以缓和资产价格的过度上涨和下跌。
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引用次数: 0
Crypto Currency as an Emerging Investment Instrument: The Missing Link……. 加密货币作为新兴投资工具:缺失的一环.......
M. Ibrahim
Cryptocurrency has become an issue that have attracted the attention of individuals, investors and government taking into play that the rate at which it is been patronized online and the media hype its getting. This paper tends to examine cryptocurrency as an investment tool and its missing link. However, the paper identifies the major types of cryptocurrencies, how is it exchanged and measured. It further revealed the benefits of the digital currency as it is secured; transfers are made easier, less processing charges, removing the bottle necks when using banks and other financial institution as intermediary, etc. Despite these benefits, there tend to be a missing links which could affect its operations. Amongst which are lack of government support, transparency issues, subject to loss, theft and fraud, lack of central repository and investors protection clause, etc. The paper concludes that cryptocurrency as an economic innovation is disruptive the way it’s currently managed and if this vacuum is not adequately addressed, it will not survive in the future. The study further recommends that there is need to create a legal & regulatory framework guiding its operations, ensure full disclosure on its transactions, need to be centralized in nature and investors protection clause should be incorporated, etc.
加密货币已经成为一个引起个人、投资者和政府关注的问题,因为它在网上被光顾的速度和媒体炒作的速度。本文倾向于研究加密货币作为一种投资工具及其缺失的环节。然而,本文确定了加密货币的主要类型,以及它是如何交换和衡量的。它进一步揭示了数字货币的好处,因为它是安全的;转账更容易,手续费更低,消除了使用银行和其他金融机构作为中介的瓶颈等。尽管有这些好处,但往往存在可能影响其运作的缺失环节。其中包括缺乏政府支持,透明度问题,容易丢失,盗窃和欺诈,缺乏中央存储库和投资者保护条款等。该论文的结论是,加密货币作为一种经济创新,其目前的管理方式具有破坏性,如果这种真空得不到充分解决,它将无法在未来生存。该研究进一步建议,有必要建立一个指导其运营的法律和监管框架,确保其交易的充分披露,需要集中性质,并应纳入投资者保护条款等。
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引用次数: 3
Barra Risk Model Based Idiosyncratic Momentum for Chinese Equity Market 基于Barra风险模型的中国股市特质动量分析
Sean Lu, Cindy Lu
We propose a different way of constructing an idiosyncratic momentum factor using the Barra Global Multi-factor Risk Model. Also, we examine the properties as well as the performance of this new factor by applying it to the China's stock market. Out analysis shows that the idiosyncratic momentum factor constructed here carries the resemblance of the conventional price momentum factor, but with much lower variance and exposure to the common market factors, such as value, size, and volatility. In the long-short portfolio test for both China's A-Share IMI and CSI 500 Indies, we observe the significant improvement of this factor's return over the conventional momentum. In particular, this factor delivers consistent high returns with a moderate IC increase but a significant IR improvement. The performance results strongly suggest that, compared with the traditional momentum factor, the idiosyncratic momentum factor is more reliable and possesses high predictive power for future stock returns. This factor is a good candidate to replace the traditional momentum factor when constructing an effective momentum strategy for investing in China's stock market.
我们提出了一种利用Barra全球多因素风险模型构建特质动量因子的不同方法。此外,我们通过将其应用于中国股票市场来检验这个新因素的性质和表现。我们的分析表明,这里构建的特殊动量因子与传统的价格动量因子相似,但方差和暴露于常见市场因素(如价值、规模和波动性)的风险要小得多。在对中国a股IMI和沪深500印度指数的多空组合测试中,我们观察到该因素的回报比传统动量显著改善。特别是,这个因素提供了持续的高回报,适度的IC增加,但显著的IR改善。绩效结果强烈表明,与传统动量因子相比,特质动量因子更可靠,对未来股票收益具有较高的预测能力。在构建有效的中国股票市场动量投资策略时,该因子可以替代传统的动量因子。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Econometric Modeling: International Financial Markets - Emerging Markets eJournal
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