Bronislava Hrnková, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, Pavol Mičko, M. Vantúch
Abstract The need for research in the field of energy efficiency and the ecological aspects of primary energy use is currently receiving considerable attention in the framework of European Union policy as well as in the Slovak Republic. It is necessary to deal with this issue not only for the needs of normal operations, but especially in the current situation, when due to the threat of the COVID-19 virus, the requirements for thermal energy are increased. A suitable way to achieve this is the use of renewable resources, in Slovakia mainly biomass, solar, wind, water and geothermal energy. Ambient air, ground heat, heat contained in groundwater and various other waste heat from technological processes represent a huge potential for the use of low-potential energy. The article is focused on solving the problem of conversion of primary energy into heat using thermodynamic cycles and compressor circulation with working substance (refrigerant) CO2.
{"title":"Analysis of the Conversion of Primary Energy Into Heat Focused on a Heat Pump with a Working Substance (Refrigerant) CO2","authors":"Bronislava Hrnková, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, Pavol Mičko, M. Vantúch","doi":"10.30540/sae-2021-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2021-007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The need for research in the field of energy efficiency and the ecological aspects of primary energy use is currently receiving considerable attention in the framework of European Union policy as well as in the Slovak Republic. It is necessary to deal with this issue not only for the needs of normal operations, but especially in the current situation, when due to the threat of the COVID-19 virus, the requirements for thermal energy are increased. A suitable way to achieve this is the use of renewable resources, in Slovakia mainly biomass, solar, wind, water and geothermal energy. Ambient air, ground heat, heat contained in groundwater and various other waste heat from technological processes represent a huge potential for the use of low-potential energy. The article is focused on solving the problem of conversion of primary energy into heat using thermodynamic cycles and compressor circulation with working substance (refrigerant) CO2.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129830264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bronislava Hrnková, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, Pavol Mičko, M. Vantúch
Abstract The clean room is designed and used to minimize the entry, generation and deposition of pollutants. Proper flow control is an important factor in determining the efficiency of clean rooms. It is important that the air stream entrains from the space all the particles that are released when people move, but also from equipment and various materials. Therefore, in the following article we will deal with the need for pressure dampers in clean rooms.
{"title":"Requirement of Pressure Relief Dampers for Clean Rooms","authors":"Bronislava Hrnková, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, Pavol Mičko, M. Vantúch","doi":"10.30540/sae-2021-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2021-006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The clean room is designed and used to minimize the entry, generation and deposition of pollutants. Proper flow control is an important factor in determining the efficiency of clean rooms. It is important that the air stream entrains from the space all the particles that are released when people move, but also from equipment and various materials. Therefore, in the following article we will deal with the need for pressure dampers in clean rooms.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122466348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavol Mičko, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, M. Vantúch, Bronislava Hrnková
Abstract Clean rooms, including operating rooms, are energy-intensive. During their operation, the concentration of particles in the air, air temperature and humidity are strictly monitored. HVAC systems in the operating room are subject to high demands on maintaining a stable heat and humidity microclimate, as well as particle concentrations within the permitted range. To cover heat losses and heat loads of the building, it is necessary to dimension ventilation equipment with high outputs and high energy consumption. By suitable optimization of the dispositional location of the operating tract in the building and the use of suitable thicknesses of insulating material, it is possible to reduce the performance requirements for the HVAC system, which significantly reduces energy consumption. Heat loss and heat load of the operating tract were evaluated using TechCon software. The performance values of the heaters and coolers for the HVAC units were calculated in the VentiCad design software. The optimization indicates a significant reduction in heat loss and heat load, as well as a reduction in the required temperature of the air supplied to the room by more than 10°C.
{"title":"Energy Efficiency Optimization of the Operating Room Due to the Dispositional Location","authors":"Pavol Mičko, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, M. Vantúch, Bronislava Hrnková","doi":"10.30540/sae-2021-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2021-004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Clean rooms, including operating rooms, are energy-intensive. During their operation, the concentration of particles in the air, air temperature and humidity are strictly monitored. HVAC systems in the operating room are subject to high demands on maintaining a stable heat and humidity microclimate, as well as particle concentrations within the permitted range. To cover heat losses and heat loads of the building, it is necessary to dimension ventilation equipment with high outputs and high energy consumption. By suitable optimization of the dispositional location of the operating tract in the building and the use of suitable thicknesses of insulating material, it is possible to reduce the performance requirements for the HVAC system, which significantly reduces energy consumption. Heat loss and heat load of the operating tract were evaluated using TechCon software. The performance values of the heaters and coolers for the HVAC units were calculated in the VentiCad design software. The optimization indicates a significant reduction in heat loss and heat load, as well as a reduction in the required temperature of the air supplied to the room by more than 10°C.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132448544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study focuses on designing an efficient energy utilization protocol for the University of Lagos Senate office building, to ensure the reduction of energy consumption, reduce the cost of power and also ensure energy efficiency. Pre-retrofitting, the energy consumption cost for the UNILAG senate office building was calculated to be ₦20, 236, 962 i.e. 776.78 EUI (kWh/m2/y) using the appliance approach. The impact of various retrofitting methods was also simulated and measured utilizing BIM tools such as Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Insight. This resulted in an estimated reduction in energy consumption cost to between ₦19,304,038.05 and 18,549,199.3 post retrofitting, this translates to about 712 EUI (kWh/m2/y). Results show that a 4.61-8.34% reduction in energy usage for the senate house can be achieved using the methods proposed in this research.
{"title":"Retrofitting Existing Office Building for Efficient Energy Management and Performance","authors":"P. Oluseyi, Ifunanya Lilian Ezike","doi":"10.30540/sae-2021-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2021-003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focuses on designing an efficient energy utilization protocol for the University of Lagos Senate office building, to ensure the reduction of energy consumption, reduce the cost of power and also ensure energy efficiency. Pre-retrofitting, the energy consumption cost for the UNILAG senate office building was calculated to be ₦20, 236, 962 i.e. 776.78 EUI (kWh/m2/y) using the appliance approach. The impact of various retrofitting methods was also simulated and measured utilizing BIM tools such as Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Insight. This resulted in an estimated reduction in energy consumption cost to between ₦19,304,038.05 and 18,549,199.3 post retrofitting, this translates to about 712 EUI (kWh/m2/y). Results show that a 4.61-8.34% reduction in energy usage for the senate house can be achieved using the methods proposed in this research.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114396803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the paper the measurements of thermal comfort in the modern smart building “Energis” have been presented together with their analysis. The data have been obtained in the spring and the analyses of indoor air parameters as well as subjective responses of the volunteers have been conducted. Based on the performed studies it has been concluded that the people felt fine in the considered room (pleasantly warm, cool and comfortable) and described their feelings as acceptable and comfortable.
{"title":"Thermal Comfort Measurements in the Energis Building","authors":"Anita Białek, Bade Koltuk","doi":"10.30540/sae-2021-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2021-002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the paper the measurements of thermal comfort in the modern smart building “Energis” have been presented together with their analysis. The data have been obtained in the spring and the analyses of indoor air parameters as well as subjective responses of the volunteers have been conducted. Based on the performed studies it has been concluded that the people felt fine in the considered room (pleasantly warm, cool and comfortable) and described their feelings as acceptable and comfortable.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128216960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bronislava Hrnková, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, Pavol Mičko, M. Vantúch
Abstract COVID-19 is constantly spreading around the world. Doctors, nurses and medical staff spend more time providing their professional help than usual. It is especially important to provide them with a suitable working environment. Therefore, in the following article we will deal with the design of a computational model of a laminar field in a clean room using CFD methods.
{"title":"Laminar Field Optimization in Connection with the Current Pandemic Situation Caused by Covid-19","authors":"Bronislava Hrnková, Dávid Hečko, A. Kapjor, Pavol Mičko, M. Vantúch","doi":"10.30540/sae-2021-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2021-001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract COVID-19 is constantly spreading around the world. Doctors, nurses and medical staff spend more time providing their professional help than usual. It is especially important to provide them with a suitable working environment. Therefore, in the following article we will deal with the design of a computational model of a laminar field in a clean room using CFD methods.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128117917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Rapid urban growth and expansion pose daunting challenges in urban areas of the developing world. These challenges include the provision and equitable distribution of sustainable public water supply facilities. This study therefore aimed at assessing the extent of spatial inequality in the distribution of water facilities provision among major segments in Lapai urban centre, Nigeria to aid policy formulation and framework in achieving sustainable water supply. This study utilizes the Gini coefficient composite statistical tool to examine the distribution inequality of three main sources of public water facilities in the study area, which includes; hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and wells. The study area is divided into four quadrants (quadrants A, B, C, and D). It was found out that 17.31%, 21.15%, and 37.50% Gini coefficients were recorded for hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and well facilities. This indicates that there is inequality in the distribution of public water supply facilities among the four quadrants in the study area. It was therefore recommended that both the public and private sectors should provide public water facilities equitably to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
{"title":"Assessment of Inequality in the Distribution of Water Facilities in Lapai, Nigeria","authors":"A. Aliyu, J. K. Mohammed, M. Bello, Z. Kasim","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2020-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2020-017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rapid urban growth and expansion pose daunting challenges in urban areas of the developing world. These challenges include the provision and equitable distribution of sustainable public water supply facilities. This study therefore aimed at assessing the extent of spatial inequality in the distribution of water facilities provision among major segments in Lapai urban centre, Nigeria to aid policy formulation and framework in achieving sustainable water supply. This study utilizes the Gini coefficient composite statistical tool to examine the distribution inequality of three main sources of public water facilities in the study area, which includes; hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and wells. The study area is divided into four quadrants (quadrants A, B, C, and D). It was found out that 17.31%, 21.15%, and 37.50% Gini coefficients were recorded for hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and well facilities. This indicates that there is inequality in the distribution of public water supply facilities among the four quadrants in the study area. It was therefore recommended that both the public and private sectors should provide public water facilities equitably to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121436351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The issue of thermal comfort and its subjective feelings inside a building is becoming more and more important in the modern world. It is caused by the desire to create optimal conditions in places where people stay. The article presents two methods, indirect and direct, which are typically used in the research projects. These methods enable to assess the thermal sensations of people and compare the feelings of the respondents with the value of PMV (the value of human thermal sensations) calculated using the formula from the ISO 7730 standard and the questionnaire surveys.
{"title":"Modern Methods of Thermal Comfort Measurements","authors":"L. Dębska, Justyna Krakowiak, A. Kapjor","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2020-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2020-016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The issue of thermal comfort and its subjective feelings inside a building is becoming more and more important in the modern world. It is caused by the desire to create optimal conditions in places where people stay. The article presents two methods, indirect and direct, which are typically used in the research projects. These methods enable to assess the thermal sensations of people and compare the feelings of the respondents with the value of PMV (the value of human thermal sensations) calculated using the formula from the ISO 7730 standard and the questionnaire surveys.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127179346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This work aims to characterize the microstructure of mortars derived from the walls of sacred buildings from the 17th century. The tests were carried out using the X-ray diffraction method, differential thermal analysis and scanning microscopy combined with the analysis of the elemental composition in the micro area. The results of this study show that the materials bonding the elements of the wall in historic buildings are porous sand-lime mortars with an increased binder-to-aggregate ratio, also containing limestone crumbs, flints and feldspars, and fragments of bricks larger than sand particles. The binder is fully carbonated calcium hydroxide, with no pozzolanic additives. The results of the microstructure and phase composition tests of mortars used for bonding wall elements in buildings constructed at the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries can be used to select the composition of mortars used in the renovation and repair of historic buildings.
{"title":"The Microstructure and Phase Composition of Mortars from the 17th Century Sacred Buildings","authors":"Z. Owsiak, P. Sobczyński","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2020-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2020-015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work aims to characterize the microstructure of mortars derived from the walls of sacred buildings from the 17th century. The tests were carried out using the X-ray diffraction method, differential thermal analysis and scanning microscopy combined with the analysis of the elemental composition in the micro area. The results of this study show that the materials bonding the elements of the wall in historic buildings are porous sand-lime mortars with an increased binder-to-aggregate ratio, also containing limestone crumbs, flints and feldspars, and fragments of bricks larger than sand particles. The binder is fully carbonated calcium hydroxide, with no pozzolanic additives. The results of the microstructure and phase composition tests of mortars used for bonding wall elements in buildings constructed at the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries can be used to select the composition of mortars used in the renovation and repair of historic buildings.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125995587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article presents the construction and technical concept for the use of an innovative repair of the airport pavement. It consists in embedding a prefabricated concrete slab in place of the excessively degraded surface of the existing slabs. In addition, the introduced technology of connecting adjacent panels together increases the spatial stiffness of the entire functional element and significantly increases the load-bearing capacity of the pavement. The results of laboratory and field tests presented in the article confirm the effectiveness of the technology used. As a result, the application of the reconstructing technology ensures the safety performance of aircraft operations at airports facilities.
{"title":"Reconstructing Airport Pavements Using the Technology of Prefabricated Concrete Slab","authors":"Bartosz Świerzewski","doi":"10.30540/sae-2020-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2020-012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article presents the construction and technical concept for the use of an innovative repair of the airport pavement. It consists in embedding a prefabricated concrete slab in place of the excessively degraded surface of the existing slabs. In addition, the introduced technology of connecting adjacent panels together increases the spatial stiffness of the entire functional element and significantly increases the load-bearing capacity of the pavement. The results of laboratory and field tests presented in the article confirm the effectiveness of the technology used. As a result, the application of the reconstructing technology ensures the safety performance of aircraft operations at airports facilities.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129628613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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