Chemical carbon level control is considered to be one of the simplest, cheapest and the most effective methods of optimizing fuel combustion. Standardized balance boiler’s tests show that maximum efficiency can be mentioned with highly noticeable chemical underburn responding to concentration of carbon monoxide 0.02-0.03% vol. (200-300 ppm). In addition, nitrogen oxide, which originates in maximum temperature (with lack of underburn), is 35 times more toxic than carbon monoxide. It can be supposed that defining the permissible level of chemical underburn is a typical optimizing issue due to minimize the destination function. To simplify and unify the issue, ecological and economical fuel combustion criteria were proposed as well as general energy-ecology criterion, which is simultaneously the searched destination function. Results of such research on boilers have shown that optimum combustion operation takes place within carbon monoxide concentration of 234-379 mg/m3, oxygen 4.11-4.24% vol. and air pressure 80-81 daPa. (Sterowanie poziomem niedopalu chemicznego uwaza sie za jedną z najprostszych, najtanszych i wysokoefektywnych metod optymalizacji spalania paliwa. Standardowe bilansowe proby kotla pokazują, ze maksymalną jego sprawnośc notuje sie przy wielce zauwazalnym niedopale chemicznym odpowiadającym stezeniu CO na poziomie 0,02-0,03% obj. (200-300 ppm). Ponadto tlenki azotu, ktore powstają w maksymalnej temperaturze, czyli przy braku niedopalu, są substancjami okolo 35 razy bardziej toksycznymi niz tlenek wegla. Z tego wynika, ze wyznaczenie dopuszczalnego poziomu niedopalu chemicznego stanowi typowe zagadnienie optymalizacyjne, mające na celu zminimalizowanie pewnej funkcji docelowej. Dla ujednolicenia tego problemu zostalo zaproponowane ekologiczne i ekonomiczne kryterium spalania paliwa, jak rowniez uogolnione kryterium energetyczno-ekologiczne bedące poszukiwaną funkcją docelową. Jak pokazaly wyniki takich badan na kotlach, optymalny tryb spalania znajduje sie w zakresie stezenia tlenku wegla w granicach 234-379 mg/m3, tlenu 4,11–4,24% obj. i ciśnienia powietrza 80–81 daPa.)
化学碳水平控制被认为是优化燃料燃烧最简单、最经济、最有效的方法之一。标准化平衡锅炉的试验表明，当一氧化碳浓度为0.02-0.03% vol. (200-300 ppm)时，化学欠燃反应非常明显，可以达到最高效率。此外，氮氧化物产生于最高温度(缺乏欠燃)，其毒性是一氧化碳的35倍。可以认为，确定化学欠燃的允许水平是一个典型的优化问题，因为目标函数最小。为了简化和统一问题，提出了生态和经济的燃料燃烧准则以及通用的能量-生态准则，该准则同时是搜索目标函数。对锅炉的研究结果表明，在一氧化碳浓度为234-379 mg/m3，氧气体积为4.11-4.24%，气压为80-81 daPa时，燃烧运行最佳。(1)用化学方法优化白花葵的制备方法。标准的翻译是:proby kotla pokazujje, ze maksymalnje jego sprawnośc notuje siprzy wielce zauwazalnym niedopale chemicznym odpowiadającym stezeniu CO . poziomie 0,02-0,03%的对象。(200 - 300 ppm)。Ponadto tlenki azotu, ktore powstajizw maksymalnej temperature, czyli prizu braku niedopalu, szyi substance okolo 35 crazy bardziej toksycznymi niz lenek wegla。ztego wynika, zwyznaczenie dopuszczalneki poziomu, zagadnienie optimizizacyjne, mające . ztego zminimalizananie pewnej funkcji docelowej。[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]Jak pokazaly wyniki takich badan na kotlach，优选tryb spalania znajduje siw zakresie stezenia tlenku wegla grannicach 234-379 mg/m3, lenu 4,11 - 4,24% obj。(网址:ciśnienia poweretrza 80-81 daPa)
{"title":"IMPROVING OF BOILER EFFICIENCY BY CONTROLLING THE HARMFUL SUBSTANCES CONCENTRATION IN THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS","authors":"A. Szkarowski, S. Janta-Lipińska","doi":"10.30540/sae-2018-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2018-033","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical carbon level control is considered to be one of the simplest, cheapest and the most effective methods of optimizing fuel combustion. Standardized balance boiler’s tests show that maximum efficiency can be mentioned with highly noticeable chemical underburn responding to concentration of carbon monoxide 0.02-0.03% vol. (200-300 ppm). In addition, nitrogen oxide, which originates in maximum temperature (with lack of underburn), is 35 times more toxic than carbon monoxide. It can be supposed that defining the permissible level of chemical underburn is a typical optimizing issue due to minimize the destination function. To simplify and unify the issue, ecological and economical fuel combustion criteria were proposed as well as general energy-ecology criterion, which is simultaneously the searched destination function. Results of such research on boilers have shown that optimum combustion operation takes place within carbon monoxide concentration of 234-379 mg/m3, oxygen 4.11-4.24% vol. and air pressure 80-81 daPa. (Sterowanie poziomem niedopalu chemicznego uwaza sie za jedną z najprostszych, najtanszych i wysokoefektywnych metod optymalizacji spalania paliwa. Standardowe bilansowe proby kotla pokazują, ze maksymalną jego sprawnośc notuje sie przy wielce zauwazalnym niedopale chemicznym odpowiadającym stezeniu CO na poziomie 0,02-0,03% obj. (200-300 ppm). Ponadto tlenki azotu, ktore powstają w maksymalnej temperaturze, czyli przy braku niedopalu, są substancjami okolo 35 razy bardziej toksycznymi niz tlenek wegla. Z tego wynika, ze wyznaczenie dopuszczalnego poziomu niedopalu chemicznego stanowi typowe zagadnienie optymalizacyjne, mające na celu zminimalizowanie pewnej funkcji docelowej. Dla ujednolicenia tego problemu zostalo zaproponowane ekologiczne i ekonomiczne kryterium spalania paliwa, jak rowniez uogolnione kryterium energetyczno-ekologiczne bedące poszukiwaną funkcją docelową. Jak pokazaly wyniki takich badan na kotlach, optymalny tryb spalania znajduje sie w zakresie stezenia tlenku wegla w granicach 234-379 mg/m3, tlenu 4,11–4,24% obj. i ciśnienia powietrza 80–81 daPa.)","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128654741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"OVERVIEW OF MODERN ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS","authors":"R. Kowalik, Lidia Bartkiewicz","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2018-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2018-026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127989316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THERMAL COMFORT IN UNIVERSITY COMPUTER LABORATORIES","authors":"M. Telejko, Aleksandra Stachera","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2018-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2018-020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132279016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DIAGNOSTICS OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS AFTER THE FIRE","authors":"Stanisław Plechawski, S. Fic","doi":"10.30540/sae-2018-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2018-022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126028047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"APPLICATION OF THE FIRE RESISTING SUSPENDED CEILINGS","authors":"A. Borowy, B. Wróblewski","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2018-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2018-021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122417567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Kostrzewa, A. Stępień, K. Dziadek, Artur Szmidt
Production of sand-lime bricks using the autoclaving method is a well-known process, especially in Europe. During the autoclaving process, also called the hydrothermal treatment or hardening the materials with lime and/or cement binder, a series of microstructural changes occur. Primarily, hydrated silicates of lime are created, which are responsible for physical-mechanical features of aerated materials. The article aims at characterizing the process of brick production using the method of autoclaving and estimation of their microstructural properties. (Produkcja cegiel wapienno-piaskowych metodą autoklawizacji jest procesem znanym szczegolnie w Europie. Podczas autoklawizacji, nazywanej rowniez obrobką hydrotermalną bądź utwardzaniem materialow o spoiwie wapiennym i/lub cementowym, zachodzi szereg zmian mikrostrukturalnych. Powstają przede wszystkim uwodnione krzemiany wapnia, ktore są odpowiedzialne za wlaściwości fizykomechaniczne materialow autoklawizowanych. Artykul ma na celu charakterystyke procesu produkcji cegiel metodą autoklawizowanych oraz ocene charakterystyk mikrostrukturalnych materialow autoklawizowanych.)
{"title":"TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF BRICK PRODUCTION USING THE METHOD OF AUTOCLAVING","authors":"P. Kostrzewa, A. Stępień, K. Dziadek, Artur Szmidt","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2018-024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2018-024","url":null,"abstract":"Production of sand-lime bricks using the autoclaving method is a well-known process, especially in Europe. During the autoclaving process, also called the hydrothermal treatment or hardening the materials with lime and/or cement binder, a series of microstructural changes occur. Primarily, hydrated silicates of lime are created, which are responsible for physical-mechanical features of aerated materials. The article aims at characterizing the process of brick production using the method of autoclaving and estimation of their microstructural properties. (Produkcja cegiel wapienno-piaskowych metodą autoklawizacji jest procesem znanym szczegolnie w Europie. Podczas autoklawizacji, nazywanej rowniez obrobką hydrotermalną bądź utwardzaniem materialow o spoiwie wapiennym i/lub cementowym, zachodzi szereg zmian mikrostrukturalnych. Powstają przede wszystkim uwodnione krzemiany wapnia, ktore są odpowiedzialne za wlaściwości fizykomechaniczne materialow autoklawizowanych. Artykul ma na celu charakterystyke procesu produkcji cegiel metodą autoklawizowanych oraz ocene charakterystyk mikrostrukturalnych materialow autoklawizowanych.)","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125615028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The raw mix of silica-containing technogenic component – fly ash of thermal power plants – and the methods of preparing waterproof porous thermal insulating materials of extended application on its base according to the powder low-temperature technology has been developed using multifunctional properties of soluble glass as: a) a binding component; b) blowing agent; c) the raw mix hardening rate regulator. The physical and chemical, technological aspects of obtaining and using the suggested alkaline-silicate compositions have been considered.
{"title":"THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS WITH POROUS STRUCTURE","authors":"A. Pavlenko, H. Koshlak","doi":"10.30540/sae-2018-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/sae-2018-025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The raw mix of silica-containing technogenic component – fly ash of thermal power plants – and the methods of preparing waterproof porous thermal insulating materials of extended application on its base according to the powder low-temperature technology has been developed using multifunctional properties of soluble glass as: a) a binding component; b) blowing agent; c) the raw mix hardening rate regulator. The physical and chemical, technological aspects of obtaining and using the suggested alkaline-silicate compositions have been considered.","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129424883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS INCREASING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOCLAVED PRODUCTS USING THE DEMATEL METHOD","authors":"R. Dachowski, K. Komisarczyk, Kamila Komisarczyk","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2018-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2018-023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126006528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Skawińska, A. Tkocz, Pelagia Laska-Józefczak, T. Foszcz
{"title":"THE POSSIBILITY OF THE USE OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS FROM ENERGY AND IRON&STEEL INDUSTRIES FOR GLASS-CERAMICS PRODUCTION","authors":"Anna Skawińska, A. Tkocz, Pelagia Laska-Józefczak, T. Foszcz","doi":"10.30540/SAE-2018-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30540/SAE-2018-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109008,"journal":{"name":"Structure and Environment","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133940100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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