Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3379
A. C. S. Hirata, P. A. Monquero, Edson Hirata
Soil disturbance, irrigation, and nitrogen fertilization excesses in lettuce crops have reduced the sustainability of the sector and favoured competition against weeds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cover crops and nitrogen fertilization management on weed control, weed-species dynamics, and soil seed bank in successive lettuce cultivation under no-tillage. The experiment was carried out in a tropical region during summer and arranged in a (3×4) +1 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of three soil cover managements (Crotalaria juncea, Urochloa ruziziensis, and fallow) and four nitrogen (N) topdressing rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1) in a lettuce crop under fertigation. A conventional tillage system under more intense soil disturbance was also evaluated at the highest N rate. The results showed that lettuce cultivation on U. ruziziensis stood out regarding weed control. Higher soil disturbance in the conventional tillage increased weed emergence (288.9 and 245.8 plants m−2) compared to the fallow area (13.9 and 38.9 plants m−2), U. ruziziensis (4.2 and 9.7 plants m−2), and C. juncea (56.9 and 20.8 plants m−2) in successive cultivations, respectively. Soil cover management changed the dynamics of weed species emergence, especially in the first cultivation. Nitrogen topdressings did not affect weed dry matter and density at the time of weeding. The average number of non-dormant weed seeds within the 0.0-0.10 m soil seed bank layer reached 7,077 seeds m−2, with no difference among treatments. Therefore, sustainable management of lettuce cultivation using cover crops in rotation, associated with no-tillage, effectively controls weed communities, with emphasis on U. ruziziensis, regardless of the nitrogen fertilization management
土壤扰动、灌溉和过量氮肥对生菜作物的影响降低了该部门的可持续性，有利于与杂草的竞争。本研究旨在评价覆盖作物和氮肥管理对免耕莴苣连作杂草控制、杂草物种动态和土壤种子库的影响。试验于夏季在热带地区进行，采用(3×4) +1因子方案。处理包括3种土壤覆盖管理(芥菜、褐藻和休耕)和4种氮肥追肥率(0、60、120和180 kg ha - 1)。在土壤扰动较强的常规耕作方式下，施氮量最高。结果表明，生菜栽培对杂草的控制效果较好。与休耕区(13.9株m−2和38.9株m−2)相比，常规耕作条件下土壤扰动较大的杂草出苗率分别为288.9株和245.8株m−2，而连作条件下，ruziziensis(4.2株m−2和9.7株m−2)和juncea(56.9株和20.8株m−2)分别增加。土壤覆盖管理改变了杂草物种的出现动态，特别是在第一次耕作中。施氮对除草时的干物质和密度没有影响。0.010 m ~ 0.10 m土壤种子库层非休眠杂草种子平均数量为7077粒m−2，处理间无显著差异。因此，在不考虑氮肥管理的情况下，利用覆盖作物轮作生菜种植的可持续管理与免耕相结合，可以有效地控制杂草群落，重点是U. ruziziensis
{"title":"Sustainable weed management in a lettuce growing conservationist system","authors":"A. C. S. Hirata, P. A. Monquero, Edson Hirata","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3379","url":null,"abstract":"Soil disturbance, irrigation, and nitrogen fertilization excesses in lettuce crops have reduced the sustainability of the sector and favoured competition against weeds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cover crops and nitrogen fertilization management on weed control, weed-species dynamics, and soil seed bank in successive lettuce cultivation under no-tillage. The experiment was carried out in a tropical region during summer and arranged in a (3×4) +1 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of three soil cover managements (Crotalaria juncea, Urochloa ruziziensis, and fallow) and four nitrogen (N) topdressing rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1) in a lettuce crop under fertigation. A conventional tillage system under more intense soil disturbance was also evaluated at the highest N rate. The results showed that lettuce cultivation on U. ruziziensis stood out regarding weed control. Higher soil disturbance in the conventional tillage increased weed emergence (288.9 and 245.8 plants m−2) compared to the fallow area (13.9 and 38.9 plants m−2), U. ruziziensis (4.2 and 9.7 plants m−2), and C. juncea (56.9 and 20.8 plants m−2) in successive cultivations, respectively. Soil cover management changed the dynamics of weed species emergence, especially in the first cultivation. Nitrogen topdressings did not affect weed dry matter and density at the time of weeding. The average number of non-dormant weed seeds within the 0.0-0.10 m soil seed bank layer reached 7,077 seeds m−2, with no difference among treatments. Therefore, sustainable management of lettuce cultivation using cover crops in rotation, associated with no-tillage, effectively controls weed communities, with emphasis on U. ruziziensis, regardless of the nitrogen fertilization management","PeriodicalId":10904,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 19, 2021","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88951754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3335
A. K. Baswal, H. S. Dhaliwal, Z. Singh, B. Mahajan, A. Kalia
Edible coatings usually maintain or improve the scavenger antioxidants and activities of defense-related enzymes consequently preserve the bioactive compounds. The effects of different coating treatments e.g. carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1), chitosan (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1), beeswax (5, 10 and 15 g L-1) and control (uncoated fruit) and cold storage period (5-7 ºC, 90-95 % RH for 75 days) on the levels of total phenols, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids, protein, total free amino acids and sugars (total and reducing sugars) in the juice of cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit were assessed in 2017-18 and 2018-19. The fruit used in the experiment were harvested from the fifteen-year-old healthy trees previously grafted on rough lemon rootstock (Citrus jambhiri L.) and grown in the same block. The fruit coated with different coating treatments were stored at 5-7 ºC and 90-95 % RH for different storage periods (0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days). The levels of total phenols, flavonoids, total antioxidant activity, total and reducing sugars in the fresh juice of the cold-stored fruit were determined following each cold storage period. Amongst different coating treatments tested, CMC (2.0 g L-1) coating proved to be the best treatment to maintain highest levels of bioactive compounds viz., total phenols, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids and total and reducing sugars as compared to the control during cold storage. In conclusion, coating with CMC (2.0 g L-1) was effective to extend the cold storage life and maintain the highest levels of health-promoting compounds in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit without any symptoms of its toxicity to the fruit
食用涂层通常维持或提高清道夫抗氧化剂和防御相关酶的活性，从而保存生物活性化合物。羧甲基纤维素(CMC);在2017-18年和2018-19年，研究了1.0、1.5和2.0 g L-1)、壳聚糖(0.5、1.0和1.5 g L-1)、蜂蜡(5、10和15 g L-1)和对照(未包皮水果)以及冷藏期(5-7ºC, 90- 95% RH, 75 d)对“Kinnow”柑橘冷库果汁中总酚、总抗氧化活性、总黄酮、蛋白质、总游离氨基酸和糖(总糖和还原糖)水平的影响。实验中使用的果实是从15岁的健康树木上收获的，之前嫁接在粗糙的柠檬砧木(Citrus jambhiri L.)上，并在同一块中生长。不同包衣处理的果实在5-7℃、90- 95% RH条件下分别贮藏0、30、45、60和75 d。在每个冷藏期后，测定了冷藏水果鲜汁中总酚、总黄酮、总抗氧化活性、总糖和还原糖的含量。在不同的包衣处理中，与对照相比，CMC (2.0 g L-1)包衣处理在冷藏期间能保持最高水平的生物活性化合物，即总酚、总抗氧化活性、总黄酮和总糖和还原糖。综上所述，CMC (2.0 g L-1)可有效延长“金诺”柑橘果实的冷藏寿命，并保持其最高水平的健康促进化合物，而不会对果实产生任何毒性症状
{"title":"Edible coatings maintain the phytochemicals in cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ mandarin \u0000(Citrus nobilis Lour x C. deliciosa Tenora) fruit","authors":"A. K. Baswal, H. S. Dhaliwal, Z. Singh, B. Mahajan, A. Kalia","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3335","url":null,"abstract":"Edible coatings usually maintain or improve the scavenger antioxidants and activities of defense-related enzymes consequently preserve the bioactive compounds. The effects of different coating treatments e.g. carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1), chitosan (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1), beeswax (5, 10 and 15 g L-1) and control (uncoated fruit) and cold storage period (5-7 ºC, 90-95 % RH for 75 days) on the levels of total phenols, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids, protein, total free amino acids and sugars (total and reducing sugars) in the juice of cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit were assessed in 2017-18 and 2018-19. The fruit used in the experiment were harvested from the fifteen-year-old healthy trees previously grafted on rough lemon rootstock (Citrus jambhiri L.) and grown in the same block. The fruit coated with different coating treatments were stored at 5-7 ºC and 90-95 % RH for different storage periods (0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days). The levels of total phenols, flavonoids, total antioxidant activity, total and reducing sugars in the fresh juice of the cold-stored fruit were determined following each cold storage period. Amongst different coating treatments tested, CMC (2.0 g L-1) coating proved to be the best treatment to maintain highest levels of bioactive compounds viz., total phenols, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids and total and reducing sugars as compared to the control during cold storage. In conclusion, coating with CMC (2.0 g L-1) was effective to extend the cold storage life and maintain the highest levels of health-promoting compounds in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit without any symptoms of its toxicity to the fruit","PeriodicalId":10904,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 19, 2021","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85354333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3220
Salama El Fatehi, Y. Hmimsa, M. Ater
Legumes are an essential component of human and animal food, particularly in the Mediterranean area. While some legumes are widely cultivated and consumed, others are neglected and underused. This is the case of an ancient Mediterranean legume, chickling-vetch (Lathyrus cicera L.), currently considered as a marginal crop. In Morocco, this crop persists in some traditional mountain agroecosystems in the Tadla-Azilal region. This study allowed to specify the cultivated area and the socio-economic characteristics. The estimation of local ecotypes diversity was carried out using agromorphological descriptors on a collection gathering 13 accessions. The used descriptors include germination, phenology, morphology, and production. The analysis of variability revealed the existence of a structured diversity based on ecotypes differentiation with significant geographical and altitudinal influences. The absence of dormancy, precocity, and a short vegetative lifecycle unveil an interesting adaptive potential to aridity. Regarding productivity, the obtained estimates are comparable or above those mentioned in the literature for other provenances. Our results therefore show that local ecotypes contain important genetic resources for conservation and development. This is particularly relevant considering the current context of climate change, where the search for alternative crops, adapted to fit the predicted harsh conditions, is a priority for global food security
{"title":"Assessment of agromorphological diversity of chickling-vetch (Lathyrus cicera L.) landraces in the traditional agroecosystems of Morocco","authors":"Salama El Fatehi, Y. Hmimsa, M. Ater","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3220","url":null,"abstract":"Legumes are an essential component of human and animal food, particularly in the Mediterranean area. While some legumes are widely cultivated and consumed, others are neglected and underused. This is the case of an ancient Mediterranean legume, chickling-vetch (Lathyrus cicera L.), currently considered as a marginal crop. In Morocco, this crop persists in some traditional mountain agroecosystems in the Tadla-Azilal region. This study allowed to specify the cultivated area and the socio-economic characteristics. The estimation of local ecotypes diversity was carried out using agromorphological descriptors on a collection gathering 13 accessions. The used descriptors include germination, phenology, morphology, and production. The analysis of variability revealed the existence of a structured diversity based on ecotypes differentiation with significant geographical and altitudinal influences. The absence of dormancy, precocity, and a short vegetative lifecycle unveil an interesting adaptive potential to aridity. Regarding productivity, the obtained estimates are comparable or above those mentioned in the literature for other provenances. Our results therefore show that local ecotypes contain important genetic resources for conservation and development. This is particularly relevant considering the current context of climate change, where the search for alternative crops, adapted to fit the predicted harsh conditions, is a priority for global food security","PeriodicalId":10904,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 19, 2021","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87065940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3159
W. F. Teixeira, L. H. Soares, K. Reichardt, D. D. Neto
Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. Studies are necessary to improve its productivity, especially in stress environments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycine as seed treatment to soybean plants submitted to water deficiency, using twelve replicates per treatment. Glycine was applied at a dose of 9 mg kg-1 of seeds under high water deficit (performed at stage V4) and without water deficiency. Root development, antioxidant metabolism and dry mass accumulation of plants were evaluated. Results showed that the application of glycine to plants that were not subjected to water deficiency, promoted the increase of root development, accumulation of mass and reduction of stress in plants. This reflected in 10% increase in productivity compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, plants with glycine application subjected to water deficiency showed a reduction in dry mass accumulation and root development, indicating that these plants suffered the effect of stress. Untreated plants submitted to water deficiency showed symptoms of stress such as reduced accumulation of mass and productivity by 12%. Therefore, the present study reports that the application of glycine on seeds is not very efficient for attenuating stress in soybean plants submitted to water deficiency. However, in environments without water deficiency, the application of glycine on seeds affects the greater development of the plant and increased productivity
{"title":"Application of glycine on soybean plants submitted to water deficit","authors":"W. F. Teixeira, L. H. Soares, K. Reichardt, D. D. Neto","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3159","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. Studies are necessary to improve its productivity, especially in stress environments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycine as seed treatment to soybean plants submitted to water deficiency, using twelve replicates per treatment. Glycine was applied at a dose of 9 mg kg-1 of seeds under high water deficit (performed at stage V4) and without water deficiency. Root development, antioxidant metabolism and dry mass accumulation of plants were evaluated. Results showed that the application of glycine to plants that were not subjected to water deficiency, promoted the increase of root development, accumulation of mass and reduction of stress in plants. This reflected in 10% increase in productivity compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, plants with glycine application subjected to water deficiency showed a reduction in dry mass accumulation and root development, indicating that these plants suffered the effect of stress. Untreated plants submitted to water deficiency showed symptoms of stress such as reduced accumulation of mass and productivity by 12%. Therefore, the present study reports that the application of glycine on seeds is not very efficient for attenuating stress in soybean plants submitted to water deficiency. However, in environments without water deficiency, the application of glycine on seeds affects the greater development of the plant and increased productivity","PeriodicalId":10904,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 19, 2021","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85294485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p2922
G. F. Valente, V. F. A. Silva, R. Okumura, D. D. C. Mariano, José Nilton da Silva, Bruno Borella Anhê, Lana Leticia Barbosa de Carvalho, Danyllo Amaral de Oliveira, Leonardo José Damasceno, J. R. Galvão
The sowing stage in the crop implantation process is directly related to its productivity due to factors such as adequacy of the speed of operation of the seeder-fertilizer and the spacing between lines adopted according to each region of Brazil. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of corn in relation to the spacing between rows and speeds of operation of the seeder-fertilizer in the sowing process in the eastern Amazon region. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Technological Center for Support of Family Farming, located in the municipality of Parauapebas, in the southeastern region of Pará. The experimental design used was in continuous bands (subdivided into five plots) of four treatments, resulting in the factorial arrangement 2 x 2, consisting of two operating speeds (5.5 and 6.5 km h-1) and two spacings between rows of the seeder-fertilizer (0.75 and 0.55 m), totaling 20 experimental plots to evaluate the crop. The evaluations carried out after sowing were: SD (seed depth), TS (total seeds), IP (initial population), PH (plant height), EH (ear height), SD (stem diameter), FP (final population) and SI (survival index). The use of spacing between lines of 0.75 m promoted an increase in stem diameter (2.10 cm), plant height (2.29 cm) and seed depth (4.97 cm). It was found that the increase in operating speed (6.5 km h-1) and the use of 0.55 m line spacing provides an increase in the final plant population (60,000 plants ha-1).
作物种植过程中的播种阶段直接关系到作物的生产能力，这与巴西各地区所采用的播肥操作速度是否充足、行距是否合适等因素有关。因此，本研究的目的是评价亚马孙东部地区播种过程中玉米的农艺性状与行间距和施肥速度的关系。该试验在位于帕尔东南部帕劳阿佩巴斯市的家庭农业支持技术中心实验区进行。试验设计采用4个处理的连续带(细分为5个地块)，形成2 × 2的析因安排，包括两个操作速度(5.5和6.5 km h-1)和两个行距(0.75和0.55 m)，共20个试验地块来评估作物。播后评价分别为:SD(种子深)、TS(总种子数)、IP(初始群体)、PH(株高)、EH(穗高)、SD(茎粗)、FP(最终群体)和SI(存活指数)。行距为0.75 m时，茎粗增加2.10 cm，株高增加2.29 cm，种子深增加4.97 cm。研究发现，增加运行速度(6.5 km h-1)和使用0.55 m线间距可增加最终植物种群(60,000株ha-1)。
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