Current HIV Research最新文献

Background: Circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE and subtype C are two HIV-1 subtypes. In recent years, novel HIV-1 recombinant forms have become more and more prevalent in China; however, new HIV-1 CRF01_AE/C recombinant forms are less prevalent nationwide.

Objective: Our study aimed to investigate new recombinant forms between different HIV-1 subtypes and evaluate their transmission risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Hebei, China.

Methods: The near full-length genome (NFLG) of HIV-1 was identified using the analyses of the phylogenetic tree and gene breakpoints.

Results: In the present work, we have reported a novel HIV-1 recombinant form composed of CRF01_AE and subtype C. The NFLG of this CRF01_AE/C form contained eight gene subregions, with four subtype C gene segments inserted into the CRF01_AE backbone, consisting of I CRF01_AE (790-1,171 nt), Ⅱ subtype C (1,172-1,840 nt), Ⅲ CRF01_AE (1,841-5,089 nt), Ⅳ subtype C (5,090-5,666 nt), Ⅴ CRF01_AE (5,667-6,317 nt), Ⅵ subtype C (6,318-8,586 nt), Ⅶ CRF01_AE (8,587-9,246 nt), and Ⅷ subtype C (9,247-9,409 nt). This new recombinant form was identified as CRF140_0107.

Conclusion: The study suggested that it is important to monitor HIV-1 diversity to reduce HIV- 1 transmission in China.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Designated as an epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, the virus quickly escalated to a global emergency, officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. With over 6 million recorded deaths and more than 200 identified symptoms in diverse individuals, the impact of COVID-19 is substantial. COVID-19 poses a greater risk to individuals with advanced HIV, while those with well-managed HIV are not at increased risk. Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally effective for people with HIV, some may experience reduced vaccine effectiveness and breakthrough infections due to suboptimal immune responses. Long COVID, affecting at least 65 million individuals, adds a layer of complexity. The virus's rapid mutation has led to diverse symptomatology, prompting adjustments in treatment guidelines. This review comprehensively examines repurposed antiviral drug candidates against COVID-19, explores immune responses across different age groups, delves into the mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccines, and discusses potential immunosuppressants. Additionally, the focus extends to Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), steroids, and anti-cytokine therapy as promising avenues to address cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a critical condition in COVID-19 patients.

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulting from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to significant morbidity and mortality in patients and put a strain on healthcare systems worldwide. The clinical characteristics and results of COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients, such as people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), considered at higher risk of severe disease, are not well-characterized. Accumulated evidence indicates that COVID-19 and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can interact in various ways. This review explored the similarities and differences in virology between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV, the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine on PLWH, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PLWH care and prevention, and the influence of HIV-related factors on COVID-19. Discovering the potential link between HIV and COVID-19 may provide a novel way to avoid the factors of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection and advance future research.

Background: Virological failure (VF) among children remains concerning, with high risks of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) emergence and increased disease progression. Therefore, monitoring of viral non-suppression and emerging HIVDR is crucial, especially in the frame of sociopolitical unrest.

Objective: The study sought to determine the prevalence of VF and evaluate the acquired HIVDR and viral genetic diversity among children in the Northwest region of Cameroon during the ongoing sociopolitical crisis.

Methods: A cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted among HIV-infected children aged ≤18 years, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in urban and rural settings of Northwest Cameroon, from November 2017 through May 2018. Viral load (VL) was done using the Abbott m2000RealTime. Unsuppressed VL was defined as viral load ≥1,000 copies/ml. HIVDR testing was performed by sequencing of HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase at the Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB) using an in-house protocol. Drug resistance mutations (DRM) were interpreted using Stanford HIVdbv8.5 and phylogeny using MEGAv.6. Data were compared between urban and rural areas with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 363 children were recruited, average age of 12 years (urban) and 8 years (rural). VL coverage was 100% in the urban setting and 77% in the rural setting. Overall, VF was 40.5% (39% [130/332] in the urban setting and 41% (13/31) in the rural setting; p=0.45). Overall, viral undetectability (defined as VL<40 copies/ml) was 45.5% (46% (urban) and 45% (rural); p=0.47). Among those experiencing confirmed virological failure and who were successfully sequenced (n=35), the overall rate of HIVDR was 100% (35/35). By drug class, HIVDR rates were 97.1% (34/35) for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 97.1% (34/35) for NRTIs and 17.1% (6/35) for protease inhibitors (22.7% (5/22) in the urban setting and 7.7% [1/13] in the rural setting). CRF02_AG was the most prevalent viral clade (75%), followed by other recombinants (09_cpx, 11_cpx, 13_cpx, 22_01A1, 37_cpx) and pure subtypes (A1, F2, G, H).

Conclusion: In this population of children and adolescents living with HIV in a context of socio-political instability in the North-West region of Cameroon, rates of viral non-suppression are high, and accompanied by HIVDR selection. Our findings suggest the need for a more differentiated care of these CAHIV, especially those in these regions faced with significant socio-economic and health impacts due to the ongoing crisis.

Aims: This study aims to investigate the factors associated with sexual initiation among male vocational high school students (MVHSS) in Zhejiang Province, and provide a scientific basis for preventing unsafe sexual behavior and sexual health issues among adolescents.

Background: The prevalence of sexual behavior among young students has risen significantly in recent years. Contracting HIV poses a serious physical and psychological burden on young individuals and their families. Thus, it is imperative to promptly and effectively address the spread of HIV among young people.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to investigate the demographic characteristics of male vocational high school students (MVHSS) who have engaged in sexual activity and to identify associated factors, such as sexual attitudes and lifestyle, that may influence sexual initiation among this population, and to offer recommendations for interventions and policy development aimed at promoting healthy sexual behaviors among MVHSS.

Methods: A survey was conducted among vocational high school students in grades one and two in Zhejiang Province. Variables that were statistically significantly associated with sexual initiation in bivariate analyses were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, which adopted a backward elimination procedure with a p-value > 0.10 as the exclusion criterion. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to describe the relationship between dependent and outcome variables., Results: Of the 1032 male participants, 17.4% had initiated sexual behavior. The multivariate analysis results indicated that those who were frequent smokers (adjusted OR[AOR] =4.89, 95% CI: 2.36-10.13), those who reported having been in love (AOR=2.86, 95% CI: 1.84-4.44), those currently in love (AOR=4.47, 95% CI: 2.68-7.45), those willing to have sex with a high school student (AOR =2.63, 95% CI: 3.31-6.50), those willing to pay for sex (AOR =1.90, 95% CI: 1.10-3.27), and those who had received sex education and STDs/AIDS prevention education in school (AOR =2.21, 95% CI: 1.53-3.18) were more likely to initiate sexual behavior.

Conclusion: Sexual attitudes among MVHSS are liberal, and the prevalence of sexual initiation is high. Interventions targeted at improving sexual safety education, reducing the rate of early initiation of sexual behavior, and promoting condom use among students must be implemented to reduce the risk of HIV infections and STDs among sexually active MVHSS.

Background: Diagnosis for HIV in infants is hard to determine, particularly in limited-resource areas. A delay in the diagnosis of HIV-infected infants will lead to high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this project is to construct a model of an HIV-positive infant and develop a useful and practical scoring system to estimate the likelihood of mother-to-child transmission that can be applied in the field.

Methods: A cross-sectional study on 100 subjects through medical records of infants born to HIV-infected mothers was conducted at four hospitals and one community health center. Several models of risk prediction scores of HIV-infected infants were then made. Furthermore, the performed validation was performed on 20 subjects of infants born to mothers with HIV in three hospitals by comparing the scoring system and the result of the PCR RNA examination performed at the age of 6 weeks old.

Results: The risk of HIV-infected infants was higher in mothers who did not receive ARV through PMTCT programs (OR 33.6; 95% CI 4.0 to 282.2), pulmonary TB infection (OR 5.1; IK95% 1.6 to 16.0) and vaginal delivery (OR 9.2; IK95 2.2 to 38.0%). Two models can predict the occurrence of infected HIV infants effectively. Model 1 consists of maternal age, maternal ARVs, lung TB infection, gestational age, mode of delivery, and sex of the infants with sensitivity and specificity of 78.9% and 70.8% (AUC=0.817 [95% CI 0.709 to 0.926]) and likelihood ratio score of 4. Model 2 consists of ARVs to the mother, pulmonary TB infection, and mode of delivery with sensitivity and specificity of 73.7% and 86.1%; AUC value of 0.812 (95% CI 0.687 to 0.938) and likelihood ratio of 5. External Validation gave similar results to the Model 2 scoring system with PCR RNA.

Conclusion: The prediction score of HIV-infected infants in Model 2 can be used in newborns of HIV-positive mothers as an effective and practical risk screening tool for HIV-infected infants before the gold standard examination by PCR.

Background: Pregnancy among women infected with HIV is classified as a high-risk pregnancy. While previous research has indicated an elevated likelihood of preterm birth, low birth weight, and early gestational age in infants born to mothers with HIV, the correlation between maternal HIV infection and different neonatal results remains unclear.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of maternal HIV infection on after-birth neonatal outcomes using machine learning (ML) and statistical methods.

Methods: A case-control study is conducted through a three-stage process: Initially, the outcomes among newborns from HIV-positive mothers are identified through a combination of literature review and expert survey. Subsequently, data are paired at a 1:2 ratio based on gestational age with infants from HIV-positive mothers (n=48) compared to HIV-negative mothers (n=96) as the control group. Finally, filter, wrapper and embedded based feature selection techniques are applied to identify outcomes that exhibit significant differences between the two groups. feature selection techniques are applied to identify outcomes that exhibit significant differences between the two groups.

Outcomes:

Results: The statistical analysis showed that the rate of addiction among HIV-positive mothers is higher than that of the HIV-negative group. The need for mechanical ventilation and duration of ventilator-assisted breathing in infants born to HIV-positive mothers are significantly higher than in infants born to HIV-negative mothers. Moreover, based on feature selection methods, increasing the need for mechanical ventilation and reducing surfactant administration were two important outcomes.

Conclusion: To investigate the impact of maternal HIV infection on neonatal outcomes, various statistical and machine learning-based feature selection techniques were implemented, and the results showed that the presented methods can be utilized to examine the potential impacts of different diseases contracted by the mother on the infant.