This paper presents a quantitative study of online casino adoption based on the e-marketing mix model. The Internet has changed the business context of many industries. Online casino is one such rapidly growing industry. Different e-marketing approaches have been widely adopted by online casinos to attract more customers. In China, there are twice as many online gamblers as there are online shoppers. Due to the high population in China, the market potential is huge. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of Chinese gamblers’ perceptions of e-marketing mix elements on their adoption of online casinos. The results can provide a reference for investors to develop more effective online casino businesses.
{"title":"Understanding Chinese Gamblers' Adoption of Online Casinos based on E-Marketing Mix Model","authors":"K. Sam, C. Chatwin","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V12I2.1691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V12I2.1691","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a quantitative study of online casino adoption based on the e-marketing mix model. The Internet has changed the business context of many industries. Online casino is one such rapidly growing industry. Different e-marketing approaches have been widely adopted by online casinos to attract more customers. In China, there are twice as many online gamblers as there are online shoppers. Due to the high population in China, the market potential is huge. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of Chinese gamblers’ perceptions of e-marketing mix elements on their adoption of online casinos. The results can provide a reference for investors to develop more effective online casino businesses.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133730184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
have found the lottery to be a regressive form of taxation that varies by game and whose regressivity declines at higher jackpot size. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the effect of consumer spending on lottery regressivity during the Mega Millions rollover sequence and reports the following findings. First, regressivity among six games examined in the paper varies by game and is inversely related to the prize/jackpot size of the game. Second, an increase in the jackpot size reduces the regressivity for the Mega Millions game, but not for the other five games. Third, the impact of household income distribution on lottery sales varies by game, and in the case of Mega Millions, by jackpot size as well. We did not find a significant difference in the demand for the Mega Millions game between below middle-income households and high-income households. However, the demand by middle and upper-middle income households is significantly higher than the demand by high-income households, especially at a higher jackpot size. Lastly, as the jackpot size grows over $100 million and higher, a large cash inflow from states with no Mega Millions flows into the New Jersey lottery market. The majority of the additional cash inflow is spent on the Mega Millions game and there does not appear to be a significant spillover to other New Jersey lottery games.
{"title":"Jackpot Rollover And Lottery Regressivity","authors":"S. Lee, Ki C. Han, David Y. Suk, Hyunmo Sung","doi":"10.5750/jgbe.v11i1.1373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v11i1.1373","url":null,"abstract":"have found the lottery to be a regressive form of taxation that varies by game and whose regressivity declines at higher jackpot size. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the effect of consumer spending on lottery regressivity during the Mega Millions rollover sequence and reports the following findings. First, regressivity among six games examined in the paper varies by game and is inversely related to the prize/jackpot size of the game. Second, an increase in the jackpot size reduces the regressivity for the Mega Millions game, but not for the other five games. Third, the impact of household income distribution on lottery sales varies by game, and in the case of Mega Millions, by jackpot size as well. We did not find a significant difference in the demand for the Mega Millions game between below middle-income households and high-income households. However, the demand by middle and upper-middle income households is significantly higher than the demand by high-income households, especially at a higher jackpot size. Lastly, as the jackpot size grows over $100 million and higher, a large cash inflow from states with no Mega Millions flows into the New Jersey lottery market. The majority of the additional cash inflow is spent on the Mega Millions game and there does not appear to be a significant spillover to other New Jersey lottery games.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132089573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solvency of bookmakers has only recently been placed in the spotlight even if it is a multibillion dollar sector. It is industry knowledge that bookmakers attempt to 'balance the book' by adjusting odds in relation to wagers made. This paper proves that the only way that profits are known with certainty is if and only if wagers are in proportion to probabilities implied by odds.
{"title":"Balancing the book: Is it necessary and sufficient?","authors":"Dudley Stark, Dominic Cortis","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V11I1.1280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V11I1.1280","url":null,"abstract":"The solvency of bookmakers has only recently been placed in the spotlight even if it is a multibillion dollar sector. It is industry knowledge that bookmakers attempt to 'balance the book' by adjusting odds in relation to wagers made. This paper proves that the only way that profits are known with certainty is if and only if wagers are in proportion to probabilities implied by odds.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"66 25","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134195822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gambling is not a totally undisputed way to spend leisure time. While most people pursue their play instinct only from time to time, some happen to lose control over their urge and develop a problematic or even pathological gambling behavior. Getting excluded can be a way to regain control and minimize harm for affected gamblers. In comparison to the majority of other work dealing with this topic, not individual level information was used, but higher aggregated municipality level data. The goal of this paper was to analyze in what way sociodemographic factors and proximity measures can be used to explain the variation in the number of excluded gamblers across German communities. For that purpose, a unique dataset with 3,091 observations containing information about the number of excluders as well as census data and spatial information has been created. The method used for estimation of the effects was OLS. The results of the study suggested that excluders are more likely to be male, between 30 and 39 years old and less likely to be single. Due to flaws in the data, the other sociodemographic factors did not yield significant associations. Additionally, the number of exclusions increases with close proximity to gambling establishments. The distance to the closest casino has a negative impact on exclusions. This is backed up by the finding that there are relatively more exclusions in communities where casinos are directly located.
{"title":"Profiling Excluders from German Casinos using Municipality Level Data","authors":"T. Strohäker, T. Becker","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V11I1.1354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V11I1.1354","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling is not a totally undisputed way to spend leisure time. While most people pursue their play instinct only from time to time, some happen to lose control over their urge and develop a problematic or even pathological gambling behavior. Getting excluded can be a way to regain control and minimize harm for affected gamblers. In comparison to the majority of other work dealing with this topic, not individual level information was used, but higher aggregated municipality level data. The goal of this paper was to analyze in what way sociodemographic factors and proximity measures can be used to explain the variation in the number of excluded gamblers across German communities. For that purpose, a unique dataset with 3,091 observations containing information about the number of excluders as well as census data and spatial information has been created. The method used for estimation of the effects was OLS. The results of the study suggested that excluders are more likely to be male, between 30 and 39 years old and less likely to be single. Due to flaws in the data, the other sociodemographic factors did not yield significant associations. Additionally, the number of exclusions increases with close proximity to gambling establishments. The distance to the closest casino has a negative impact on exclusions. This is backed up by the finding that there are relatively more exclusions in communities where casinos are directly located.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128685187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The appropriateness of fiscal stimulus programs has come into question in light of the Global financial crisis. Indeed the austerity movement has called into question the economic benefits of large public spending programs. There is, however, a genuine dearth of research considering the impact of fiscal stimulus activities employed during the global financial crisis on spending behaviours, particularly when considering Australian stimulus programs. Much of the extant literature focuses on key matters such as quantitative easing and credit easing. The extant literature relating to fiscal stimulus research is typified by the utilisation qualitative methods to analyse the impact of the stimulus on economic activity. Most studies concern themselves with a handful of pertinent macroeconomic factors in an effort to surmise whether any possess any explanatory power, employing qualitative frameworks for analysis. The current study considers the impact of a discretionary stimulus program is affording a once off payment to Australian citizens on spending behaviour specifically the study shall consider the impact of government stimulus activities on gambling behaviours. Employing dynamic panel estimation methods, specifically the system GMM estimator, the study finds that fiscal stimulus significantly increased gambling activity in Australia, pertinently noting differential impacts within high ethnic and low ethnic communities.
{"title":"Australian Government Fiscal stimulus programs and gambling activity levels; an analysis of high-ethnic and low-ethnic communities","authors":"Michael D'Rosario","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V11I1.1346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V11I1.1346","url":null,"abstract":"The appropriateness of fiscal stimulus programs has come into question in light of the Global financial crisis. Indeed the austerity movement has called into question the economic benefits of large public spending programs. There is, however, a genuine dearth of research considering the impact of fiscal stimulus activities employed during the global financial crisis on spending behaviours, particularly when considering Australian stimulus programs. Much of the extant literature focuses on key matters such as quantitative easing and credit easing. The extant literature relating to fiscal stimulus research is typified by the utilisation qualitative methods to analyse the impact of the stimulus on economic activity. Most studies concern themselves with a handful of pertinent macroeconomic factors in an effort to surmise whether any possess any explanatory power, employing qualitative frameworks for analysis. The current study considers the impact of a discretionary stimulus program is affording a once off payment to Australian citizens on spending behaviour specifically the study shall consider the impact of government stimulus activities on gambling behaviours. Employing dynamic panel estimation methods, specifically the system GMM estimator, the study finds that fiscal stimulus significantly increased gambling activity in Australia, pertinently noting differential impacts within high ethnic and low ethnic communities.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"344 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121877998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Based on the results of the 63 games played in each of the 32 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournaments held from 1985 through 2016 it is shown that the information content of the seeding of the 64 teams invited to participate as to the seed of the eventual winner, varies from year to year, but not in any consistent fashion. The paper thus concludes that the Selection Committee’s seeding process has not improved over time, notwithstanding the availability of more sophisticated metrics for evaluating the teams’ regular-season performance. The fact that a 1-seed wins some 60 percent of the time and a top-three-seed wins 88 percent of the time only reflects the fact that the committee is not seeding the teams at random, but rather is exercising a modicum of judgment, aided and abetted by the tournament’s design.
{"title":"Chalk, Seeds, and Entropy in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament","authors":"I. Horowitz","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1221","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on the results of the 63 games played in each of the 32 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournaments held from 1985 through 2016 it is shown that the information content of the seeding of the 64 teams invited to participate as to the seed of the eventual winner, varies from year to year, but not in any consistent fashion. The paper thus concludes that the Selection Committee’s seeding process has not improved over time, notwithstanding the availability of more sophisticated metrics for evaluating the teams’ regular-season performance. The fact that a 1-seed wins some 60 percent of the time and a top-three-seed wins 88 percent of the time only reflects the fact that the committee is not seeding the teams at random, but rather is exercising a modicum of judgment, aided and abetted by the tournament’s design.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128369907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Casino gaming has emerged in the United States in a variety of new locations as a source of economic development. In 2010 commercial casino gambling expanded into a major United States city, when a casino opened in Philadelphia. The city currently has one open casino and a second proposed casino, this, along with three other casinos in the metropolitan area, makes Philadelphia an important case study to examine the impacts of casino gaming in a major urban area in the United States. Through interviews and media/policy analysis, the casinos interaction with the local community during the planning process, and since the one casino has opened are analyzed. It is revealed that a variety of stakeholders were involved in the casino location process, and the community has been impacted by the casino in a variety of areas including economic effects, a community benefits agreement, crime, potential gambling addiction and gentrification.
{"title":"Gambling with Philadelphia: Examining the Impacts of Commercial Casinos in a large American city.","authors":"M. Conway","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1238","url":null,"abstract":"Casino gaming has emerged in the United States in a variety of new locations as a source of economic development. In 2010 commercial casino gambling expanded into a major United States city, when a casino opened in Philadelphia. The city currently has one open casino and a second proposed casino, this, along with three other casinos in the metropolitan area, makes Philadelphia an important case study to examine the impacts of casino gaming in a major urban area in the United States. Through interviews and media/policy analysis, the casinos interaction with the local community during the planning process, and since the one casino has opened are analyzed. It is revealed that a variety of stakeholders were involved in the casino location process, and the community has been impacted by the casino in a variety of areas including economic effects, a community benefits agreement, crime, potential gambling addiction and gentrification.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130709098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Edge sorting is a form of advantage play that involves a pre-deal sorting of cards based on imperfections or markings on the backs of playing cards. When successfully executed, the edge sorting advantage play in baccarat allows player to know, prior to making bets, whether each of the first four cards to be played will be “big” or “small” cards. With this knowledge, the player can then make the appropriate bet that will maximize expected return and in so doing enjoy a significant advantage. The definition of big and small cards can vary; the particular big-small classification scheme employed will determine the exact advantage obtained. The purpose of this paper is to identify the player’s optimal big-small classification and associated advantage for the following four situations: (1) big-small knowledge of the first four cards when using only the main bets—Player, Banker, and Tie; (2) big-small knowledge of the first four cards when Player and Banker Pair bets are also available; (3) big-small knowledge of the first card only when using only the main bets; and (4) big-small knowledge of the first card only when Player and Banker Pair bets are also available.
{"title":"The Mathematics of Baccarat Edge Sorting","authors":"Teresa Dalton, Robert C. Hannum","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1243","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Edge sorting is a form of advantage play that involves a pre-deal sorting of cards based on imperfections or markings on the backs of playing cards. When successfully executed, the edge sorting advantage play in baccarat allows player to know, prior to making bets, whether each of the first four cards to be played will be “big” or “small” cards. With this knowledge, the player can then make the appropriate bet that will maximize expected return and in so doing enjoy a significant advantage. The definition of big and small cards can vary; the particular big-small classification scheme employed will determine the exact advantage obtained. The purpose of this paper is to identify the player’s optimal big-small classification and associated advantage for the following four situations: (1) big-small knowledge of the first four cards when using only the main bets—Player, Banker, and Tie; (2) big-small knowledge of the first four cards when Player and Banker Pair bets are also available; (3) big-small knowledge of the first card only when using only the main bets; and (4) big-small knowledge of the first card only when Player and Banker Pair bets are also available.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133932663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How does governance affect the operative behaviour of gambling sites? We conjecture that differences in governance primarily cause pricing differences among gambling sites. This paper presents an analysis of the purpose and implications of rake policy differences between privately owned for-profit and state-owned non-profit poker web sites. Specifically, the paper comprises a comparative case study analysis of Svenska Spel Poker, owned by the Swedish state, and the commercial site PokerStars. The analysis focuses on the range of different types of single table Sit and Go tournaments offered at each site. We observe two main differences between the sites with respect to rake. First, PokerStars uses a rather complex formula to determine the rake percentage based on variables such as tournament speed, stakes, and size while Svenska Spel uses the same rake percentage for all Sit and Go tournaments regardless of speed and stakes but with a 50 percent discount if the tournament is played heads-up. Second, PokerStars charges less rake than Svenska Spel except for the lowest stakes. We discuss the effects and purpose of these rake policy differences from four different perspectives: 1) the individual player, 2) the player collective, 3) the poker market, and 4) society. The overall conclusion is that these different perspectives cause conflicting opinions on the 'goodness' of the sites. Our study also highlights the difficulties experienced by a state-owned gambling site in balancing social and corporate goals.
{"title":"Rake policies of for-profit and non-profit online poker sites: A case study","authors":"Björn Lantz, Anders Isaksson","doi":"10.5750/jgbe.v10i3.1198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v10i3.1198","url":null,"abstract":"How does governance affect the operative behaviour of gambling sites? We conjecture that differences in governance primarily cause pricing differences among gambling sites. This paper presents an analysis of the purpose and implications of rake policy differences between privately owned for-profit and state-owned non-profit poker web sites. Specifically, the paper comprises a comparative case study analysis of Svenska Spel Poker, owned by the Swedish state, and the commercial site PokerStars. The analysis focuses on the range of different types of single table Sit and Go tournaments offered at each site. We observe two main differences between the sites with respect to rake. First, PokerStars uses a rather complex formula to determine the rake percentage based on variables such as tournament speed, stakes, and size while Svenska Spel uses the same rake percentage for all Sit and Go tournaments regardless of speed and stakes but with a 50 percent discount if the tournament is played heads-up. Second, PokerStars charges less rake than Svenska Spel except for the lowest stakes. We discuss the effects and purpose of these rake policy differences from four different perspectives: 1) the individual player, 2) the player collective, 3) the poker market, and 4) society. The overall conclusion is that these different perspectives cause conflicting opinions on the 'goodness' of the sites. Our study also highlights the difficulties experienced by a state-owned gambling site in balancing social and corporate goals.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128457128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are sizeable differences in the Electronic Gambling Machine (EGM) supply among German regions. Furthermore, the EGM supply concentrates in certain regions which results in gambling hot spots. Interestingly the spatial clustering of EGM supply is still observed when we control for agglomeration effects caused by population. This leads to the question why the EGM supply concentrates in some regions and remains low in others. We argue that the concentration of supply can be mostly explained by the socioeconomic characteristics of these regions. This paper makes three central contributions to the location based gambling research. First, it visualizes the absolute and relative supply of EGMs in German communities and highlights the spatial clustering of high and low EGM density regions. Second, it implements socioeconomic and geographical control variables for a more distinct description of regional differences. Third, it employs spatial econometric modelling to quantify and explain the occurrence of EGM hot spots. For our analysis we use census and EGM market data. The main finding implies, that there is a clear clustering of the EGM supply across regions at first, but when considering the socioeconomic characteristics / deprivation of the regions, most of the clustering effect is erased. The model explains most of the clustering effect which appears to exist only when there is no slender consideration of the socioeconomic differences across regions. This result supports the hypothesis that high gambling activity in one region does not affect the gambling activity in neighboring regions.
{"title":"Is Gambling Contagious? An Analysis of Electronic Gambling Machine Clustering in Germany","authors":"Johannes Jasny","doi":"10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/JGBE.V10I3.1241","url":null,"abstract":"There are sizeable differences in the Electronic Gambling Machine (EGM) supply among German regions. Furthermore, the EGM supply concentrates in certain regions which results in gambling hot spots. Interestingly the spatial clustering of EGM supply is still observed when we control for agglomeration effects caused by population. This leads to the question why the EGM supply concentrates in some regions and remains low in others. We argue that the concentration of supply can be mostly explained by the socioeconomic characteristics of these regions. This paper makes three central contributions to the location based gambling research. First, it visualizes the absolute and relative supply of EGMs in German communities and highlights the spatial clustering of high and low EGM density regions. Second, it implements socioeconomic and geographical control variables for a more distinct description of regional differences. Third, it employs spatial econometric modelling to quantify and explain the occurrence of EGM hot spots. For our analysis we use census and EGM market data. The main finding implies, that there is a clear clustering of the EGM supply across regions at first, but when considering the socioeconomic characteristics / deprivation of the regions, most of the clustering effect is erased. The model explains most of the clustering effect which appears to exist only when there is no slender consideration of the socioeconomic differences across regions. This result supports the hypothesis that high gambling activity in one region does not affect the gambling activity in neighboring regions.","PeriodicalId":109210,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133642691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：